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Les préférences quant au sexe des enfants et leur lien avec la fécondité ont souvent, voire exclusivement, été étudiées dans des populations transitionnelles ou post-transitionnelles. L'essentiel des études sur le sujet concernent des pays asiatiques, où le patriarcat et la discrimination liée au sexe étaient deux caractéristiques culturelles favorisant une préférence pour les fils. À l'inverse, l'attention s'est très peu focalisée sur les populations prétransitionnelles, dont on considérait que les préférences quant au sexe des enfants étaient satisfaites parce que la taille moyenne des familles complètes y était importante. Mais la société prétransitionnelle des métayers italiens présente les mêmes caractéristiques culturelles que certaines sociétés asiatiques contemporaines : familles patriarcales, fortes inégalités entre les sexes et division stricte des tâches domestiques en fonction du sexe, conduisant à la survalorisation des fils. Cet article analyse la relation entre la répartition par sexe des enfants survivants et la fécondité dans une population de métayers toscans au milieu du xix e siècle, à partir d'une analyse longitudinale des biographies de fécondité des femmes ayant vécu à Casalguidi entre 1819 et 1859.

Le rôle des variables intermédiaires de fécondité reste une question largement inexplorée au niveau micro en Italie. Cet article étudie les effets de l'éducation féminine et des critères socioéconomiques sur le déclin de la fécondité dans dix populations italiennes, par le biais d'une analyse des cohortes de mariages de la fin du xix e siècle à 1951. Les données sont tirées de l'Enquête sur la Fécondité qui a été menée au sein du recensement italien de 1961, ce recensement fournissant des informations sur le parcours reproductif de toutes les femmes ayant été marié au sein de nos dix populations de référence. Le déclin de la fécondité a suivi des trajectoires assez diversifiées, et ce non seulement selon la dichotomie classique Nord/Sud, mais au sein même de chacune des régions. Le facteur socioéconomique le plus important qui a conduit à la chute de la fécondité fut l'éducation des femmes ; il apparaît comme plus crucial que le statut économique lorsqu'il s'agit de modeler les niveaux de fécondité. La chute de la fécondité a débuté parmi les femmes diplômées avant de s'enclencher parmi celles qui avaient fréquenté l'école primaire, puis d'atteindre les femmes n'ayant pas été à l'école. La réduction des différentiels de fécondité selon le niveau d'éducation féminine paraît cohérent avec le schéma explicatif de type innovation/diffusion pour comprendre la baisse de la fécondité.

International audience ; It is well known that timing and intensity of remarriage were strictly dependent upon demographic, socio-economic, cultural and legislative factors specific to each community. Thus, the aim of this paper is to compare the extent to which such factors may affect the remarriage patterns of three pre-transitional Italian populations that were different in many respects. By using micro-level data of the sharecropping communities of Casalguidi and Madregolo and the Alpine village of Treppo Carnico, we highlighted similarities and differences in the respective remarriage patterns, in particular, the far lower intensity in the mountain community with respect to the sharecropping ones. Our findings show that along with differences in the demographic system, household structure and land tenure, normative elements concerning widows and the dotal system could in part explain the differentials we found.

It is well known that timing and intensity of remarriage were strictly dependent upon demographic, socio-economic, cultural and legislative factors specific to each community. Thus, the aim of this paper is to compare the extent to which such factors may affect the remarriage patterns of three pre-transitional Italian populations that were different in many respects. By using micro-level data of the sharecropping communities of Casalguidi and Madregolo and the Alpine village of Treppo Carnico, we highlighted similarities and differences in the respective remarriage patterns, in particular, the far lower intensity in the mountain community with respect to the sharecropping ones. Our findings show that along with differences in the demographic system, household structure and land tenure, normative elements concerning widows and the dotal system could in part explain the differentials we found.

We thank Dr Georgios Leontidis (The School of Natural and Computing Science, University of Aberdeen) for his valuable support during the selection and implementation of the ML models, and the two anonymous reviewers for providing useful feedback that helped improve the clarity and soundness of the manuscript. We are also grateful to NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) for funding this project and supporting MV's salary over 10 weeks through their Research Experience Placement programme (DTG reference: NE/S007377/1). The honeybee work that was performed to obtain the sequencing data used in this study was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant no. 638873 to EL). This funding also supported FM during the execution of the field and molecular work. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

El artículo forma parte de una sección de la revista dedicada a experiencias de aula.- Resumen tomado parcialmente de la publicación. ; Análisis crítico de las dificultades que surgen del tratamiento del pasado reciente en la escuela y que derivan del carácter polémico del mismo, de la insuficiencia de recursos, herramientas y materiales didácticos a disposición de la misma, además de la conflictiva convivencia entre historia y memoria. ; Cataluña ; Consejería de Educación, Ciencia e Investigación. Biblioteca; Av. de la Fama, 15; 30006 Murcia; Tel. +34968279685; Fax +34968279835; mjesus.ruiz@carm.es ; ESP

El artículo forma parte de una sección de la revista dedicada a experiencias de aula.- Resumen tomado parcialmente de la publicación. ; Análisis crítico de las dificultades que surgen del tratamiento del pasado reciente en la escuela y que derivan del carácter polémico del mismo, de la insuficiencia de recursos, herramientas y materiales didácticos a disposición de la misma, además de la conflictiva convivencia entre historia y memoria. ; Cataluña ; Consejería de Educación, Ciencia e Investigación. Biblioteca; Av. de la Fama, 15; 30006 Murcia; Tel. +34968279685; Fax +34968279835; mjesus.ruiz@carm.es ; ESP

The paper summarizes the lesson learned from theoretical and experimental activities performed at the University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy, in past decades in order to develop a general methodology of analysis of heat and mass transfer phenomena of interest for nuclear reactor applications. An overview of previously published results is proposed, highlighting the rationale at the basis of the performed work and its relevant conclusions. Experimental data from different sources provided information for model development and assessment. They include condensation experiments performed at SIET (Piacenza, Italy) on the PANTHERS prototypical PCCS module, falling film evaporation tests for simulating AP600‐like outer shell spraying conditions, performed at the University of Pisa, experimental data concerning condensation on finned tubes, collected by CISE (Piacenza, Italy) in the frame of the INCON EU Project, and experimental tests performed in the CONAN experimental facility installed at the University of Pisa. The experience gained in these activities is critically reviewed and discussed to highlight the relevant obtained conclusions and the perspectives for future work.

<b><i>Abstract:</i></b> A variety of studies evidenced a relationship between drug use disorders and sexual dysfunction. In particular, heroin and opioid agonist medications to treat heroin dependence have been found to be associated with erectile dysfunction and reduced libido. Controversial findings also indicate the possibility of factors other than the pharmacological effects of opioid drugs concurring to sexual dysfunction. With the present study, we investigated the link between sexual dysfunction and long-term exposure to opioid receptor stimulation (heroin dependence, methadone maintenance treatment, methadone dosage), the potentially related hormonal changes reflecting hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis function and prolactin (PRL) pituitary release, the role of adverse childhood experiences in the clinical history and the concomitant symptoms of comorbid mental health disorders in contributing to sexual problems. Forty male patients participating in a long-term methadone treatment program were included in the present study and compared with 40 healthy control subjects who never used drugs nor abused alcohol. All patients and controls were submitted to the Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX), Child Experiences of Care and Abuse-Questionnaire (CECA-Q) and the Symptom Check List-90 Scale. A blood sample for testosterone and PRL assays was collected. Methadone dosages were recorded among heroin-dependent patients on maintenance treatment. Methadone patients scored significantly higher than controls on the 5-item rating ASEX scale, on CECA-Q and on Symptoms Check List 90 (SCL 90) scale. Testosterone plasma levels were significantly lower and PRL levels significantly higher in methadone patients with respect to the healthy control group. ASEX scores reflecting sexual dysfunction were directly and significantly correlated with CECA-Q neglect scores and SCL 90 psychiatric symptoms total score. The linear regression model, when applied only to addicted patients, showed that methadone dosages were not significantly correlated with sexual dysfunction scores except for 'erectile dysfunction', for which an inverse association was evidenced. Testosterone values showed a significant inverse correlation with ASEX sexual dysfunction scores, CECA-Q neglect scores and psychiatric symptom at SCL 90 among methadone patients. PRL levels were directly and significantly correlated with sexual dysfunction scores, psychiatric symptoms at SCL 90 and CECA-Q neglect scores. Both testosterone and PRL did not correlate with methadone dosages. The present findings appear to support the view of childhood adversities and comorbid psychiatric symptoms contributing to sexual dysfunction and related hormonal changes among methadone patients, challenging the assumption that attributes sexual problems entirely to the direct pharmacological effects of opioid agonist medications.

Summary
Although dramatically reduced in Western and developed countries, maternal mortality is still today one of the most relevant social and health scourges in developing countries. This is the reason why high levels of maternal mortality are always interpreted as a sign of low living standards, ignorance, poverty and woman discrimination. Maternal mortality represents, therefore, a very peculiar characteristic of demographic systems of ancien regime. Despite this important role in demographic systems, no systematic study has been addressed to investigate the impact of maternal mortality in historical Italy. The aim of this article is to shed some light on such a phenomenon by investigating its trend over time and the determinants in some Italian populations between the 18th and the early 20th centuries. The analysis will make use of civil and parish registers linked together by means of nominative techniques, and it will be, therefore, carried out at the micro level.

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir as principais dificuldades operacionais existentes relacionados à infra - estrutura aeroportuária brasileira atual, visando promover uma reflexão sobre as soluções e suas conseqüências para a realização dos grandes eventos esportivos programados em um futuro próximo no Brasil. Nesse artigo denominam-se, dificuldades operacionais, aos aspectos que dificultam as diversas operações aeroportuárias no Brasil, tais como atrasos de aeronaves, cancelamentos de vôos, desconfortos dos clientes dentre outros que dificultam a satisfação ou impedem o desenvolvimento das atividades aeroportuárias. Diante disso, esse artigo busca uma reflexão sobre problemas como: os espaços físicos (que necessitam de adaptações, ampliações e novas construções), a falta de investimentos, e prazos para soluções e outros problemas que deverão ser sanados para que em um futuro próximo não ocorra dissabores. Com uma análise documental de dados estatísticos coletados por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, são apresentadas as principais dificuldades operacionais do modal de transporte aéreo brasileiro, as opções de solução e a importância das ações para o desenvolvimento social, técnico e financeiro do Brasil.