The paper presents an analysis of the radioecological state of the terrestrial ecosystems in north european part of the Russia, which were exposed to the a products of the Chernobyl accident. The analysis of the state of marine and terrestrial objects included in the food network of the population and forming the dose of internal radiation of the population of the Murmansk region is given. Comparative estimates of the effects of global radionuclide deposition in the North-European territory are given.
The dataset "Spatial datasets of radionuclide contamination in the Ukrainian Chernobyl Exclusion Zone" was developed to enable data collected between May 1986 (immediately after Chernobyl) and 2014 by the Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) after the Chernobyl accident to be made publicly available. The dataset includes results from comprehensive soil sampling across the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). Analyses include radiocaesium ( 134 Cs and 134 Cs) 90 Sr, 154 Eu and soil property data; plutonium isotope activity concentrations in soil (including distribution in the soil profile); analyses of "hot" (or fuel) particles from the CEZ (data from Poland and across Europe are also included); and results of monitoring in the Ivankov district, a region adjacent to the exclusion zone. The purpose of this paper is to describe the available data and methodology used to obtain them. The data will be valuable to those conducting studies within the CEZ in a number of ways, for instance (i) for helping to perform robust exposure estimates to wildlife, (ii) for predicting comparative activity concentrations of different key radionuclides, (iii) for providing a baseline against which future surveys in the CEZ can be compared, (iv) as a source of information on the behaviour of fuel particles (FPs), (v) for performing retrospective dose assessments and (vi) for assessing natural background dose rates in the CEZ. The CEZ has been proposed as a "radioecological observatory" (i.e. a radioactively contaminated site that will provide a focus for long-term, radioecological collaborative international research). Key to the future success of this concept is open access to data for the CEZ. The data presented here are a first step in this process. The data and supporting documentation are freely available from the Environmental Information Data Centre (EIDC) under the terms and conditions of the Open Government Licence: https://doi.org/10.5285/782ec845-2135-4698-8881-b38823e533bf .
The dataset "Spatial datasets of radionuclide contamination in the Ukrainian Chernobyl Exclusion Zone" was developed to enable data collected between May 1986 (immediately after Chernobyl) and 2014 by the Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) after the Chernobyl accident to be made publicly available. The dataset includes results from comprehensive soil sampling across the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). Analyses include radiocaesium (134Cs and 134Cs) 90Sr, 154Eu and soil property data; plutonium isotope activity concentrations in soil (including distribution in the soil profile); analyses of "hot" (or fuel) particles from the CEZ (data from Poland and across Europe are also included); and results of monitoring in the Ivankov district, a region adjacent to the exclusion zone. The purpose of this paper is to describe the available data and methodology used to obtain them. The data will be valuable to those conducting studies within the CEZ in a number of ways, for instance (i) for helping to perform robust exposure estimates to wildlife, (ii) for predicting comparative activity concentrations of different key radionuclides, (iii) for providing a baseline against which future surveys in the CEZ can be compared, (iv) as a source of information on the behaviour of fuel particles (FPs), (v) for performing retrospective dose assessments and (vi) for assessing natural background dose rates in the CEZ. The CEZ has been proposed as a "radioecological observatory" (i.e. a radioactively contaminated site that will provide a focus for long-term, radioecological collaborative international research). Key to the future success of this concept is open access to data for the CEZ. The data presented here are a first step in this process. The data and supporting documentation are freely available from the Environmental Information Data Centre (EIDC) under the terms and conditions of the Open Government Licence: https://doi.org/10.5285/782ec845-2135-4698-8881-b38823e533bf.
The dataset "Spatial datasets of radionuclide contamination in the Ukrainian Chernobyl Exclusion Zone" was developed to enable data collected between May 1986 (immediately after Chernobyl) and 2014 by the Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) after the Chernobyl accident to be made publicly available. The dataset includes results from comprehensive soil sampling across the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). Analyses include radiocaesium (134Cs and 134Cs) 90Sr, 154Eu and soil property data; plutonium isotope activity concentrations in soil (including distribution in the soil profile); analyses of "hot" (or fuel) particles from the CEZ (data from Poland and across Europe are also included); and results of monitoring in the Ivankov district, a region adjacent to the exclusion zone. The purpose of this paper is to describe the available data and methodology used to obtain them. The data will be valuable to those conducting studies within the CEZ in a number of ways, for instance (i) for helping to perform robust exposure estimates to wildlife, (ii) for predicting comparative activity concentrations of different key radionuclides, (iii) for providing a baseline against which future surveys in the CEZ can be compared, (iv) as a source of information on the behaviour of fuel particles (FPs), (v) for performing retrospective dose assessments and (vi) for assessing natural background dose rates in the CEZ. The CEZ has been proposed as a "radioecological observatory" (i.e. a radioactively contaminated site that will provide a focus for long-term, radioecological collaborative international research). Key to the future success of this concept is open access to data for the CEZ. The data presented here are a first step in this process. The data and supporting documentation are freely available from the Environmental Information Data Centre (EIDC) under the terms and conditions of the Open Government Licence: https://doi.org/10.5285/782ec845-2135-4698-8881-b38823e533bf.
1 Microbial ecological function in migration of radionuclides in groundwater -- 2 Microbial diversity and possible activity in nitrate- and radionuclide-contaminated groundwater -- 3 Function of microbes on chemical species transformation of radionuclides -- 4 Direct detection of denitrifying bacteria in groundwater by GeneFISH -- 5 Difference in the solid-water distributions of radiocesium in rivers in Fukushima and Chernobyl -- 6 Function of colloidal and nanoparticles in sorption of radionuclides -- 7 Application of electron microscopy to understanding colloid-facilitated transport of radionuclides at the Mayak Production Association facility, near Lake Karachai, Russia -- 8 Numerical analysis of migration of nitrate ions in the groundwater system of Lake Karachai Area, Southern Ural, Russia -- 9 Commentary on the function of micro- to nano-scale particles in radionuclide migration through groundwater.
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In the present work the patterns of relationship of photonic radiation dose rate from Cyclone 18/9HC water cooling system were studied at production of positron-emitting nuclides. Reaction (n, p) was shown to be the main source of activation nuclides in cyclotron cooling water at 18F production, resulting in formation of 16N (T1/2 = 7 s) from 16О. In water targets with high accumulated dose, when beam partially irradiates a target body, proton-induced reactions: 16О(p, α)11С and 18О(p, n)18F take place. Fluoride 18F–, carbonate 11СО32– and hydrocarbonate Н11СО3– anions, formed in proton-induced activation reactions, efficiently precipitate on anion-exchanging resin during water circulation resulting in circuit purification from the named radionuclides. Activation of cooling water does not occur at irradiation of gas targets. Projected annual dose for cyclotron operator from cooling water activation is less than 1 % of annual dose limit for personnel from technogeneous radioactive sources. In order to minimize operator`s accumulated doses it is recommended to decrease the duration of personnel activities at the distance less than 1 meter from heat exchanger during 18F production. At operation of water targets with absorbed dose higher than 2500 μA·h it is desirable to conduct the preventive maintenance of water cooling system not earlier than in half an hour after the end of irradiation and with mandatory dosimetry control. To decrease the activation of impurities it is essential to use only deionized water in cooling circuit. In case of its specific conductivity increase due to corrosion the coolant should be replaced promptly.
We read with interest the letter by Giammarile et al. [1] addressing our editorial in which we proposed that the European Medicines Agency should allow the option of a dosimetry-based approach to the treatment of cancer with radionuclide therapy [2]. Our editorial was intended to draw attention to the potential legal issues of recommending an approach to treatment that could contravene the European Council Directive 2013/59 [3] and national legislation, as the directive (article 56) states that "For all medical exposure of patients for radiotherapeutic1 purposes, exposures of target volumes shall be individually planned and their delivery appropriately verified.". This directive is intended to "lay down basic safety standards for the protection of dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation" and emphasizes the need for 'justification' and 'optimization' of intentional radiation exposures of patients. [.]
We read with interest the letter by Giammarile et al. [1] addressing our editorial in which we proposed that the European Medicines Agency should allow the option of a dosimetry-based approach to the treatment of cancer with radionuclide therapy [2]. Our editorial was intended to draw attention to the potential legal issues of recommending an approach to treatment that could contravene the European Council Directive 2013/59 [3] and national legislation, as the directive (article 56) states that "For all medical exposure of patients for radiotherapeutic1 purposes, exposures of target volumes shall be individually planned and their delivery appropriately verified.". This directive is intended to "lay down basic safety standards for the protection of dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation" and emphasizes the need for 'justification' and 'optimization' of intentional radiation exposures of patients. [.]
Sustainable development (SD) is one of the objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and in order to achieve SD, the precautionary principle (PP) is one of the most appropriate means that can be used. This study aims to explore whether the WTO promotes SD through its legal interpretation of the PP and to provide suggestions for realizing the balance between trade liberalization and sustainable development in the WTO. To this end, this study conducts a case analysis on the Korea-Import Bans, and Testing and Certification Requirements for Radionuclides (DS495) dispute from legal and political-economic perspectives, and finds that the WTO&rsquo ; s rigorous examinations of the four requirements presented in Article 5.7 of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement) remain a significant impediment for the incorporation of the PP into WTO jurisprudence, and can also cause systemic problems. This study suggests that efforts from three dimensions&mdash ; the WTO adjudicating parties, the government, and the lobbying groups of importing countries&mdash ; are required to promote SD in the WTO.
