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Notice thèse accessible sur : http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0045 ; International audience ; During the second half of the 20th century, attempts were made to operationally redefine various social activities, including those related to science, the military, administration and industry. These attempts were aided by scientific and technical innovations developed in the Second World War, and subsequently by the increase in use of automation in various domains. This Ph.D. thesis addresses these attempts from a sociohistorical perspective, focusing on the specific case of archaeology. During this period, the domain of archaeology underwent a process of disciplinarisation and professionalisation. The same occurred in applied mathematics and then computer science: this thesis focuses on the relationships between these three domains. In France, during the 1950's and 1960's, there were significant methodological and conceptual innovations. Their subsequent scientific recognition, was, however, relatively minor. In archaeology, innovations related to applied mathematics and automatics did not lead to the emergence of an archaeological speciality based on computation. This situation was in striking contrast to what happened in other scientific domains and in archaeology in other countries, where new theoretical and methodological Anglophone definitions in 'New Archaeology' were spreading worldwide. This thesis explores three collective attempts to redefine the conceptual and methodological basis of archaeology, led by Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin and Jean Lesage, across France, Spain and Italy. These cases are completed by other people who had significant careers in both engineering and archaeology. In general, this thesis studies a scientific activity by investigating the cognitive and social aspects of peoples' methodological contributions. Three models of the relationships between experts in a scientific domain and experts in an applied science (here mathematics and computing) are empirically identified and described. The effects of introducing mathematical and automation procedures on the division of labour and the distribution of recognition are analysed. The success or failure of the methodological propositions are discussed with reference to several factors and models of scientific innovation. This thesis generates new information on the development of rescue and preventive archaeology and on the use of digital technologies in human sciences. The analysis draws on 82 interviews, 23 archives and several bibliometric datasets (extracted from pre-existing databases or constructed for the purpose of this research). Mirroring the archaeological propositions under study, this research also intends to illustrate the possible use of computing and formalised procedures in social sciences. The documentation and demonstrative principles underlying this work, implemented by using Wiki, the methods of literate programming and reproducible research, are themselves analysed. ; La seconde moitié du XXe siècle donna lieu à un accroissement des tentatives de redéfinir en termes opérationnels divers domaines de l'activité sociale tant scientifique, militaire, administratif ou industriel. Ces tentatives tirèrent parti des innovations scientifiques et techniques de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, puis de la généralisation de l'automatique. Cette thèse en propose une sociologie historique, menée à partir du cas particulier de l'archéologie. Ce domaine scientifique fait alors l'objet d'efforts accrus de disciplinarisation et de professionnalisation. C'est également le cas des mathématiques appliquées puis de l'informatique : cette étude porte précisément sur les rapports établis à l'intersection de ces trois domaines. En France, au cours des années 1950 et 1960, les innovations méthodologiques et conceptuelles y ont été particulièrement importantes. Pourtant, par la suite, leur réception s'est révélée relativement mineure. En archéologie, les innovations relatives aux mathématiques appliquées, à la formalisation du langage et à l'automatique n'ont pas donné lieu au développement d'une spécialité fondée sur le calcul. Cette situation contraste avec celle d'autres disciplines ou d'autres pays, et ceci alors même que les redéfinitions théoriques et méthodologiques de la « New Archaeology » anglophone se diffusaient à l'échelle internationale. La thèse explore les cas de trois entreprises collectives, menées respectivement autour de Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin et Jean Lesage, entre France, Espagne et Italie. Ces cas sont complétés par ceux d'un ensemble d'acteurs ayant été à la fois ingénieurs et archéologues. D'un point de vue général, cette étude porte sur les statuts cognitifs et sociaux des contributions méthodologiques dans l'activité scientifique. Trois modèles de relations entre spécialistes d'un domaine scientifique et spécialistes des sciences formelles sont identifiés et décrits. Les transformations entraînées par l'introduction des mathématiques et de l'automatique dans la division du travail et la distribution des formes de reconnaissance sont analysées. La réception de ces propositions méthodologiques est discutée à l'aune de différents facteurs et modèles de l'innovation scientifique. Ce sont, au final, des éclairages nouveaux sur le développement de l'archéologie de sauvetage puis préventive et sur la genèse des recours aux technologies « numériques » en sciences de l'homme qui sont proposés. L'analyse tire parti de 82 entretiens, 23 fonds d'archives et de plusieurs jeux de données bibliométriques (pré-existants ou constitués pour cette étude). En écho aux travaux pris pour objets, cette thèse entend également être une proposition et une illustration d'un usage possible de la formalisation et de l'informatique en sciences sociales. Fondées sur l'emploi d'un wiki et les principes de la programmation lettrée et de la reproductibilité des analyses, les architectures documentaire et démonstrative de cette étude font elles-mêmes l'objet d'une analyse.

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM ; A measurement of the W boson pair production cross section in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV is presented. The data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.4 fb-1. The W+ W- candidates are selected from events with two charged leptons, electrons or muons, and large missing transverse energy. The measured W+ W- cross section is 60.1 ± 0.9 (stat) ± 3.2 (exp) ± 3.1 (theo) ± 1.6 (lumi) pb = 60.1±4.8 pb, consistent with the standard model prediction. The W+ W- cross sections are also measured in two different fiducial phase space regions. The normalized differential cross section is measured as a function of kinematic variables of the final-state charged leptons and compared with several perturbative QCD predictions. Limits on anomalous gauge couplings associated with dimension-six operators are also given in the framework of an effective field theory. The corresponding 95 % confidence level intervals are -5.7

Journal of High Energy Physics 2016.7 (2016): 027 reproduced by permission of Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) ; Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, sólo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiera, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM ; Results are reported from a search for the top squark t1, the lighter of the two supersymmetric partners of the top quark. The data sample corresponds to 19.7 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. The search targets t1 → bχ ± 1 and t1 → t (∗) χ 0 1 decay modes, where χ ± 1 and χ 0 1 are the lightest chargino and neutralino, respectively. The reconstructed final state consists of jets, b jets, missing transverse energy, and either one or two leptons. Leading backgrounds are determined from data. No significant excess in data is observed above the expectation from standard model processes. The results exclude a region of the two-dimensional plane of possible t1 and χ 0 1 masses. The highest excluded t1 and χ 0 1 masses are about 700 GeV and 250 GeV, respectively ; Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy and the Austrian Science Fund; the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, and Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; the Brazilian Funding Agencies (CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP); the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science; CERN; the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Natural Science Foundation of China; the Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS); the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, and the Croatian Science Foundation; the Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus; the Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council via IUT23-4 and IUT23-6 and European Regional Development Fund, Estonia; the Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, and Helsinki Institute of Physics; the Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS, and Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives / CEA, France; the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany; the General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece; the National Scientific Research Foundation, and National Innovation Office, Hungary; the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, India; the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran; the Science Foundation, Ireland; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea; the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; the Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia); the Mexican Funding Agencies (CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI); the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand; the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre, Poland; the Fundaçao para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; JINR, Dubna; the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research; the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; the Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación and Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Spain; the Swiss Funding Agencies (ETH Board, ETH Zurich, PSI, SNF, UniZH, Canton Zurich, and SER); the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei; the Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand, Special Task Force for Activating Research and the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine; the Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; the US Department of Energy, and the US National Science Foundation. Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR-12-JS05-002-01 (France); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund; the OPUS programme of the National Science Center (Poland); the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); the Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR project 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); and the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845

Journal of High Energy Physics 2016.4 (2016): 073 reproduced by permission of Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) ; Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, sólo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiera, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM ; A first measurement of the top quark spin asymmetry, sensitive to the top quark polarisation, in t-channel single top quark production is presented. It is based on a sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1. A high-purity sample of t-channel single top quark events with an isolated muon is selected. Signal and background components are estimated using a fit to data. A differential cross section measurement, corrected for detector effects, of an angular observable sensitive to the top quark polarisation is performed. The differential distribution is used to extract a top quark spin asymmetry of 0.26±0.03 (stat) ±0.10 (syst), which is compatible with a p-value of 4.6% with the standard model prediction of 0.44 ; Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy and the Austrian Science Fund; the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, and Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; the Brazilian Funding Agencies (CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP); the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science; CERN; the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Natural Science Foundation of China; the Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS); the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, and the Croatian Science Foundation; the Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus; the Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council via IUT23-4 and IUT23-6 and European Regional Development Fund, Estonia; the Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, and Helsinki Institute of Physics; the Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS, and Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives / CEA, France; the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany; the General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece; the National Scientific Research Foundation, and National Innovation Office, Hungary; the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, India; the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran; the Science Foundation, Ireland; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea; the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; the Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia); the Mexican Funding Agencies (CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI); the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand; the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre, Poland; the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; JINR, Dubna; the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research; the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; the Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación and Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Spain; the Swiss Funding Agencies (ETH Board, ETH Zurich, PSI, SNF, UniZH, Canton Zurich, and SER); the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei; the Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand, Special Task Force for Activating Research and the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine; the Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K.; the US Department of Energy, and the US National Science Foundation. Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund; the OPUS programme of the National Science Center (Poland); the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); MIUR project 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); and the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845

The increase of atmospheric methane concentrations since the beginning of the industrial era is directly linked to anthropogenic activities. This increase is partly responsible for the enhancement of the greenhouse effect leading to a rise of Earth's surface temperatures and a degradation of air quality. There are still considerable uncertainties regarding methane emissions estimates from many sources at local scale. A better characterization of these sources would help the implementation of effective adaptation and mitigation policies to reduce these emissions.To do so, we have developed a new method to quantify methane emissions from local sites based on the combination of mobile atmospheric measurements, a Gaussian model and a statistical inversion. These atmospheric measurements are carried out within the framework of the tracer method, which consists in emitting a gas co-located with the methane source at a known flow. An estimate of methane emissions can be given by measuring the tracer and methane concentrations through the emission plume coming from the site. This method presents some limitations especially when several sources and/or extended sources can be found on the studied site. In these conditions, the colocation of the tracer and methane sources is difficult. The Gaussian model enables to take into account this bad collocation. It also gives a separate estimate of each source of a site when the classical tracer release method only gives an estimate of its total emissions. The statistical inversion enables to take into account the uncertainties associated with the model and the measurements.The method is based on the use of the measured tracer gas concentrations to choose the stability class of the Gaussian model that best represents the atmospheric conditions during the measurements. These tracer data are also used to parameterize the error associated with the measurements and the model in the statistical inversion. We first tested this new method with controlled emissions of tracer and methane. The tracer and methane sources were positioned in different configurations in order to better understand the contributions of this method compared to the traditional tracer method. These tests have demonstrated that the statistical inversion parameterized by the tracer gas data gives better estimates of methane emissions when the tracer and methane sources are not perfectly collocated or when there are several sources of methane.In a second time, I applied this method to two sites known for their methane emissions, namely a farm and a gas distribution facility. These measurements enabled us to test the applicability and robustness of the method under more complex methane source distribution conditions and gave us better estimates of the total methane emissions of these sites that take into account the location of the tracer regarding methane sources. Separate estimates of every source within the site are highly dependent on the meteorological conditions during the measurements. The analysis of the correlations on the posterior uncertainties between the different sources gives a diagnostic of the separability of the sources.Finally I focused on methane emissions associated with the waste sector. To do so, I carried out several measurement campaigns in landfills and wastewater treatment plants and I also used data collected on this type of sites during other projects. I selected the most suitable method to estimate methane emissions of each site and the obtained estimates for each one of these sites show the variability of methane emissions in the waste sector. ; L'augmentation des concentrations de méthane dans l'atmosphère, directement imputable aux activités anthropiques, induit une accentuation de l'effet de serre et une dégradation de la qualité de l'air. Il existe encore à l'heure actuelle de grandes incertitudes concernant les estimations des émissions des dfférentes sources de méthane à l'échellelocale. Une meilleure caractérisation de ces sources permettrait de mettre en place des politiques d'adaptation et d'att énuation efficaces afin de réduire ces émissions. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de quantificationdes émissions de méthane à l'échelle locale basée sur la combinaison de mesures atmosphériques mobiles et d'un modèle gaussien dans le cadre d'une inversion statistique. Les concentrations atmosphériques du méthane sont mesuréesainsi que celles d'un gaz traceur émis à un flux connu. Ces concentrations en gaz traceur sont utilisées pour sélectionnerla classe de stabilité représentant le mieux les conditions atmosphériques dans le modèle gaussien ainsi qu'à paramétrerl'erreur associée aux mesures et au modèle dans l'inversion statistique. Dans un premier temps, cette nouvelle méthoded'estimation des émissions de méthane a été testée grâce à des émissions contrôlées de traceur et de méthane dontles sources ont été positionnées suivant différentes configurations. J'ai ensuite appliqué cette méthode à deux sites réels connus pour leurs émissions de méthane, une exploitation agricole et une installation de distribution de gaz, afin de tester son applicabilité et sa robustesse dans des conditions plus complexes de répartition des sources de méthane. Cette méthode a permis d'obtenir des estimations des émissions totales des sites robustes prenant en compte la localisation du traceur par rapport aux sources de méthane. L'estimation séparéedes émissions des différentes sources d'un site s'est révélée fortement dépendante des conditions météorologiques durant les mesures. Je me suis ensuite focalisé sur les émissions de méthane associées au secteur des déchets en réalisant un certain nombre de campagnes de mesures au sein d'installations de stockagedes déchets non dangereux et de stations d'épuration. Les résultats obtenus pour ces différents sites montrent la grandevariabilité des émissions de méthane dans le secteur des déchets.

In 2007 with the renewable energy directive, the European Union established the development of a low-carbon economy. This directive aims to decrease greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the energy produced by renewable energy. Already today, the massive diffusion of renewable systems is tangible in the European electricity mix. However, in spite of their potential benefits, their large-scale integration leads to new technical and regulatory questions. Consequently, new management strategies need to be developed and applied in order to ensure a reliable and economical operation of the system. Microgrids are considered to be one of the most effective and flexible solutions able to meet these new needs.The main goals of this thesis are the conceptualization, development and implementation of different management strategies for microgrids. The algorithms developed aim to facilitate the massive integration of renewables and at the same time lead to an effective and economic operation of the systems. A new architecture of distribution grids based on cluster of microgrids was proposed. Each microgrid is composed of a number of renewable-based and conventional generation systems, storage systems and consumption. An optimal and distributed energy management strategy was then defined and developed. This strategy allows to manage the short-term energy management and real-time control of microgrids by using the connected sources in a smart and cost-efficient way. A multi-agent system and the mixed integer linear optimization technique were used for the implementation of this strategy.From a global point of view, each microgrid is seen as a coherent entity, which can support network operation by using its flexible and aggregated sources. Hence, the second part of this thesis aims to understand how distribution grids can exploit these cluster of microgrids and their properties. Different mechanisms for the active management of distribution grids are conceptualized from the technical and economical point of view. A new strategy based on hierarchical management of different smart levels allow to reduce the complexity of the system and to implement a more flexible and extensible system, thanks to a more local use of model knowledge and users behaviour. On the end, the theoretical work were tested on an experimental test-bed in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed theories. ; En 2007 avec la directive sur les énergies renouvelables, l'Union Européen s'est engagée à développer une économie à faible intensité de carbone. Cette directive amène à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en augmentant entre autres la partie d'énergie produite par des sources renouvelables. Le processus d'insertion massive d'énergies renouvelables dans le mix électrique européen, est d'ores et déjà un fait acquis et ses effets sont tangibles. Cependant, à côté de ses effets environnementaux bénéfiques, l'intégration à large échelle du renouvelable ne va pas sans causer des interrogations techniques et réglementaires. Par conséquent, de nouvelles stratégies de gestion du système électrique doivent être pensées et actées pour garantir un fonctionnement fiable et économiquement acceptable. Les micro réseaux sont à cet effet, un réceptacle intégrateur avec suffisamment de flexibilité pour accueillir un système de gestion capable de répondre aux exigences ci-dessus. Les travaux de cette thèse sont centrés sur la conception, le développement et l'implémentation de différentes stratégies de gestion des micro réseaux. Les algorithmes développés visent, soit à faciliter l'intégration du renouvelable à large échelle, soit à garantir un fonctionnement efficace et économique du système électrique. Une nouvelle architecture de réseau de distribution composé de micro réseaux clustérisés a été premièrement proposée. Chaque micro réseau est composé de systèmes de production à base ou non de renouvelable, des systèmes de stockage et de charges. Une stratégie de gestion énergétique optimale a été ensuite définie et développée. Cette stratégie permet de gérer la planification à court-terme et le contrôle en temps-réel des micro réseaux via un usage adéquat des sources et ce, tout en réduisant le coût du micro réseau. Un système multi-agents et l'optimisation linéaire mixte en nombres entiers ont été utilisés pour le développement et l'implémentation de cette stratégie intelligente distribuée. D'un point de vue extérieur, chaque micro réseau est vu comme une entité cohérente capable de supporter le fonctionnement du réseau principal en utilisant un ensemble de ses sources flexibles. Ainsi, que la seconde partie de cette thèse exploitera les clusters des micro réseaux et leurs propriétés pour gérer au mieux le réseau de distribution hôte. La conceptualisation technico-économique de différents mécanismes de gestion des réseaux de distribution a été abordée. Le développement d'une architecture de gestion hiérarchisée en plusieurs niveaux d'intelligence a permis de réduire la complexité du système et faciliter l'implémentation d'un réseau flexible, extensible et à fort taux de pénétration de renouvelables. Cette gestion distribuée a été possible grâce à une connaissance locale des modèles et des comportements des différentes systèmes connectés, et à un usage local des informations. Les travaux théoriques ont été ensuite testés sur une plateforme expérimentale conséquente et les résultats finaux ont corroboré les attentes de la théorie.

Indonesia as the biggest archipelago has a major threat coming from oil spill. Due to the increasing concerns of environment protection for sustainable development, the government of Indonesia in cooperation with government of France developed an ocean observation system with one of its pilot applications is oil spills monitoring. This system is integrated in the operational oceanography systems within the project of Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography (INDESO). The context of this thesis is in the frame of INDESO project particularly in the monitoring of oil spill in the Indonesian seas. Within the context above, this thesis propose new methodologies and analyses. This thesis involved two main contributions. The first contribution addressed the retrieval of oil spill drift parameters from a joint analysis of SAR observations of an oil spill and of outputs of a Lagrangian oil spill transport model. In this first part, we estimate oil spill drift parameters. The proposed framework exploited a Lagrangian oil spill transport model such that the simulated oil spill drift could match a SAR-based observation of an oil spill. In the considered 2D Lagrangian model there were two dominant factors, i.e. wind and surface current. To confirm the origin of the oil spill detected on a given date through a SAR observation, we performed simulations with various leakage starting dates, leakage durations, and different values of wind and current weighing coefficients. We developed a novel framework for the assimilation of these oil leakage parameters from a SAR-derived detection of an oil spill. We applied the proposed methodology on the most famous oil spill accident in Indonesia, the Montara case. The second contribution was the global assessment of oil spill risk inIndonesia. We focused on the 11 Indonesia Fisheries Management Area to support the sustainability development of marine and fisheries. In this analysis we proposed methodology that considered the oil spillfrom different source and their impacts not only to the environment, but also from social and economic perspectives. For the assessment of vulnerability of Marine Protected Areas to oil spill pollution, we also exploited the oil spill trajectory model. The focus was given to Fisheries Management Areas as a means to provide synoptic analysis over theentire Indonesian maritime territory. Using different information from many institutional reports, we collected and analyzed the potential source of oil spill in each FMA. Each FMA has specific characteristics in terms environmental and socioeconomic features. We assessed the oil spill risk in each FMA based on all these factors. The result of this study can be used in the mitigation planning to reduce the negative impacts of oil spill. ; L'Indonésie, l'une de plus grands archipels, a été menacé avec la pollution provenant de la marée noire. Le gouvernement d'Indonésie en coopération avec le gouvernement Français a développé un système d'observation de l'océan par satellite afin de supporter de développement durable. Ce système est intégré dans les systèmes d'océanographie opérationnelle dans le cadre du projet de développement des infrastructures de l'océanographie spatiale (INDESO). Le contexte de cette thèse est dans le cadre du projet INDESO notamment dans applications d'INDESO pour suivre des déversements de pétrole dans les mers d'Indonésie. Dans ce contexte,cette thèse propose de nouvelles méthodologies et analyses. Cette thèse comportait deux contributions principales. La première contribution est sur la récupération des paramètres de dérive des déversements d'hydrocarbures à partir d'une analyse conjointe des observations SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) et des résultats d'un modèle de transport de déversement de pétrole. Dans cette première partie, nous estimons les paramètres de dérive de pétrole. On a exploité un modèle de transport de déversement de pétrole lagrangien,de sorte que la dérive simulée de déversement d'hydrocarbures modèles puisse correspondre à l'observation de satellite. Pour confirmer l'origine du déversement de pétrole détecté à une date donnée par une observation de SAR, nous avons effectué des simulations avec différentes dates de début de fuite, duré de fuite et différentes valeurs de pondération deux facteurs dominants i.e. vent et courant. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode pour l'assimilation de ces paramètres de fuite de pétrole à comparer avec d'une détection dérivée d'un déversement d'hydrocarbures. Nous avons appliqué la méthodologie proposée sur le plus grand accident en Indonésie, l'accident de Montara. La deuxième contribution est l'évaluation globale du risque de déversement d'hydrocarbures en Indonésie. Nous sommes concentrés sur la zone de gestion des pêches de l'Indonésie. Dans cette analyse, nous avons proposé une méthodologie qui considère le déversement de pétrole, qui a des sources différentes et leurs impacts à l'environnement, mais aussi sur les perspectives sociales et économiques. Pour l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité des zones marines protégées, nous avons également exploité le modèle de 2D lagrangien. L'accent mis sur les zones de gestion des pêches (FMA) afin de fournir une analyse synoptique sur l'ensemble du territoire maritime d'Indonésie. Chaque FMA présente les caractéristiques spécifiques des paramètres environnementaux etsocio-économiques. Nous avons évalué le risque de déversement d'hydrocarbures dans chaque zone de gestion sur la base de tous ces facteurs. Le résultat de cette étude peut être utilisé dans la planification d'une action pour réduire les impacts négatifs du déversement d'hydrocarbures.

A água é um bem essencial à vida no planeta e por isto, estudos sobre o comportamento de sua qualidade são de suma importância. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a qualidade da água em microbacias hidrográficas sob diferentes usos do solo. Para tanto, foram selecionadas quatro microbacias com diferentes usos do solo : pastagem (água superficial da nascente, ambiente lêntico e ambiente lótico); regeneração florestal em estágio primário (água subterrânea); floresta (água subterrânea e superficial em ambiente lêntico); e cafezal (água subterrânea e água superficial em ambiente lêntico e nascente). As coletas ocorreram bimestralmente, entre fevereiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2014, sendo analisados: coliformes totais e termotolerantes; oxigênio dissolvido (OD); nitrogênio total (Nt); PO43-; turbidez; temperatura; pH; Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO); condutividade elétrica (CE); sólidos totais (ST); sólidos dissolvidos (SD); sólidos suspensos (SS); e os metais cálcio, magnésio e ferro. Realizou-se a análise descritiva de cada variável nos períodos seco e chuvoso, sendo os valores confrontados com os padrões normativos da legislação brasileira, tendo-se calculado os Índices de Qualidade da Água (IQAs) em cada ponto de coleta. Para auxiliar na interpretação do grande número de variáveis, utilizou-se técnicas de análise estatística multivariada, por meio da análise de agrupamento (AA) e análise de componentes principais (ACP). Todos os pontos de coleta apresentaram algum tipo de inconformidade com as normativas para consumo humano.Os maiores índices de qualidade da água (IQA) foram encontrados na microbacia da área de floresta, seguidas das microbacias da área de café e pastagem. Na AA, foram formados quatro grupos distintos, no período chuvoso: grupo 1 formado pelas nascentes e águas subterrâneas; grupo 2 formados pelos ambientes lênticos da área de café e da floresta; grupo 3 formado pelo ambiente lêntico da pastagem; e o grupo 4 formado pelo ambiente lótico da pastagem. No período seco, foram formados três grupos: grupo 1 formado pela nascente da área de café, água subterrânea da microbacia da área de floresta, ambientes lênticos das microbacias de cafeeicultura e floresta; grupo 2 formado pelo ambiente lêntico da microbacia da área de pastagem; e o grupo 3 formado pela nascente e ambiente lótico da microbacia da área de pastagem. A diferença entre os ambientes foi o principal fator de influencia na segregação dos grupos. A partir da ACP foram selecionadas 4 componentes principais que explicaram 73,09% da variância total dos dados. As variáveis selecionadas foram: a CE, a turbidez, o Mg, o Fe, o SD, o Nt, a DBO, o pH e os coliformes termotolerantes, e, portanto, estando relacionadas aos sais dissolvidos, à poluição por matéria orgânica e ao pH. ; Water is a resource essential for life on the planet and therefore, studies on the behavior of their quality are of paramount importance. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the water quality in watersheds under different land uses. To this end, four watersheds were selected with different land uses: pasture (surface water source, lentic environment and lotic); Forest regeneration in primary stage (groundwater); forest (ground and surface water in lentic environment); and coffee plantation (groundwater and surface water in lentic and spring environment). The samples were collected every two months, between February 2014 and December 2014 were analyzed: total and fecal coliforms; dissolved oxygen (DO); total nitrogen (Nt); PO4 3- ; turbidity; temperature; pH; Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD); Electrical conductivity (EC); total solids (TS); dissolved solids (DS); suspended solids (SS); metals and calcium, magnesium and iron. We conducted a descriptive analysis of each variable in the dry and rainy seasons, with the results compared with the normative standards of the Brazilian legislation, having calculated the Water Quality Index (SEQI) at each collection point. To assist in the interpretation of the large number of variables, we used multivariate statistical analysis by cluster analysis (AA) and principal component analysis (PCA). All collection points had some type of noncompliance with regulations for humano.Os major water quality indices consumption (IQA) were found in the watershed forest area, followed by the watersheds of the coffee area and pasture. In AA, four groups were formed during the rainy season: group 1 formed by springs and groundwater; group 2 formed by lentic the breakfast area and the forest; group 3 formed by lentic environment pasture; and group 4 formed by lotic pasture. In the dry period, three groups were formed: group 1 formed by spring breakfast area, groundwater forest area of the watershed, lentic environments of the watersheds of cafeeicultura and forest; group 2 formed by lentic environment of the pasture area of the watershed; and group 3 formed by the source and lotic the pasture area of the watershed. The difference between the environments was the main factor of influence on the segregation of groups. From the ACP were selected 4 main components explained 73.09% of the total variance of the data. The selected variables were: the EC, turbidity, Mg, Fe, SD, Nt, BOD, pH, fecal coliform, and therefore being related to dissolved salts, pollution by organic matter and pH.

The Intensive Programme of study on "Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches" resulted from the recognition of the growing importance of agroforestry systems in the European context, in particular, silvopastoral systems in the south of Europe. The European roadmap towards low carbon economy within the 2050 horizon creates enormous challenges for the agriculture sector in terms of its modernization and reconversion for which agroforestry systems are essential technological and sustainable production solutions. At the global scale, challenges resulting from escalating demand for animal and forest products, effects of climate change, loss of natural capital and the search for sustainable development solutions strengthen the importance of agroforestry systems. Several international organizations, among which the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the European Union (EU), have been promoting the development and implementation of these systems. Also, within the context of the United Nations, several conventions – biological diversity, climate change, soil conservation – force deep changes to be made in production systems, to which agroforestry systems are indispensable references. The intensive learning programme on "Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches" was funded by the European Comission through the ERASMUS program (2013-1-PT1-ERA10-16673- PBRAGANC01). The Intensive Programme took place in Bragança, Portugal, from March 30 to April 12, 2014, and was organized by the Instituto Politécnico de Bragança in collaboration with the Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Universidad da Extremadura, and Universidad de Oviedo, in Spain, and the Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro, in Italy. The objective of the programme was to share with first and second cycle students from Portugal, Spain and Italy knowledge about implementation and management of agroforestry systems, in particular silvopastoral systems, considering production, economic, environmental and socio-cultural aspects. The programme was an opportunity to discuss practical and theoretical issues iv related to agroforestry systems in different environmental backgrounds, particularly in Atlantic and Mediterrenean regions of the Iberian Peninsula. The programme made it also possible to the intervening institutions to establish cooperation partnerships within the scope of scientific research and knowledge transfer, with emphasis on the production of knowledge on silvopastoral systems materialized in this book. The content of this book corresponds to lectures taught in the programme by the researchers and professors subjected to a peer reviewing process; we would like therefore to acknowledge all authors, reviewers and institutions involved in the Intensive Programme and in this book by their collaboration and the ERASMUS Programme by the financial support provided that made it possible to organize this course on "Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches". ; A realização do curso intitulado Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches resultou do reconhecimento da importância crescente dos sistemas agroflorestais no contexto europeu e, particularmente, dos sistemas silvopastoris no do sul da Europa. O roteiro europeu para uma economia de baixo carbono no horizonte 2050 coloca ao sector agrícola enormes desafios de modernização e reconversão no qual os sistemas agroflorestais são incontornáveis enquanto soluções tecnológicas de produção sustentável. À escala global, os desafios resultantes das necessidades crescentes de alimentos de origem animal e de produtos florestais, os efeitos das alterações climáticas, a perda de capital natural e a procura de soluções de desenvolvimento sustentável reforçam a importância dos sistemas agroflorestais. Diversas organizações internacionais, entre as quais a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Alimentação e Agricultura (FAO), o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) e a União Europeia (EU), têm promovido o desenvolvimento e implementação destes sistemas. Também no âmbito das Nações Unidas, diversas convenções - diversidade biológica, alterações climáticas e conservação do solo - obrigam a alterações profundas nos sistemas produtivos para as quais os sistemas agro-florestais serão uma referência obrigatória. O programa de aprendizagem intensivo sobre Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches, foi financiado pela Comissão Europeia através do programa ERASMUS (2013-1-PT1-ERA10-16673- PBRAGANC01). O curso decorreu entre 30 de março e 12 de abril de 2014 e foi organizado pelo Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, em colaboração com a Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Universidad da Extremadura, e Universidad de Oviedo, em Espanha, e a Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro, em Itália. O objectivo do curso foi partilhar com alunos de 1º e 2º ciclo de Portugal, Espanha e Itália, conhecimento sobre implementação e gestão de sistemas agroflorestais, particularmente silvopastoris, considerando os aspectos produtivos, económicos, ambientais e socioculturais. O curso constituiu uma oportunidade de discussão de aspectos práticos e teóricos relativos aos sistemas silvopastoris em diferentes contextos ambientais, particularmente nas zonas Atlânticas e Mediterrânicas da Península Ibérica. Permitiu ainda às instituições envolvidas estabelecerem parcerias de cooperação no âmbito da investigação científica e transferência de conhecimento, destacando-se a produção de saber no âmbito dos sistemas silvopastoris consubstanciada neste livro. O conteúdo do livro corresponde às lições apresentadas no curso pelos investigadores e professores das instituições responsáveis pelas sessões teóricas; assim, gostaríamos de agradecer aos autores e instituições envolvidas pela sua colaboração e ao programa ERASMUS pelo suporte financeiro que possibilitou a realizou do curso sobre Management of agroforestry systems: ecological, social and economic approaches.

Study of complex systems such as environmental or urban systems, often requires the use of simulators for understanding the dynamics observed or getting a prospective vision of the evolution of system. However, the credit given to results of a simulation depends heavily on the trust placed in the simulator, and the quality of validation. This trust is achieved only through an advanced study on the model, a sensitivity analysis of parameters and a comparison of simulation results and collected data. For all of those, plethora of simulations is necessary, which is costly in term of computing resources (CPU time, memory and processors) and is often impossible because of the size of parameters space. It is therefore important to reduce significantly and intelligently the domain to explore. One of the special properties of representative simulators of real phenomena is that they own a parameters space, of which the nature and the form is based on: (i) the scientific objectives; (ii) the nature of manipulated parameters; and (iii) especially complex systems. Thus, the choice of an exploration strategy is totally dependent on the domain to explore. The generic algorithms in the literature are then not optimal. Because of the singularity of complex simulators, the necessities and the difficulties of exploring their parameters space, we plan to guide the exploration task of complex systems by providing GRADEA, a stratified cooperative exploration protocol, that hybrids three different algorithms of different categories in the same environment: the screening search for areas of interest, the global search and the local search. Various exploration algorithms will explore the search space by parallel manner to find the global optimum of optimization problem and also to partially describe the cartography of solutions space to understand the emergent behavior of the model. The first results of the stratified exploration protocol with an example of preselected search algorithms are applied to the environmental simulator for the design of vaccination policies of measles disease in Vietnam. The coupling of search algorithms is built on a modular and agent based architecture that interacts with a computing cluster where the simulations run. This environment facilitates both the interaction between a group of search algorithms, and also the use of high performance computing resources. The challenge is resolved to propose to community, an optimized environment where users will be able: (i) to combine search algorithms that adapted to case study; (ii) and take advantage of the available resources of high performance computing to accelerate the exploration. ; L'étude des systèmes complexes tels que des systèmes écologiques ou urbains, nécessite sou- vent l'usage de simulateurs qui permettent de comprendre les dynamiques observées ou d'avoir une vision prospective de l'évolution du système. Cependant, le crédit donné aux résultats d'une simulation dépend fortement de la confiance qui est accordée au simulateur, et donc de la qualité de sa validation. Cette confiance ne s'obtient qu'au travers d'une étude avancée du modèle, d'une analyse de sensibilité aux paramètres et d'une confrontation des résultats de simulation et des données de terrain. Pour cela, pléthore de simulations est nécessaire, ce qui est coûteux du point de vue des ressources mobilisés (temps de calcul, processeurs et mémoire) et est souvent impossible compte tenue de la taille de l'espace des paramètres à étudier. Il est donc important de réduire de manière significative et intelligente le domaine à explorer. L'une des particularités des simulateurs représentatifs de phénomènes réels est d'avoir un espace des paramètres dont la nature et la forme est fonction : (i) des objectifs scientifiques ; (ii) de la nature des paramètres manipulés ; et (iii) surtout du systèmes complexes étudiés. Ainsi, le choix d'une stratégie d'exploration est totalement dépendante du domaine de l'étude. Les algorithmes génériques de la littérature ne sont alors pas optimaux. Compte tenu de la singularité des simulateurs complexes, des nécessités et des difficultés rencontrées de l'exploration de leur espace de paramètres. Nous envisageons de guider le tâche d'exploration des systèmes complexes en proposant le protocole d'exploration stratifié coopérative GRADEA qui hybride trois algorithmes d'exploration de différents classements dans un même environnement : la recherche en criblage pour zones d'intérêt, la recherche globale et la recherche locale. Différents stratégies d'exploration vont en parallèle parcourir l'espace de recherche pour trouver l'optimum globale du problème d'optimisation et égale- ment pour désigner partiellement la cartographie de l'espace de solutions pour comprendre le comportement émergent du modèle. Les premiers résultats du protocole d'exploration stratifié avec un exemple d'algorithmes présélectionnés d'exploration sont appliquées au simulateur du domaine environnemental pour l'aide à la conception de la planification des politiques de vaccination de la maladie rougeole au Vietnam. Le couplage d'algorithmes d'exploration est intégré sur une architecture modulaire à base d'agents qui sont en interaction avec des noeuds de calcul où sont exécutés les simulations. Cet environnement facilite d'une part le rapprochement et l'interaction entre une selection d'algorithmes d'exploration, et d'autre part l'utilisation de ressources de calcul haute performance. L'enjeu résolu jusqu'à ce temps est de proposer, à la communauté, un environnement optimisé où l'utilisateur sera en mesure : (i) de combiner des algorithmes d'exploration adaptés à son cas d'étude ; (ii) et de tirer parti des ressources disponibles de calcul haute performance pour réaliser l'exploration.

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM ; Constraints on the lifetime and width of the Higgs boson are obtained from H→ZZ→4ℓ events using data recorded by the CMS experiment during the LHC run 1 with an integrated luminosity of 5.1 and 19.7fb-1 at a center-of-mass energy of 7 and 8 TeV, respectively. The measurement of the Higgs boson lifetime is derived from its flight distance in the CMS detector with an upper bound of τH3.5×10-9MeV. The measurement of the width is obtained from an off-shell production technique, generalized to include anomalous couplings of the Higgs boson to two electroweak bosons. From this measurement, a joint constraint is set on the Higgs boson width and a parameter fΛQ that expresses an anomalous coupling contribution as an on-shell cross-section fraction. The limit on the Higgs boson width is ΓH<46MeV with fΛQ unconstrained and ΓH<26MeV for fΛQ=0 at the 95% C.L. The constraint fΛQ<3.8×10-3 at the 95% C.L. is obtained for the expected standard model Higgs boson width ; We acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy and the Austrian Science Fund; the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, and Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; the Brazilian Funding Agencies (CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP); the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science; CERN; the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, and National Natural Science Foundation of China; the Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS); the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport, and the Croatian Science Foundation; the Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus; the Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council via IUT23-4 and IUT23-6 and European Regional Development Fund, Estonia; the Academy of Finland, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, and Helsinki Institute of Physics; the Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules/CNRS, and Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/CEA, France; the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany; the General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece; the National Scientific Research Foundation, and National Innovation Office, Hungary; the Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, India; the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran; the Science Foundation, Ireland; the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea; the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences; the Ministry of Education, and University of Malaya (Malaysia); the Mexican funding agencies (CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLPFAI); the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand; the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission; the Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre, Poland; the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal; JINR, Dubna; the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research; the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia; the Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación and Programa ConsoliderIngenio 2010, Spain; the Swiss Funding Agencies (ETH Board, ETH Zurich, PSI, SNF, UniZH, Canton Zurich, and SER); the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei; the Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics, the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand, Special Task Force for Activating Research and the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand; the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, and Turkish Atomic Energy Authority; the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine; the Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. National Science Foundation. Individuals have received support from the Marie Curie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced by the European Union, Regional Development Fund; the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); the Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR project 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand); and the Welch Foundation.

Depuis de décenies, la République démocratique du Congo (RDC), dans son processus de développement très souvent favorisait l'entreprise publique c'est-à-dire de l'Etat au détriment de l'entreprise privée. C'est seulement plus tard et cela vers la fin des années 90 du Vingtième siècle qu'au regard des contre performances enregistrées par les entreprises de l'Etat, le pouvoir public a accordé un intérêt à la promotion de l'initiative privée particulièrement des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME), en les accordant des diminutions douanières et fiscales pour leur apparition. Le développement économique des pays en voie de développement comme la République démocratique du Congo nécessite la présence de plusieurs PME et PMI à cause des avantages économiques et sociaux qu'elles présentent notamment: la création d'emplois, la réduction de la pauvreté, la mise en valeur des matières premières locales, l'assurance de l'autosuffisance alimentaire, etc. Alors depuis quelques années des nombreux pays prennent de plus en plus conscience de l'importance décisive des PME sur le développement et la diversification de la production industrielle ainsi que la réalisation des objectifs fondamentaux de développement. A l'avènement vers la fin des années quatre-vingt-dix (XXème siècle) du processus de démocratisation de la République démocratique du Congo, nous avons assisté malheureusement aux pillages qui ont causé la destruction de l'outil économique du pays, en accentuant ainsi le chômage qui était déjà à un niveau inquiétant et réduisant davantage le pouvoir d'achat de la population. Ce dernier temps, nous assistons à un phénomène nettement contradictoire qui est celui de l'apparition des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME)/ petites et moyennes industries (PMI) à travers toute l'entendue du territoire du pays et cela pourrait s'expliquer par le souci de la population qui voit s'amenuiser son pouvoir d'achat avec la disparation des emplois, de créer un moyen de substitution pour sa survie. ; For decades, the Democratic Republic of Congo in the process of developing its economy largely favored public companies at the expense of private companies. Only later, especially in the late 90s of the twentieth century, the public authorities in the promotion of private initiative, in particular small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), decided to pay part of the taxes and apply tax relief for the majority of owners of private companies. The economic development of developing countries, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo is dependent on the presence of SMEs due to the economic and social benefits they bring, including: creation of new jobs, poverty reduction, promotion of local raw materials, food self-sufficiency, etc. In recent years, many countries noted the growing importance and awareness, notably authorities on the impact of small and medium-sized enterprises in the development and diversification of industrial production. In the late 90s of the twentieth century. With the beginning in such a huge country's process of democratization, we have seen many destructive actions such as looting of the national wealth, which caused the destruction of the economic base of the country, thus increasing unemployment, which already at that time was as at an alarming level, as well as reducing the purchasing power of the population. In recent years, one can observe the phenomenon of the increasing poverty of society, despite the emergence of an almost throughout the country for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and increase their numbers. The reasons for this state of affairs should be sought in the growing corruption, instability of the political situation of the country, the nature of ethnic conflicts and fears of society for the reduction in purchasing power and the loss of jobs, create a replacement factor of survival. ; Od dziesięcioleci Demokratyczna Republika Konga w procesie rozwoju swojej gospodarki w przeważającym stopniu faworyzowała przedsiębiorstwa publiczne kosztem przedsiębiorstw prywatnych. Dopiero w późniejszym okresie, zwłaszcza pod koniec lat 90. XX wieku, władze publiczne w ramach promowania prywatnej inicjatywy, a w szczególności małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MŚP), zwracały część zapłaconych podatków i stosowały ulgi podatkowe dla większości właścicieli przedsiębiorstw prywatnych. Rozwój gospodarczy krajów rozwijających się, takich jak Demokratyczna Republika Konga uzależniony jest od obecności MŚP ze względu na korzyści gospodarcze i społeczne, jakie ze sobą niosą, w tym m.in.: tworzenie nowych miejsc pracy, zmniejszenie ubóstwa, promowanie lokalnych surowców, samowystarczalności żywnościowej, itd. W ostatnich latach w wielu krajach zauważa się wzrost znaczenia i świadomości, zwłaszcza władz w zakresie wpływu małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw na rozwój i dywersyfikację produkcji przemysłowej. Pod koniec lat 90. XX w. wraz z rozpoczynającym się w tak olbrzymim kraju procesem demokratyzacji, można było zaobserwować wiele destruktywnych działań takich jak grabieże majątku narodowego, które spowodowały zniszczenie bazy ekonomicznej kraju, a tym samym zwiększenie bezrobocia, które już wówczas kształtowało się na zastraszającym poziomie, jak również zmniejszenie siły nabywczej ludności. W ostatnich latach można zaobserwować zjawisko coraz większego ubóstwa społeczeństwa, pomimo pojawienia się niemalże na terytorium całego kraju małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MŚP) i wzrostu ich liczby. Przyczyn takiego stanu rzeczy należy upatrywać w rosnącej korupcji, braku stabilizacji sytuacji politycznej kraju, konfliktach natury etnicznej i obawach społeczeństwa dotyczących zmniejszenia siły nabywczej wraz z uratą pracy.

FabLabs, hackerspaces and makerspaces are shared workshops, equipped with digital tools and organised in a network. These places are connected to the maker movement and are heirs to hackers.They off er themselves as places where anybody can come and make anything. In spite of some strong media coverage, the reality of discourses and practices that occur in those places has not yet been much studied. This dissertation in Aesthetics and design is based on a large ethnographic survey conducted between 2012 and 2015, in France and abroad. A series of interviews and drawn observations allows for a critical description of the ways of doing that can be witnessed on these fields. Practices, discourses and ambitions of personal digital fabrication are built in the margins of the classical fields of industry and design, blurring their historical frames. The fi rst part of this dissertation retraces the origins of FabLabs as well as of the maker and hacker movements. First hand data and classical accounts reveal how American counter-culture and the technophile ambitions of MIT researchers result in diverging local appropriations.The rehabilitation of pleasure at work and the heritage of the Arts and Crafts both point to these places as fields ofsocial experimentation, beyond mere production. In the second part, this dissertation focuses on the values of openness and sharing advocated by contemporary amateurs, tinkerers, makers or inventors. The hypothesis of a design that could be open, participative, out of the standards of industrial mass production is examined. « Open design » places the production of artefacts in the wake of open source. This type of production ends up shaping a new, though hazy, field for design.The third part studies the promises and contradictions that surround the democratization of innovation and production. 3D printing is taken as an emblematic case study to consider the ambivalences behind the emancipation expected by representatives of the maker movement.These indecisive practices feed the branches of what we might call 'diff use design'. It develops itself by trial and error in amateur communities and reaches creative activities of invention, conception and fabrication. The rhizomatic area of diff use design comprises rather plain objects, situated in the margins of industry. According to this defi nition, they are produced in an open and documented way, in order to explore and contribute to the discovery of digital fabricationtechnologies. Diff use design is not a closed paradigm, but turns away from instituted norms and off ers an openand exploratory conception of fabrication. ; Les FabLabs, les hackerspaces et les makerspaces sont des ateliers collectifs équipés de machines à commandes numériques et organisés en réseau. Ces lieux s'inscrivent dans l'élan du mouvement maker et dans l'héritage des hackers. Ils se présentent comme des espaces ouverts à tous et pour tout faire. Malgré une forte médiatisation, la réalité des discours et des pratiques qui s'y développent est encore peu étudiée. Cette thèse en esthétique et en design s'appuie sur une vaste enquête ethnographique menée de 2012 à 2015 au coeur de ces communautés, en France et à l'étranger.De nombreux entretiens et observations dessinées permettent une description critique des manières de faire rencontrées sur ces terrains.Les pratiques, les discours et les ambitions de la fabrication numérique personnelle se construisent dans les marges des territoires classiques de l'industrie et du design et en brouillent les cadres historiques. La première partie de la thèse retrace les origines des mouvements maker et hacker et des FabLabs. En s'appuyant sur des données de première mains et sur des récits plus classiques, elle montre comment la contre-culture américaine et les ambitions technophilesdes chercheurs du MIT rencontrent des appropriations locales divergentes.La réhabilitation du plaisir au travail et l'héritage des Arts and Crafts sont deux aspects qui permettent d'envisager ces lieux comme des terrains d'expérimentation sociale, au-delà de la stricte production. Dans la deuxième partie, la thèse se concentre sur les valeurs d'ouverture et de partage prônées par les amateurs, bricoleurs, makers ou inventeurs contemporains. L'hypothèse d'un design ouvert et participatif conçu hors des standards de la production industrielle de masse est examinée. L'« open design » place la production d'objets dans le sillage de l'open source. Les résultats de ce type de production dessinent les contours encore fl ous d'un territoire nouveau pour le design.La troisième partie étudie les promesses et contradictions qui entourent la démocratisation de l'innovation et de la production. L'impression 3D est prise comme cas d'étude emblématique pour étudier les ambivalences de l'émancipation espérée par les porteparoles du mouvement maker. Ces pratiques hésitantes nourrissent les ramifi cations de ce que nous proposons d'appeler un design diffus. Celui-ci se développe par tâtonnements dans les communautés d'amateurs et touche à des activités créatives d'invention, de Conception et de fabrication.L'étendue rhizomatique des manières de faire propresau design diff us est composée d'objets sans apparat,situés dans les marges de l'industrie. Selon la défi nitionqui en est proposée, ils sont conçus de manière ouverteet documentée dans l'objectif d'explorer et de contribuerà la découverte des technologies de la fabricationnumérique personnelle. Sans constituer de paradigmeclos, le design diff us détourne les normes instituées etles procédures classiques du design et de l'industriepour proposer une conception exploratoire et ouverte dela fabrication.

In 1569 the Union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland resulted in the unification of the two states in a federation under the name "Republic", translated literally into Polish as "the Rzeczpospolita". August, 11 of that year, Pidlasie, Volhynia, Bratslav region and Kyiv region merged finally with the Crown. In 1648–1654, because of the liberation war for Greek faith that union was reformatted.Poland tried to take an effective part in the international political and cultural transattraction for a long time. From the period of the Middle Ages there were constant intercourses with the Pape's court, resulting in a religious coloration of history development and socio-cultural processes in the country. The regular transattractions were maintained with the Hungarian, Russian, Tatar, Turkish (mostly through Pasha) crowns. The ambiguous relationship with the Cossacks and the Hetmanate took place. The cultural relations with Courland, Moldavia and Wallachia, Czech, France (Monluk, Prince Henry of Anjou – Prince of Bourbon, a brother of the king and the Valois dynasty), Britain, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Italy, Austria and Germany were arranging.The protocol concerned apotheosis coronations, marriage ceremonies, burials, signing of important international agreements and unions, official diplomatic summits.Little by little, the Rzeczpospolita opened embassies with the most important partners. At that time, in 1569, a truce negotiated through a great ambassador that corresponds to the position of Minister of Foreign Affairs. It was remarked that any questions during their occurrence can be solved by means of the official correspondence or ambassador mission. A part of stories in the correspondence were stories about health and willingness, "resulting in growing favor" of the Turkish side. That is, the bilateral relations were kept in a particular protocol.Except for "the most important genltemen", the noble youth could go to the ceremony of signing "condition" (necessary conditions) and regulations, including those which were held outside the Rzeczpospolita. Altogether, that Embassy audience, such as the French king in Paris, on the occasion of the coronation of Henry, numbered up two hundred fifty people. Remarkably, at the end of the official part, when they were "on both sides and in order to thoroughly sealed" agreement, there were "frequent and fun dinners and banquets" which ended up parting with a great honor.In the Rzeczpospolita it was accepted to wear dresses of different nations, as in some Polish provinces the various customs existed. The official language of the state – Latin – contributed to the knowledge of the cultural and assimilative processes of the European world. So Italian, Spanish, French, German, Czech, Hussar, Magyar, Persian, Hungarian, Turkish, Moldovan and Tatar clothes were in use. According to the customs of different lands, during some ceremonies clothes complemented with individual accessories, hats, weapons, symbols of power. The clothes had specific ethnocultural features of cutting of indigenous population. In some areas the table etiquette of the nobility can be understood in such a way that a gentleman, even the poorest, a gentleman (equal to equal) did not served because it is not typical to the tradition of a noble duty. In other lands, on the contrary, every gentleman was served with the servants who sat with him at table in order. If the court was large, the owner had several tables with the gentlemen who were served. Those, in turn, the submasters helped as one plate of food was given for several people. The submasters had boys-assistants, who, in turn, were passed by servants. Such "subordinations" could be up to four changes when one person helped the others. Sometimes the gentlemen gave any gift to the servants for their friendly attitude and service.The culture of having meals in the Rzeczpospolita was held with the reference of the Old Rus' traditions when the people of special positions ranks were involved in feasts and eating procedures which lasted for many days. These ranks were chashnykys and pidchashiyis (the latter were chashnykys' assistants and later their duty was to serve the king with drinks, having tasted then before, and observed the drinks on the royal table); kraychyys (their functions were to make meals for the king, placing dishes on the table, cutting meat, its tasting before giving to a queen or a great prince); vynocherpiyis (the officials who were responsible for drinks and brought them during the dinner); stolnyks and pidstoliys (the latter were stolnyks' assistants who served the dishes to a prince or a king); cooks, bartenders, porters.That century the culture of gifts, offerings, clothes was European in great deal, acquired the traits of esthetical secularism and responded to some fashion trends of Catholic West at that time. ; Исследование посвящено культуре проведения церемониалов в светском обществе Речи Посполитой. Подчеркнуты роли дипломатов и послов за тогдашним протоколом. Выявлены специфические черты определенных распорядков торжественных служб соответственно обычаям и обрядам. Проанализированы типы одежды, которые применялись для репрезентационных процедур в светском обществе Речи Посполитой середины ХVІ – середины ХVІІ столетия. ; Дослідження присвячено культурі проведення церемоніалів у світському суспільстві Речі Посполитої. Підкреслено роль дипломатів і послів за протоколом. Виявлено специфічні риси певних звичаєвих, обрядових розпорядків урочистих відправ. Проаналізовано типи одягу, які застосовувалися для репрезентаційних процедур у світському суспільстві Речі Посполитої середини ХVІ – середини ХVІІ століття.

This thesis is devoted to optimize the health care logistics which can support emergency management plans to reduce the impacts of natural and/or man-made disasters. After the review of relevant papers, two main gaps have been found in the current studies. One is that most of the researches are not based on real cases. The other is that some main characteristics of disasters are neglected when disasters are studied. Therefore, based on real case scenarios, the thesis studies different disasters (natural and/or man-made disasters) separately according to the characteristics of disasters. Natural disasters may be predicted but are difficult to avoid. Therefore, the evacuation of potential victims and the dimensioning of relief resources are crucially important. A three-step approach is proposed to study the resource dimensioning and the organization of emergency management plan (French White Plan) facing natural disasters. In our three-step approach, the first step builds a framework model to get the insights of emergency management plan clearly. The second step establishes a global model (a linear model) to predict the quantity of required resources for evacuation. The third step proposes a detailed simulation model to reflect the real world more precisely. The hospital evacuation under the guidance of a French Extended White Plan in case of a flood has been taken as a real case scenario to test the correctness of our approach. The man-made disasters and the outbreak of diseases can be large-scale disasters which require a high demand of resources. In this thesis, a model for logistics response to bioterrorist attack with a non-contagious agent and another model for the logistics response to epidemics have been proposed. Multi-period and multi-echelon inventory management problems have been studied. The two models (a linear model and a non linear model respectively) combine the main characteristics of disasters: the propagation of the disease, the relevant medical interventions and the logistics deployment together. The number of patients in different disease stages and the required medical resources for each period can be estimated. The factors affecting the number of deaths and the different medical intervention policies can also be evaluated with the two models. With the help of the models, the decision makers can get an idea of the disaster situation and the relevant medical responses from a strategy level. A logistics response to an anonymous bioterrorist attack with anthrax to a shopping center and the logistics response to the outbreak of H5N1 are taken as real case scenarios to test the effectiveness of the models respectively. ; Cette thèse est consacrée à l'optimisation de la logistique sanitaire pour soutenir les plans de gestion de crise afin de réduire les effets des catastrophes naturelles et/ou humaines en termes de santé publique. Les catastrophes naturelles peuvent être prédites, mais elles sont difficiles à éviter. Par conséquence, la prise en charge des victimes potentielles et le dimensionnement des moyens logistiques de secours y afférent sont d'une importance cruciale. Une approche analytique en trois étapes est proposée afin d'étudier le dimensionnement des ressources et l'organisation des plans de gestion de crise (plan blanc) d'origine naturelle. La première étape propose un modèle de référence pour concevoir un plan de gestion de crise. La deuxième étape considère un modèle d'optimisation linéaire pour prédire le nombre de ressources nécessaires. La dernière étape présente un modèle dynamique pour simuler l'ensemble de l'organisation de manière fine. L'évacuation d'un hôpital dans le cadre d'un plan blanc étendu à plusieurs hôpitaux pour faire face à un tsunami fluvial a été considérée comme scénario pour évaluer la justesse de notre approche. Les catastrophes d'origine humaine et la propagation des maladies peuvent donner lieu à des désastres de grande ampleur qui mobilisent de nombreuses ressources humaines et matérielles. Par exemple, un modèle de réponse logistique face à une attaque bioterroriste avec un agent non-contagieux ainsi qu'un modèle pour la réponse logistique aux épidémies ont été proposés. Elles traduisent un problème de gestion d'inventaire multi-échelons et multi-périodes. Ces deux modèles dynamiques de flux requièrent une optimisation linéaire et une optimisation non-linéaire respectivement. Ils intègrent les caractéristiques de la gestion de ces catastrophes: la propagation de l'infection ou de la maladie, les réponses médicales appropriées et le déploiement de la logistique associée. Avec ces deux modèles, le nombre de patients aux différents stades de la maladie et le nombre des ressources médicales nécessaires pour chaque période peuvent être calculés. Les facteurs qui influent sur le nombre de décès et l'efficience des différentes politiques d'intervention médicale, peuvent également être évalués. Les deux modèles peuvent ainsi aider les décideurs à prévoir les conséquences de la situation en cas de catastrophe ainsi que de connaître les informations d'une réponse pertinente, ceci à un niveau stratégique. Une réponse logistique à une attaque bioterroriste anonyme à l'anthrax dans un centre commercial et une réponse logistique à une pandémie H5N1 sont pris comme scénarios pour tester l'efficacité des modèles correspondants.