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ABSTRACT This comment came to refute and correct the idea of Charles (2007) about the negatively implications in the income distribution when the government expand the consumption in favour to households. We prove that the political choice, to both cases (increasing consumption or increasing profit), impact positively the income distribution and does not affect the essential nature of the Kaldor neo-Pasinetti dynamic equilibrium results and the "Cambridge Equation". The stability of the model is guarantee by applying the Olech's Theorem to the case.

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) created the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) as a political actor in global education through a logic of governance by numbers (Grek, 2009). This article discusses how PISA has became a major showcase for the OECD as an assessment tool par excellence while also producing marginalisation discourses. By approaching neoliberal globalisation and its aim at restoring the transnational capitalist class' power over the "dangerous" classes (Harvey, 2005; Holman, 2006; Van Apeldoorn, 2001; Van der Pijl, 2010), this article analyses how school privatisation has grown in the Italian system over the last few years in the face of the PISA discourse (Bertozzi Graziano, 2004). Building on document research and reports by Italian teachers, it traces how PISA's pressure over the Italian school system has produced a twofold marginalizing effect. The first effect is the periodical disclosure of PISA rankings to distinguish successful from failed education systems. In fact, recent PISA results have placed the Italian system as a failed, technologically retarded system compared to those of high-performance countries. The second effect is the burst of neoliberal feelings among teachers, who report both stigma and guilt. ; La Organización para el Desarrollo de la Cooperación Económica (OCDE) creó el Programa de Evaluación Internacional de Estudiantes (PISA) como un actor político en la educación global a través de una lógica de gobernanza por números (Grek, 2009). Este artículo discute cómo el PISA se ha convertido en una gran vitrina para la OCDE como una herramienta de evaluación por excelencia, sino también produce discursos de marginación. Al abordar la globalización neoliberal y su objetivo de restaurar el poder de la clase capitalista transnacional sobre las clases "peligrosas" (Harvey, 2005; Holman, 2006; Van Apeldoorn, 2001; Van der Pijl, 2010), este artículo analiza cómo la privatización escolar creció en el sistema italiano en los últimos años ante el discurso del PISA (Bertozzi Graziano, 2004). Con base en la investigación de documentos e informes de profesores italianos, este artículo revela que la presión del PISA sobre el sistema escolar italiano produjo un efecto de doble marginalización en los últimos años. El primer efecto es la divulgación periódica de los rankings del PISA para distinguir los sistemas educativos exitosos de los que fallaron. De hecho, los resultados recientes del PISA colocaron el sistema italiano como un sistema fracasado y con retraso tecnológico en comparación con los países de alto desempeño. El segundo efecto es la explosión de sentimientos neoliberales entre los profesores, que relatan tanto estigma y culpa. ; A Organização para o Desenvolvimento da Cooperação Econômica (OCDE) criou o Programa de Avaliação Internacional de Estudantes (PISA) como um ator político na educação global através de uma lógica de governança por números (Grek, 2009). Este artigo discute como o PISA se tornou uma grande vitrine para a OCDE como uma ferramenta de avaliação por excelência, ao mesmo tempo em que produz discursos de marginalização. Ao abordar a globalização neoliberal e seu objetivo de restaurar o poder da classe capitalista transnacional sobre as classes "perigosas" (Harvey, 2005; Holman, 2006; Van Apeldoorn, 2001; Van der Pijl, 2010), este artigo analisa como a privatização escolar cresceu no sistema italiano nos últimos anos em face do discurso do PISA (Bertozzi Graziano, 2004). Com base na pesquisa de documentos e relatórios sobre professores italianos, este artigo mostra que a pressão do PISA sobre o sistema escolar italiano produziu um efeito de dupla marginalização nos últimos anos. O primeiro efeito é a divulgação periódica dos rankings do PISA para distinguir os sistemas educacionais bem sucedidos daqueles fracassados. De fato, os resultados recentes do PISA colocaram o sistema italiano como um sistema fracassado e com retardo tecnológico em comparação com os países de alto desempenho. O segundo efeito é a explosão de sentimentos neoliberais entre os professores, que relatam tanto estigma quanto culpa.

Abstract Background In Cambodia, while anti-retroviral therapy (ART) services are increasingly available, the unmet needs of family planning among general population are high. These facts raise concern on possible exposure of many HIV-positive women on ART to the potential risk of unintended pregnancy. This study aimed to clarify family planning practices in Cambodia and determine predictors of risk of inconsistent condom use among women on ART. Methods A cross-sectional survey with a structured questionnaire was conducted at five government-run health centers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from June to September, 2012. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of risk of inconsistent condom use among regular users of contraceptive methods. Results Of 408 respondents, 40, 17 and 10 used the pill, IUD, and injection, respectively, while 193 used condoms. 374 were not planning to have a child. Among 238 sexually active women who were not planning to have a baby, 59 were exposed to the risk of unintended pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis that did not include variables related to partners identified "seeking family planning information" (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.6, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 1.1-6.2), awareness of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) (AOR: 4.7, 95% CI: 1.9-11.6) and "having a son" (AOR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.9) were significant predictors of inconsistent condom use. Another model that included all variables identified "able to ask a partner to use condom at every sexual intercourse" was the only predictor (AOR: 23.7, 95% CI: 5.8-97.6). Conclusions About one-quarter of women on ART are at risk to unintended pregnancy although most do not plan to get pregnant. Furthermore, women on ART could be more empowered through improvement of communication and negotiation skills with partners to demand the use of condom during sexual intercourse. The use of other contraceptive methods that do not need partner involvement should be promoted.

Hein, Laura ; Selden, Mark: Introduction. McCormack, Gavan: The Japanese movement to "correct" history. Masanori, Nakamura: The history textbook controversy and nationalism. Gerow, Aaron: Consuming Asia, consuming Japan. The new neonationalist revisionism in Japan. Hiromitsu, Inokuchi ; Yoshiko, Nozaki: Japanese education, nationalism, and Ienaga Saburo's court challenges. Kimijima, Kazuhiko: The Japan-South Korea Joint Study Group on History Textbooks and the continuing legacy of Japanese colonialism. Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu: Identity and transnationalization in German school textbooks. Harrell, Stevan ; Bamo, Ayi: Combining ethnic heritage and national unity. A paradox of Nuosu (Yi) language textbooks in China. Hunt, David: War crimes and the Vietnamese people. American representations and silences

The early blight (caused by the fungus Alternaria solani) results in significant damage to the tomato crop, directly affecting productivity. An alternative to the frequent use of pesticides is the use of essential oils, which can act in defense against phytopathogens. The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxic activity in vitro of the bergamot orange (Citrus aurantium ssp. bergamia) essential oil against A. solani, the control of the early blight, and the activity of defense enzymes in tomatoes treated with this oil and inoculated with A. solani. Mycelial discs of A. solani were added to dishes with V8 culture media to which essential oil at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 µL L-1, in addition to a standard fungicide treatment (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, 200 + 125 g L-1, respectively) was added. The Petri dishes were incubated at 25 °C in the dark. Mycelial growth was evaluated daily for 19 days, when all treatments reached maximum growth. Sporulation analysis was performed thereafter. Tomato plants were treated with bergamot essential oil, 30 days after transplanting, in the concentrations and fungicide mentioned, in the second pair of leaves. After 72 hours, the pathogen was inoculated using a spray bottle, on treated leaves (second pair of leaves) and untreated leaves (third pair of leaves). The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated based on five severity assessments. The activity of peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was evaluated in leaves treated with the concentration of 2500 µL L-1 of essential oil. The concentration of 2500 ?L L-1 reduced mycelial growth and sporulation of the pathogen by 68.15% and 29.48%, respectively. In treatments with application of essential oil, lower AUDPC was observed for a concentration of 2500 ?L L-1, which was statistically similar to that observed for fungicide application, both in treated and untreated leaves. A greater activity of PPO, POX, and PAL was found locally and systemically, both in the second and third leaves, at concentration of 2500 ?L L-1. The essential oil of bergamot can be an alternative for the control of early blight in tomato.

This paper extends the model of overlapping generations with heterogeneous agents, allowing both classes (capitalist and worker) to hold a positive intergenerational capital stock. The main results were:(i)equilibrium interest rates that maximize the consumption and savings plans of working and capitalist classes were positively affected by taxation;(ii)an increase in taxation and therefore, in transfers to the working class raises the participation of intergenerational inheritance of this class in the total capital stock;(iii)the taxation affects the distribution of wealth between the classes because it increases the participation of the working class in the total capital stock of the economy. ; Este artigo estende o modelo de gerações sobrepostas com agentes heterogêneos, permitindo que ambas as classes (capitalista e trabalhador) mantenham um estoque de capital intergeracional positivo. Os principais resultados foram:(i)as taxas de juros de equilíbrio que maximizam os planos de consumo e poupança das classes operária e capitalista foram positivamente afetadas pela tributação;(ii)aumento da tributação e, portanto, nas transferências para a classe trabalhadora, eleva a participação da herança intergeracional desta classe no capital social total;(iii)a tributação afeta a distribuição de riqueza entre as classes porque aumenta a participação da classe trabalhadora no capital total da economia.