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International verknüpfte wirtschaftliche Geschäftsbeziehungen kennzeichnen den steigend an Bedeutung gewinnenden Prozess der Globalisierung. Dieser Entwicklung folgte die Nachfrage nach vergleichbaren Informationen über finanzielle Gegebenheiten in Unternehmen. Aus diesem Grund wurden die International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) entwickelt. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Beantwortung der Frage, ob die IFRS für die Performancemessung des Managements geeignet sind.Nach der Einleitung und einer Definition des Begriffs Performance wird die Eignung des Unternehmenswerts für die Performancemessung des Managements untersucht. Anschließend wird der IFRS-Abschluss im Hinblick auf seine Eignung für die Performancemessung des Managements betrachtet. Nach der Darstellung von konzeptionellen Grundlagen und ausgewählten Bestandteilen, werden einzelne Unterschiede zwischen UGB bzw. HGB und IFRS herausgearbeitet. Darauf aufbauend wird die Eignung des Residualgewinns und der Residualgewinngrößen Economic Value Added (EVA) und Cash Value Added (CVA) als Maßstab für die Performancemessung des Managements untersucht.Die Verwendung von Jahresabschlussdaten im Allgemeinen birgt Vor- und Nachteile. Ein grundlegendes Problem besteht darin, dass ein qualitativ hochwertiges Rechnungslegungssystem nicht zwangsweise zu qualitativ hochwertigen Jahresabschlussinformationen führen muss. Qualitätseinbußen entstehen durch falsche Anreizsetzung oder politische Einflüsse. Ein Vorteil der IFRS liegt beispielsweise in der besseren Steuerungsqualität in Folge der umfangreicheren Informationen, welche bereitgestellt werden. Weiters ist die geringe Ausprägung des Vorsichtsprinzips und die Verwendung von Fair Values anstatt von historischen Anschaffungs- und Herstellungskosten ein wichtiges Thema im Zusammenhang mit der Managementperformance. ; The increasing importance of the globalization process is identified by the growth of international business relationships. It creates the need for comparable information about the financial situation of a company. As a response to this process, the international financial reporting standards (IFRS) were created. The aim of this master thesis is to answer the question if IFRS are able to measure the performance of the management.The introduction is followed by a definition of the term performance. Afterwards, the suitability of the shareholder value for measuring the management performance is analysed. The following chapter deals with the IFRS annual statement itself and its suitability for performance measurement. Afterwards, selected accounting standards and valuation regulations of Austrian and German national accounting standards on the one side and of IFRS on the other side are examined, with regard to their effect on the performance of the management. Moreover, the suitability of residual income and of key performance indicators based on residual income, such as Economic Value Added (EVA) and Cash Value Added (CVA), is discussed.The usage of data of the annual statement includes different advantages and disadvantages. A basic problem seems to be that an accounting system of high quality does not necessarily lead to high quality accounting information. Quality defects arise because of unsuitable incentives or political influence. One advantage of IFRS seems to be the higher quality in order to control the action of the management. This improved quality is raised by more detailed information, which is provided for the users of the annual financial statement. The marginal influence of the principle of prudence and the usage of the Fair Value instead of historical costs is also an important issue for measuring management performance based on IFRS. ; Martina Galler ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassungen in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2015 ; (VLID)752764

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Rollen von DolmetscherInnen in Spielfilmen. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt dabei auf den im intrasozietären Bereich tätigen DolmetscherInnen, zu dem DolmetscherInnen in juristischen, sozialen, militärischen etc. Settings gezählt werden. Da sich die Kommunikation in diesem Bereich durch direkte Präsenz aller InteraktantInnen im Raum und unterschiedliche Machtkonstellationen kennzeichnet und Anforderungen der InteraktionsteilnehmerInnen an die DolmetscherInnen oft sehr widersprüchlich sind, ist für den intrasozietären Bereich insbesondere die Problematik der Rollenauffassung charakteristisch. Daher wird bei der Analyse den Fragen nachgegangen, welche Rollen die DolmetscherInnen in den Filmen einnehmen und wie diese Rollen gespielt werden. Es wird untersucht, welche Motive das Verhalten der DolmetscherInnen steuern und welche Auswirkungen ihr Verhalten auf die Interaktion hat. Zudem wird bei der Analyse auf die Frage eingegangen, ob die DolmetscherInnen eine Macht besitzen und wie sie damit umgehen. Es wird von der Annahme ausgegangen, dass die DolmetscherInnen in den Spielfilmen als eigenständige InteraktionsteilnehmerInnen, die diese Interaktion beeinflussen, dargestellt werden. Am Anfang der Arbeit wird ein Überblick über die Publikationen zum Thema DolmetscherInnen in Filmen gegeben. Danach wird auf die Dolmetschtypen des intrasozietären Bereichs eingegangen und die Rollenproblematik umrissen. Nach der Vorstellung des Korpus folgt die Analyse, die auf Basis des Konzepts der sozialen Interaktion von Erving Goffman durchgeführt wird. Die Analyse ergibt, dass die DolmetscherInnen außer der gewöhnlichen Rolle der VermittlerInnen noch viele andere Rollen einnehmen und Aufgaben erfüllen, die über ihre normative Rolle hinausgehen. Sie handeln eigenständig und versuchen die Interaktion mit den ihnen zur Verfügung stehenden Mitteln zu beeinflussen. Geleitet werden sie dabei von persönlichen Emotionen, jedoch nur selten von Eigennutz ; The present master thesis deals with the roles of interpreters in feature films. It primarily seeks to shed light upon interpreters working in intra-social fields such as legal, social, military etc. settings. In these areas, communication is featured through direct presence of all interacting members in space and different constellations of power. As a result, issues of role concepts are characteristic, especially since requirements of interaction participants to interpreters are often very contradictory. The analysis of the present work explores which roles are taken by interpreters in feature films and in which way these roles are played. It examines the motives that control interpreters behaviour as well as the actual impact of their behaviour on interactions. It furthermore discusses whetheror whether not interpreters possess a certain degree of power and if so, how they manage this power. In this master thesis it is assumed that interpreters in feature films are depicted as independent interaction participants who actively influence interaction. At the beginning of the work, an overview of publications on the subject of interpreters in films is given. This is followed by a discussion of different types of interpreters in intra-social fieldsand as well as role problems. After the presentation of the corpus, the analysis is made on the basis of the concept of social interaction developed by Erving Goffman. The analysis shows that interpreters, additionally to their usual role of mediators, play many other roles and perform tasks that go beyond their normative roles. They act independently and try to influence interactions with the resources available to them, led and supported by personal emotions, but rarely by self-interest or selfishness. ; vorgelegt von Lesya Litzinger ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2015 ; (VLID)436109

24 pages ; This paper is concerned with the examination of rule-guided cultural and thematic battles enacted by women writers in two historical moments—the late nineteenth- and early twenty-first centuries—against the dominant cultural institutions of their time. Such battles, evaluated in the Anglophone world of letters at large, bring to light women's often inconspicuous strategies for legislating new mechanisms of written expression within the established authoring and reading practices of their times. The recurring patterns we detect in these strategies offer a point of departure to explore continuities connecting the woman's right to productive labor movement in the nineteenth-century with woman's right to control their own digital labor in the twenty first century—two moments in time when varying feminist discourses were converging around the conceptualization of "new woman." Both the mobility-limited late nineteenth century society and the apparently digitally-democratized twenty-first century seem to call for female writing subjects, who are often seen at the margins of the "social factory," to intervene through specific literary acts of disturbance. Such acts of disturbance, when closely analyzed, can be seen as both exposing and altering the rule-based systems in which these authors are confrontationally embedded. In assessing how the tensions generated by an increasingly mechanized, industrialized, electronic, and software-automated trajectory over the last centuries are reflected in literary expression by select female writers, we discovered that the acts of literary subversions enacted by these women share many a commonality when it comes to their basic operative functioning. First, they usually unfold by means of a three-piece set of features that we illustrate in our close readings of the specific works we discuss. Second, they seem to occur in historical periods characterized by rapid modernizing changes marked by the appearance of technological networks. Third, these acts can be most clearly seen as similar once we look at them from, as it were, a typological perspective: what nineteenth-century print authors envisioned for the heroines and female characters of their novels seems to be eventually re-enacted and transposed into concrete authorial practices by female writers operating in born-digital environments. Without claiming such a tendency to work as a fundamental prerogative of all women's writing or without contending that it constitutes an ongoing inclination reaching well beyond the epochs we are considering, the mere existence of the recurring structures we uncover in this paper proves both intriguingly meaningful and undoubtedly promising in terms of further scholarly interrogation on the issue of gender-based forms of expression in the literary field. ; University of Oregon Libraries

There is an extensive literature on the impact of nonrenewable natural resources (NNR) in the fiscal performance of countries. Overall, with few exceptions, the studies suggest an inverse relationship between these two variables. According to the IDB (2013), the presence of NNR can lead to the so called 'resource curse', where the abundance of income that comes from this source adversely affects institutional capacity, governance, and economic growth. There is not too much literature about the impact of the relative abundance of NNR on the fiscal performance of sub-national governments and conflicting results have been found. One of the most recent changes in regional policy in Colombia was the creation of the General Royalties System (SGR by its Spanish acronym) in 2011. Before the new scheme, royalties were distributed to those territories where NNR were extracted and to the maritime or river ports used to transport these resources. With the creation of SGR, these resources began to be distributed between all municipalities and departments through various funds and according to the socioeconomic conditions of each territory. As a result of the increased mining and energy production, royalties increased from 0.6% of GDP in 2002 to 1.66% in 2012. These resources are an important source of funding for projects in sub-national governments. For municipalities, these funds are twice the amount collected by two of the most important municipal taxes, property tax and industry and commerce tax. This is an excellent opportunity to assess the impact of the new system on the fiscal behavior of local authorities. This paper evaluates the effects of the implementation of the SGR on the fiscal performance at the municipality level in 2012, employing a dose-response analysis based on Hirano and Imbens (2004) for a sample of 1,025 municipalities. Unlike conventional impact evaluations comparing treatment and control groups, the dose-response analysis compares municipalities with higher and lower allocation of royalties. The non-randomness of assignments is controlled by estimating the generalized propensity score. The results indicate that a level of 20% allocation of royalties in the total revenue of the municipalities represents an important threshold performance of these localities. It was found that in the 93% of municipalities, where the proportion of royalties in their total revenues are less or equal to 20%, the fiscal performance measured by several indexes worsens, while the dependency on the royalties increases. On the other hand, if such proportion is higher than 20% the fiscal performance improves but the local investment falls. Given that the reform assigned resources but did not guarantee their appropriation by the municipalities, these results can be explained by the low execution of royalties during 2012.

В статті визначено роль політико-правового фактору та його вплив на рекламу лікарських засобів в Україні. Показано взаємозв'язок між рекламою лікарських засобів і функціонуванням фармацевтичного ринку. Підкреслено роль фармацевтичного ринку як стимулюючого чинника вдосконалення здоров'я нації. Обґрунтовано, що фармацевтичний ринок є відображенням соціально-економічного розвитку країни. Рекламу лікарських засобів розглянуто як ефективний інструмент впливу при вирішенні економічних і соціальних проблем. Особливу увагу присвячено забезпеченню населення України якісними і безпечними лікарськими засобами. Проаналізовано нормативно-правові аспекти реклами лікарських засобів. Визначено перелік вимог щодо виробництва і контролю лікарських засобів з метою впровадження системи європейських стандартів якості. Систематизовано три напрями оцінки якості, безпеки та ефективності лікарських засобів. Розроблено класифікацію реклами лікарських засобів залежно від характеристик цільових аудиторій, завдань реклами, а також характеристик місць доступу споживачів до лікарських засобів. ; В статье определена роль политико-правового фактора и его влияние на рекламу лекарственных средств в Украине. Показана взаимосвязь между рекламой лекарственных средств и функционированием фармацевтического рынка. Подчеркнута роль фармацевтического рынка как стимулирующего фактора улучшения здоровья нации. Обосновано, что фармацевтический рынок является отражением социально-экономического развития страны. Реклама лекарственных средств рассмотрена как эффективный инструмент влияния при решении экономических и социальных проблем. Особое внимание уделяется вопросам обеспечения населения Украины качественными и безопасными лекарственными средствами. Проанализированы нормативно-правовые аспекты рекламы лекарственных средств. Установлено перечень требований по производству и контролю лекарственных средств с целью внедрения системы европейских стандартов качества. Систематизировано три направления оценки качества, безопасности и эффективности лекарственных средств. Разработана классификация рекламы лекарственных средств, в зависимости от характеристик целевых аудиторий, задач рекламы, а также характеристик мест доступа потребителей к лекарственным средствам. ; The authors in the article touches the role of political and legal factors and its impact on the advertising of medicines in Ukraine. The relationship between the advertising of medicinal products and pharmaceutical market functioning are showed. Emphasizes the role of the pharmaceutical market as a stimulating factor in improving the health of the nation. Proved that the pharmaceutical market is a reflection of the socio-economic development. Advertising of medicines considered as an effective tool in dealing with the impact of economic and social problems are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the problems of providing the population of Ukraine with quality and safety of medicines. Analyses the legal aspects of drug advertising. The list of requirements for the production and control of drugs for the purpose of the European quality standards introduction are detected. Systematizes three areas of assessment of quality, safety and efficacy of medicines. Develops the classification of drug advertising, which depending on the characteristics of the target audience, advertising objectives and characteristics of places consumers' access to medicines.

Статтю присвячено порівнянню характерних рис, закладених у скаутський освітньо-виховний ідеал та ідеал демократичного лідера у США. На основі проведеного аналізу на матеріалі опитування 100 респондентів зроблено висновок про те, що якості демократичного лідера не є природженими, вони набуваються у процесі виховання і соціалізації. Підкреслено, що формування демократичного лідера залежить від освітньо-виховного середовища, набуття рис демократичного лідера починається не у процесі трудової діяльності і кар'єрного росту, а у періодах дитинства і юнацьких років. Доведено, що риси демократичного лідера формуються у процесі спільної діяльності в атмосфері відповідальності і довіри, а неполітичні неформальні організації є потужним інструментом формування якостей демократичного лідера у дітей та молоді шкільного віку.Целью современных евроинтеграционных процессов определяется создание интеллектуального, поликультурного сообщества с помощью стандартизованной демократической системы профессионального образования. В статье проанализировано систему педагогического образования Бельгии, поскольку эта страна может стать примером в организации и реформировании педагогической подготовки учителей на европейском пространстве. Автор также определяет особенности профессиональной подготовки специалистов образования, которые поднимают страну на высокий уровень организации образования.The aim of modern Euro integration process is the creation of intellectual and polycultural society with a help of standard democratic system of the vocational education. We pay attention to the system of vocational education in Belgium that is resulted in the fact the country is a pioneer in its modernization. The higher educational establishments guarantee the students the effective possibilities to obtain the pedagogical qualification and the level of competence that is satisfactory for the professional activity. In the article the system of teacher education of Belgium has been analyzed as the country can be an example for European teacher training organization. The author defines the peculiarities of vocational educator training which ascend the country on the highest level of the education organization. The structure of the vocational education in Belgium, its international orientation, the devolution to solving educational problems on the regional level, the effective academic programs and the strict standards in realization of the educational quality control all show the complete and functional vocational pedagogical sector which is available to train a competent specialist in the sphere of education according to the modern requirements of the European and world job market. The above mentioned academic programs are usually completed with interdisciplinary and competence approaches in the organization of educational process. It is also mentioned that the education of a qualified teacher in Belgium starts when a pupil studies in a primary school when he obtains the basic notions of communication, judgments and the basic knowledge. After graduating a student defines the educational direction he will obtain the necessary qualification (vocational schools, higher educational establishments of university and non-university level). The problem under research is quite new and we see a perspective in its further investigation.

In the second half of the XIX century in Russian society there was a perception that bureaucratic centralization in government is ineffective and needs improvements.The idea of self-government had a sufficient number of supporters, but they were governed by different considerations. Some were inspired by liberal values and believed that the government – was a way to release people from the control of the central government, a new opportunity to fight with the state bureaucracy, by developing civil rights and political responsibility of the management of local affairs.Conservative circles believed that local government was an administrative unit that could be used by the central government to preserve autocracy.These different positions reflected the traditional debate about local government, whether it was an intermediary between individuals and the state, or an integrated part of the state apparatus.Russian views on local government were formed under the theoretical foundations of Western science, but initially local government was modified considering the specific historical political, social and economical conditions of the Russian Empire.So «zemstvo» – a local government with citizens and elected representatives, which solve local problems, and are under the supervision of the central government. Zemstvo in the second half of the XIX century caused economical and cultural development of the Russian province and stability of autocracy. ; Идея самоуправления в российской политической мысли, охватив во второй половине ХІХ в. русское общество, не только была теоретически доработана, но и реализованная в политической системе самодержавия через привлечение общественности к решению местных хозяйственных, социальных проблем и реализации культурной политики в условиях российского самодержавия. Земское самоуправление во второй половине ХІХ в. в России оказывало содействие экономическому и культурному развитию русской провинции и зависело от стабильности самодержавия, т.е. чем сильнее чувствовала себя центральная власть, тем под большим контролем находилось земское самоуправление. Земское самоуправление показало эффективность представительного всесословного управления в отличие от неэффективного бюрократического. А его свертывание в конце ХІХ в. только отдаляло общество и власть, готовя Россию к конституционной монархии, построению правового государства и гражданского общества. ; Ідея самоврядування в російській політичній думці, охопивши в другій половині ХІХ ст. російське суспільство, не тільки була теоретично доопрацьована, але й реалізована в політичній системі самодержавства через залучення громадськості до рішення місцевих господарських, соціальних проблем і реалізації культурної політики в умовах російського самодержавства. Земське самоврядування в другій половині ХІХ ст. в Росії сприяло економічному й культурному розвитку російської провінції і залежало від стабільності самодержавства, тобто чим сильніше почувала себе центральна влада, тим під більшим контролем знаходилось земське самоврядування. Земське самоврядування показало ефективність представницького всестанового управління, на відміну від неефективного бюрократичного. А його згортання в кінці ХІХ ст. тільки віддаляло суспільство і владу, готуючи Росію до конституційної монархії, побудови правової держави й громадянського суспільства.

The article highlighted the conditions of the Russian educational reform in the lands disconnected from the Commonwealth. The attention that the Polish community living to 30 years of the nineteenth century. was calm, certain provisions were Lithuanian Statute, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland, Polish was the main language of communication, legal proceedings, case management and education. An important factor for the preservation of the Polish language space was that the state bureaucracywestern and south-western lands of the Russian Empire consisted mainly of Polish nobility, had privileged Roman Catholics, Polish teachers. S activity of Polish patriots A. Czartoryski, T. Chatsky Polish-educator. The article followed the path of Russification attempts Jewish traditional education and destruction of Jewish identity education by opening public Jewish schools. The tsarist government control over education because the Jews sought to involve them in socially useful work, participation in public life generally.Through educational reform, limiting the use of national languages, the government of the Russian Empire tried to create conditions for the establishment of law-abiding citizens – the «guise» of Poles and Jews.During the nineteenth century. The Russian Empire was powerless against the sentiments of Jewish and Polish communities. Among Polish and Jewish population formed a considerable layer of the intelligentsia, which greatly influenced the development of Ukrainian culture land, and the government's policy of the Russian Empire in education has led to Russification ; W artykule zwrócono uwagę na warunki rosyjskiej reformy oświaty na ziemiach odłączonych od Rzeczypospolitej. Uwagę, że polska społeczność żyje do 30 lat XIX wieku. był spokojny, niektóre przepisy były litewski Statut, Konstytucja Królestwa Polskiego, polski był głównym językiem komunikacji, postępowania sądowego, zarządzania sprawami i edukacji. Ważnym czynnikiem dla zachowania polskiej przestrzeni językowej było to, że stan biurokracja-zachodnie i południowo-zachodnie ziemie Imperium Rosyjskiego składała się głównie z polskiej szlachty, miał uprzywilejowanych rzymskich katolików, polskich nauczycieli. Aktywność na południe od Polski patrioci A. Czartoryskiego, T. Chatsky Polsko-wychowawcy.W artykule następnie ścieżka rusyfikacji próbuje żydowskiej tradycyjnej edukacji i zniszczenie edukacji żydowskiej tożsamości, otwierając publiczne szkoły żydowskie. Carski kontrola rządu nad edukacją, bo Żydzi mieli zamiar zaangażować ich w społecznie użytecznej pracy, uczestnictwa w życiu publicznym w ogóle.Poprzez reformy edukacji, ograniczenie stosowania języków narodowych, rząd Imperium Rosyjskiego próbował stworzyć warunki dla ustanowienia praworządnych obywateli – na «przebranie» Polaków i Żydów. W XIX wieku. Imperium Rosyjskie było bezsilne wobec uczuć społeczności żydowskich i polskich. Wśród ludności polskiej i żydowskiej tworzą znaczną warstwę inteligencji, która w znacznym stopniu wpłynęły na rozwój kultury ukraińskiej ziemi, a polityka rządu Imperium Rosyjskiego w edukacji doprowadziło do rusyfikacji ; кандидат історичних наук, доцент

This report was undertaken as part of a larger research project initiated by the BC Non-Profit Housing Association (BCNPHA). The motivation behind the larger project was to provide better and more nuanced data on the rental housing market in British Columbia. The purpose of this report is to give context to this data and demonstrate how the methodology may be applicable outside of BC. The report begins by providing a historical analysis of the factors that have influenced the state of rental housing in Canada. These include the restructuring of federal income tax policies in 1972, rent control, effects of condominiums, direct government programs, and Canada's 'dual housing policy'. This history shows that the majority of today's purpose-built residential rental stock was constructed prior to 1972 and will need significant maintenance in coming years. The current market incentivizes the provision of new rental housing delivered as smaller buildings by non-corporate landlords such as rented condos, rented houses, secondary suites and accessory dwellings such as laneway or carriage homes. For a variety of reasons, the data collected and reported on rental housing fails to document accurately this secondary rental market. The RHI research project was conceived to address the absence of information on the rental housing market. The second section gives an explanation of the methodology and its development followed by a discussion of the results of this research. Three main trends in BC's rental housing market are identified. Firstly, unaffordable rental housing is not a problem that exists only in large urban centres. The statistical analysis undertaken through this research examined the rental housing markets in Canada, British Columbia, and nearly all BC Regional Districts and municipalities showing that communities of all sizes across BC have unaffordable rental housing markets. Secondly, issues with rental housing affordability appear to stem primarily from a mismatch between high rents and low incomes rather than households living in overcrowded or otherwise inadequate conditions. Lastly, because the unique methodology allows examination of rental housing trends for households with different incomes, it is shown that problems of rental housing affordability are disproportionately affecting those with lower incomes. The report concludes with recommendations as to how the results of this research may be applied in practice. The results of this project and the RHI as a tool are potentially useful to affordable housing advocates, researchers, planners and developers. Suggestions of how this work might be used by these types of practitioners are addressed in turn. ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of ; Unreviewed ; Graduate

This report was undertaken as part of a larger research project initiated by the BC Non-Profit Housing Association (BCNPHA). The motivation behind the larger project was to provide better and more nuanced data on the rental housing market in British Columbia. The purpose of this report is to give context to this data and demonstrate how the methodology may be applicable outside of BC. The report begins by providing a historical analysis of the factors that have influenced the state of rental housing in Canada. These include the restructuring of federal income tax policies in 1972, rent control, effects of condominiums, direct government programs, and Canada's 'dual housing policy'. This history shows that the majority of today's purpose-built residential rental stock was constructed prior to 1972 and will need significant maintenance in coming years. The current market incentivizes the provision of new rental housing delivered as smaller buildings by non-corporate landlords such as rented condos, rented houses, secondary suites and accessory dwellings such as laneway or carriage homes. For a variety of reasons, the data collected and reported on rental housing fails to document accurately this secondary rental market. The RHI research project was conceived to address the absence of information on the rental housing market. The second section gives an explanation of the methodology and its development followed by a discussion of the results of this research. Three main trends in BC's rental housing market are identified. Firstly, unaffordable rental housing is not a problem that exists only in large urban centres. The statistical analysis undertaken through this research examined the rental housing markets in Canada, British Columbia, and nearly all BC Regional Districts and municipalities showing that communities of all sizes across BC have unaffordable rental housing markets. Secondly, issues with rental housing affordability appear to stem primarily from a mismatch between high rents and low incomes rather than households living in overcrowded or otherwise inadequate conditions. Lastly, because the unique methodology allows examination of rental housing trends for households with different incomes, it is shown that problems of rental housing affordability are disproportionately affecting those with lower incomes. The report concludes with recommendations as to how the results of this research may be applied in practice. The results of this project and the RHI as a tool are potentially useful to affordable housing advocates, researchers, planners and developers. Suggestions of how this work might be used by these types of practitioners are addressed in turn. ; Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Unreviewed ; Graduate

Abstract Cultural and political contexts are important in determining the ways in which communities respond to volcanic eruptions. Understanding the manner in which communities and the State apparatus have coped with historic eruptions can provide insights into how responses have influenced vulnerability and resilience. The 1906 eruption of Vesuvius is well suited for such a study as it was one of the first major eruptions in which there was a significant element of State control, and this worked alongside more traditional pre-industrial responses. This eruption was extensively reported in the regional, national and international press and in archives which include still photography. One feature is the rich archive of material published in English language newspapers of record which are analysed fully in the paper for the first time. Many of these data sources are now accessible on-line. The eruption started on April 4th with mild explosive activity and the eruption of lava from 5th to 7th April. On the night of the 7th/8th, activity intensified when a vigorous lava fountain inclined obliquely to the north east, deposited a thick layer of tephra on the towns of Ottaviano and San Giuseppe. This led to roof collapse and a large number of fatalities. There was increased lava emission and a flow progressed south through the outskirts of Boscotrecase cutting the Circumvesuviana railway line and almost reaching Torre Annunziata. Following April 8th the eruption declined and ended on April 21st. In the initial responses to the eruption pre-industrial features were prominent, with the local communities showing social cohesion, self-reliance and little panic. A more negative aspect was the traditional religious response that involved the use of liturgies of divine appeasement and which included the use of saintly relics and images. There is interesting evidence, however, that this coping strategy was driven by the populace rather than by the clergy. The inhabitants of San Giuseppe, for instance, insisted in taking refuge in a church and this led to over 100 fatalities when the roof collapsed. Intervention by the State included: the effective deployment of troops to handle evacuation, to re-open lines of communication and to distribute food and other relief. Management of the disaster was enhanced when prefectural commissioners were given executive powers. We argue that increased State intervention appears to have reduced self-reliance. In the short-term recovery was supported by regional/state aid and by charitable donations particularly from other governments and members of Neapolitan diaspora in other parts of Italy and abroad. This enabled land clearance, agriculture was re-established and roads/rail links were restored. Long-term recovery was slow with affected local-authorities (i.e comuni) showing low rates of population growth for more than 15 years.

Hybridization of power sources for embedded applications becomes an interesting solution to respect environmental legislation and achieve a higher energy efficiency. However, the choice for components sizing and the energy management strategy need to meet specifications while reducing costs. To solve this optimization problems including several types of variables can be complex because of non linearities included in the formulated problem. Therefore the use of effective solving tools, able to provide a reliable solution, is required. In this thesis, a global optimization method is proposed for the design and the optimal control of hybrid vehicles based on combinatorial optimization, particularly on integer linear programming. From a non-linear optimization problem, the initial problem is reformulated into a multitude of integer linear sub-problems for which a parallel Branch & Bound algorithm is executed. In order to solve large-scale problems, a second algorithm based on the Branch & Cut is developed. This method is used for the study of a hybrid power supply system of a mini-excavator electric. The optimization problem, where energy constraints and aging constraints are implemented, is evaluated according to several parameters and specifications. Finally, this approach is also applied for the optimization of trajectories for a synchronized multi-actuators system. ; L'hybridation des sources de puissance dans le domaine des applications embarquées s'est imposée comme une solution adéquate pour répondre aux législations environnementales et atteindre une meilleure efficacité énergétique. Toutefois, le choix dans le dimensionnement des composants et la stratégie de commande doivent répondre à un cahier des charges, souvent complexe et hétérogène, tout en limitant les coûts du système. La résolution de ce problème d'optimisation incluant de nombreuses variables peut s'avérer complexe à cause des non-linéarités présentes dans le problème formulé. Il faut donc disposer d'outils de résolution efficaces et capables de fournir une solution fiable. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une méthode d'optimisation globale pour le dimensionnement et la commande optimale de véhicules hybrides basée sur l'optimisation combinatoire, et en particulier sur la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers (PLNE). A partir d'un problème d'optimisation non linéaire, le problème initial est reformulé en une multitude de sous-problèmes linéaires en nombres entiers sur lesquels un algorithme de Branch & Bound parallèle est exécuté. Afin de résoudre des problèmes de grande taille, un second algorithme basé sur le Branch & Cut est développé. Cette méthode est déployée pour l'étude d'un système d'alimentation hybride d'une mini-excavatrice électrique. Le problème d'optimisation, dans lequel des contraintes énergétiques et des contraintes de vieillissement sont implantées, est évalué suivant différents paramètres du cahier des charges. Enfin, cette approche est également appliquée pour l'optimisation de trajectoires d'un système multi-actionneur synchronisés.

El Derecho a la Resistencia es un derecho consagrado en la Constitución de la República del Ecuador, en su Artículo 98 en el mismo se estipula: "Los individuos y los colectivos podrán ejercer el derecho a la resistencia frente a acciones u omisiones del poder público o de las personas naturales o jurídicas no estatales que vulneren o puedan vulnerar sus derechos constitucionales, y demandar el reconocimiento de nuevos derechos." 1 Frente a los cambios radicales experimentados en el Ecuador, a partir de la Constitución de Montecristi, aprobado por el pueblo en Referéndum en el año 2008, se ha presentado varios problemas con respecto a algunos principios consagrados en la misma. Con el propósito de entender y dar solución a uno de estos problemas se realiza una investigación de los nuevos derechos reconocidos a nivel constitucional, y cómo los mismos pretenden influenciar de manera directa en la participación de la ciudadanía, es decir, como es que los derechos ayudan a que la sociedad pueda formar parte Estatal. ; El presente trabajo investigativo tiene como tema: "El derecho a la resistencia y los derechos de participación ciudadana, democracia y justicia de los ecuatorianos", el cual tiene relación directa con el Art. 98 de la Constitución de la República del Ecuador, que dentro del Estado de derechos dice que los individuos y los colectivos podrán ejercer el derecho a la resistencia frente a las acciones u omisiones de las personas y del poder público, que quebranten o puedan vulnerar sus derechos constitucionales. Se ha realizado una recopilación de datos que indican sobre los orígenes y evolución del derecho a la resistencia en el que se establece los parajes del derechos de la resistencia desde la antigüedad, antecedentes contemporáneos, las definiciones básicas del derecho a la resistencia, rebelión, desacato a la autoridad, desobediencia, el Estado de Derecho, Estado Social, Estado de Derecho y Justicia, además indicando sobre la nueva organización de funciones, estos temas han ayudado a entender el tema y llegar a las conclusiones como que el derechos a la resistencia es el último recurso que tiene un pueblo civilizado para que en forma libre, oportuna y sin presión de ninguna naturaleza se pueda reclamar los derechos que le son conculcados, sin necesidad de normativa secundaria alguna. Para así llegar a elaborar un anteproyecto de ley para el correcto ejercicio y aplicación del Derecho a la Resistencia después del Capítulo IV, Titulo Primero de la Ley Orgánica de Participación Ciudadana y Control Social, para el cumplimiento de los derechos de participación ciudadana, democracia y justicia de los ecuatorianos.

Purpose: to work out the methodic of determination of military higher educational establishment faculty's rating for improvement of organization, monitoring and control of physical education process at the faculty. Material: we used systemic-structural analysis; functioning of military higher educational establishment faculty was simulated; quantitative values of faculty functioning integral rating, connected with organization and conducting of sport measures, were obtained. Results: on the base of hierarchic model of faculty functioning we offered model of faculty rating. De-composition of its structure was carried out up to the level, at which it is possible to make objective quantitative assessments of separate kinds of functioning. Conclusions: the worked out rating-model of functioning results shows functional connection of faculty's integral rating with its special ratings as well as connections between different kinds of functioning at different levels of de-composition. We found clear connection of special ratings of lower level with quantitative assessments of functioning. It permits to differentially approach to comparison and assessment of faculty's functioning. ; Цель: разработка методики определения рейтинга факультета высшего военного учебного заведения в интересах улучшения качества организации, ведения и контроля процесса физического воспитания на факультете. Материал: использовался системно-структурный анализ. Моделировалась деятельность факультета высшего военного учебного заведения. Получены численные значения интегрального рейтинга деятельности факультета, связанной с организацией и проведением спортивных мероприятий. Результаты: на основе иерархической модели деятельности факультета предложена модель рейтинга факультета. Декомпозиция ее структуры проводится до такого уровня, на котором возможны объективные количественные оценки отдельных видов деятельности. Выводы: разработанная рейтинг-модель результата деятельности устанавливает функциональную связь интегрального рейтинга факультета с его частными рейтингами. Также связь по отдельным видам деятельности на разных уровнях декомпозиции. Установлена связь частных рейтингов нижнего уровня с количественными оценками деятельности. Это позволяет дифференцированно подойти к сравнению и оценки деятельности факультета. ; Мета : розробка методики визначення рейтингу факультету вищого військового навчального закладу в інтересах поліпшення якості організації, ведення і контролю процесу фізичного виховання на факультеті. Матеріал : використовувався системно-структурний аналіз. Моделювалася діяльність факультету вищого військового навчального закладу. Отримано чисельні значення інтегрального рейтингу діяльності факультету, пов'язаної з організацією та проведенням спортивних заходів. Результати : на основі ієрархічної моделі діяльності факультету запропонована модель рейтингу факультету. Декомпозиція її структури проводиться до такого рівня, на якому можливі об'єктивні кількісні оцінки окремих видів діяльності. Висновки : розроблена рейтинг-модель результату діяльності встановлює функціональну зв'язок інтегрального рейтингу факультету з його приватними рейтингами. Також зв'язок за окремими видами діяльності на різних рівнях декомпозиції. Встановлено зв'язок приватних рейтингів нижнього рівня з кількісними оцінками діяльності. Це дозволяє диференційовано підійти до порівняння та оцінки діяльності факультету.

Compensation for the Stolen Generations has remained a key recommendation for reparation and an issue of national and international concern. This report focuses on compensating those directly affected by past policies of forced removal in the Northern Territory. This report finds that monetary compensation is indeed due for the hurt and harm suffered by those removed. Removal constituted a fundamental breach of human rights and is now accepted as within the definition of cultural genocide. Issues relating to what happened once removed, whilst not the focus of this report are nonetheless important in representing the damage caused and the extent it has contributed to ongoing problems for individuals and communities. Over the past decade , the Government has taken a number of step s towards reconciliation including the national apology and funding for counselling and parenting services. Evidence however suggests that these measures have been inadequate in fully responding to the needs of the Stolen Generations. This report has collected and documented this evidence and concludes that there is strong moral and legal basis for providing compensation and that there is a growing urgency to resolve this issue as the Stolen Generations have little time left. A major element in this report as acknowledged in its title is the Commonwealth's responsibility for the Northern Territory. Detailed examination of the laws between 1911 and 1978 reveal the Commonwealth's intention to control the Northern Territory Indigenous population. Further, given that State Governments have begun compensating the Stolen Generations in their respective states, it i s accepted that the only government liable to pay compensation to the Northern Territory is the Commonwealth Government. Five recommendations are made in this report and in short they urge the Government to implement a compensation scheme for the Northern Territory by creating a Federal Bill. A Stolen Generations fund of $20-25 million is to be created and these moneys are to be divided equally amongst living members of the Northern Territory Stolen Generations upon application and successful assessment of eligibility by a Tribunal appointed for this purpose. These recommendations are based on existing state and federal compensation initiatives. A significant aspect of this report is an in-depth scrutiny of each of the arguments advanced by the Commonwealth in support of their position of no compensation. Its purpose is to show that once the rationale for compensation is provided and Commonwealth responsibility is established, there is no sound argument by which the Government can rely to refuse to provide compensation. This together with a legislative framework appropriate to the Northern Territory presents a means by which realization of this issue can finally be achieved