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Abstrak -- Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis alasan yang berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya konflik batas wilayah antara Kabupaten OKU dengan OKU Timur Sumatera Selatan, serta untuk menganalisa resolusi konflik yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah setempat dalam upaya membangun perdamaian antara masyarakat di perbatasan kedua Kabupaten. Konflik batas wilayah ini terjadi akibat dari ketidakjelasan batas wilayah yang disepakati oleh kedua Kabupaten ditambah dengan perebutan lahan cetak sawah oleh masyarakat Desa Tanjung Makmur Kab. OKU dengan masyarakat Desa Mendayun Kab. OKU Timur. Kondisi ini membuat hubungan kedua kelompok masyarakat maupun kedua Kabupaten menjadi terganggu sehingga bisa menjadi potensi perepecahan atau kekerasan fisik yang dapat menimbulkan instabilitas di dalam negeri. Dengan demikian, diperlukan analisa mendalam terkait analisis konflik serta menemukan resolusi yang tepat guna menciptakan perdamaian. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Data penelitian didapatkan melalui wawancara, studi pustaka dan observasi di lapangan. Dalam proses analisa penelitian, digunakan teori dan konsep kerangka dinamis pencegahan dan resolusi konflik, sumber-sumber konflik di Indonesia, model eskalasi konflik Glasl, pertahanan dan keamanan maupun peraturan-peraturan seperti, UU No. 30 Tahun 1999, Permendagri No. 76 Tahun 2012 dan Keputusan Kepala BPN No. 34 Tahun 2007 dalam mencari resolusinya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konflik yang terjadi disebabkan oleh beberapa sumber konflik yang termasuk dalam faktor konflik struktural, pemicu dan akselerator konflik. Selain itu, tindakan oknum-oknum yang tidak bertanggung jawab turut mendominasi jalannya konflik yang terjadi. Penyelesaian konflik berada pada tanggung jawab Pemprov Sumsel namun konflik yang terjadi sudah pada sampai tahapan strategies of threat sehingga proses mediasi dianggap penting dalam menyelesaikan konflik yang berekembang di masyarakat dengan tuntas sehingga hubungan kedua kelompok masyarakat dapat pulih kembali.Kata Kunci: Resolusi Konflik, Sumber Konflik, Faktor Konflik, Oknum-oknum Abstract -- This research is conducted with the aim to analyze the reasons related to the factors causing borderline conflict between OKU Regency and East OKU Regency in South Sumatera Province and also to analyze conflict resolution conducted by the local government in order to establish peace between the communities living in the border of the two regencies. This borderline conflict occurred as a result of the uncertainty of the boundaries agreed by the two regencies coupled with the land grab of rice fields land by the community of Tanjung Makmur Village OKU Regency with Mendayun Village community in East OKU Regency. This condition makes the relationship between both community groups and the two regencies disturbed so that it may become potential area disunity or even physical violence that can lead to the country instability. Thus, an in-depth analysis of conflict and proper conflict resolution are needed in order to create peace. The research method used is qualitative method with descriptive approach. The research data obtained through interview, literature study and field observation. In the process of research analysis, theories and concepts of dynamic frameworks for conflict prevention and resolution, conflict sources in Indonesia, Glasl's conflict escalation model, security defense and regulations such as, Law No. 30 of 1999, Permendagri No. 76 of 2012 and Head of BPN Decree No. 34 of 2007 are used in seeking resolution. The results show that conflict that occur are caused by several sources of conflict that are included in the conflict factors of structural factor, triggers and accelerators. In addition, the actions of irresponsible person also dominate the course of the conflict that occurred. Borderline conflict resolution is under the responsibility of South Sumatera Provincial Government however, the conflicts that have occurred are going to reach up to the stage of "strategies of threat" so that the mediation process is considered important in resolving the developed conflict in community thoroughly so that the relations of both groups can be recovered. Key Words: Conflict Resolution, Conflict Sources, Conflict Factors, Irresponsible Persons.

Topic. The article presents the results of actuarial analysis of the newest and most controversial component of the Russian system of compulsory pension insurance — accrual one. The prospect of its further development is estimated. The effectiveness of this method of pension provision is assessed by the author from the point of view the role and degree of performance of the institutional functions of the state pension system (i.e., ensuring a decent level of material security of pensioners), and the possibility of achieving the targets formulated in 2012 in the government's Strategy for the long-term development of the pension system of the Russian Federation.Purpose. Development of economically reasoned justification of real financial relations between participants of the insurance pension system within the framework of individual-accrual models of pension provision.Methodology. The main methodological feature and originality of this study is a multi-factor analysis, using methods of comparative analysis and actuarial forecasting of the whole set of conditions for the formation and implementation by insured persons of their pension rights in the individual-accrual model (both external to the pension system and internal as well), not carried out in other studies on this problem.Results.The article presents the results of economicstudies of the national practice of formation and implementation of pension rights of workers in the framework of the individual-accrual pension insurance program. Those results can be used in substantiating the directions of reforming the accrual methods of pension provision:The degree of direct dependence of the pension system efficiency on external macroeconomic and demographic factors is proved.We formulated criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the accrual component of the pension system.It is given the characteristic and the main tasks of the accrual component of the compulsory pension insurance system.There are proposed measures to improve the functioning of the accrual component in the existing Russian reality and in the long term.Conclusions. The accrual method of formation and realization of pension rights in specific long-term socioeconomic conditions does not allow the main categories of insured persons to form the level of pensions provided in the solidarity system, and also sharply increases the budgetary risks not only of the Russian Pension Fund (PFR), but also of the Federal budget. ; В статье представлены результаты актуарного анализа состояния самого нового и наиболее спорного компонента российской системы обязательного пенсионного страхования — накопительного. Оценивается перспектива его дальнейшего развития. Эффективность данного способа пенсионного обеспечения оценивается автором по роли и степени выполнения институциональных функций государственной пенсионной системы (обеспечения достойного уровня материального благосостояния пенсионеров) и достижения ориентиров, заданных правительственной Стратегией долгосрочного развития пенсионной системы Российской Федерации2012 г.Цель статьи — выработка экономически аргументированного обоснования реальных финансовых отношений между участниками страховой пенсионной системы в рамках индивидуально-накопительных моделей пенсионного обеспечения.Главной методологической особенностью и оригинальностью данного исследования является многофакторный анализ с использованием методов сравнительного анализа и актуарного прогнозирования, всего комплекса условий формирования и реализации застрахованными лицами своих пенсионных прав в индивидуально-накопительной модели (как внешних по отношению к пенсионной системе, так и внутрисистемных), не проводившийся в других исследованиях, посвященных данной проблеме.В статье представлены результаты профессионально-экономических исследований отечественной практики формирования и реализации пенсионных прав работников в рамках индивидуально-накопительной программы пенсионного страхования, которые могут быть использованы при обосновании направлений реформирования накопительных способов пенсионного обеспечения:доказана степень непосредственной зависимости эффективности пенсионной системы от внешних макроэкономических и демографических факторов;выработаны критерии оценки эффективности накопительного компонента пенсионной системы;дана характеристика и сформулированы основные задачи накопительного компонента системы обязательного пенсионного страхования;предложены меры по совершенствованию порядка функционирования накопительного компонента в существующих российских реалиях и в долгосрочной перспективе.В результате исследования сделан вывод о том, что накопительный способ формирования и реализации пенсионных прав в конкретных долгосрочных социально-экономических условиях не позволяет основным категориям застрахованных лиц сформировать уровень пенсий, обеспечиваемый в солидарной системе, а также он резко увеличивает бюджетные риски не только ПФР, но и федерального бюджета.

This thesis studies biodiversity in its food dimension. First, the understanding of "food biodiversity" and its different components was necessary. It is indeed confirmed that biodiversity can be a solution to fight hidden hunger. Do we have the instruments to measure it in terms of supply and demand? How to integrate it into the management of public policies? What actions should be implemented to conserve food biodiversity and put it at the service of food security in Tunisia? A case study was carried out in Tunisia in the governorate of Sidi Bouzid. Surveys and tools have been developed to identify all the data needed to study food biodiversity at each level of the food chain A specific analysis of the role of wild edible products was conducted. Widely known and used, wild plants are still undervalued. A generic methodology for studying the nutritional utility of available food biodiversity has been proposed with an application to markets (specific richness index, adapted Shannon and Piélou indexes). The nutritional utility of available biodiversity varies from a nutrient to another. A second part was devoted to the study of public policies. A selection of strategic options that can be levers to biodiversity has been made by experts. The Multicriteria Mapping (MCM) method was used with stakeholders for the study of option's performance and to rank them in order to make action's proposal. As far as policies are concerned, nutrition education has been regarded as the most effective action followed by the conservation and protection of the sea and its biodiversity, and finally, agricultural policy options for indigenous plants. The link between biodiversity and nutrition and the role of wild species was not clear for participants. Conservation and enhancement of biodiversity should be oriented to address the lack of three nutrients, calcium and vitamins A and B12. However awareness and accountability of the various stakeholders is essential especially in a difficult socio-economic context of post-revolution as in Tunisia. ; Cette thèse étudie la biodiversité dans sa dimension alimentaire. En premier lieu la compréhension de la « biodiversité alimentaire » et les différents éléments qui la constituent était nécessaire. Il est en effet confirmé que la biodiversité est l'une des solutions pour combattre la faim cachée. Disposons-nous des instruments nécessaires pour la mesurer au niveau de l'offre et de la demande ? Comment l'intégrer dans le pilotage des politiques publiques ? Quelles mesures et actions faut-il mettre en œuvre pour conserver la biodiversité alimentaire et la mettre au service de la sécurité alimentaire? Une étude de cas a été réalisée en Tunisie dans le gouvernorat de Sidi Bouzid. Des enquêtes et des outils ont été élaborés pour recenser toutes les données nécessaires à l'étude de la biodiversité alimentaire à tous les niveaux de la chaine alimentaire. Une analyse spécifique du rôle des produits sauvages comestibles a été menée. Largement connues et utilisées, les plantes sauvages sont encore sous-valorisées. Une méthodologie générique de l'étude de l'utilité nutritionnelle de la biodiversité alimentaire disponible a été proposée, avec une application aux marchés (indice de richesse spécifique, indice de Shannon et indice de Piélou, adaptés). L'utilité nutritionnelle de la biodiversité disponible est variable d'un nutriment à un autre. Une seconde partie a été consacrée à l'étude des politiques publiques. Une sélection d'options stratégiques pouvant être des leviers à la biodiversité a été faite à dires d'experts. La méthode « Multicriteria Mapping (MCM) » a été utilisée auprès de différentes parties prenantes pour l'étude de la performance des options et les hiérarchiser à des fins de propositions d'actions. L'éducation nutritionnelle a été estimée comme l'action la plus performante suivie de la conservation et la protection de la mer et de sa biodiversité et enfin des options de politiques agricoles en faveur des plantes autochtones. Le lien entre biodiversité et nutrition et le rôle des espèces sauvages n'étaient pas évident pour les participants. La conservation et l'amélioration de la biodiversité doit être orientée pour remédier au manque de trois nutriments, le calcium et les vitamines A et B12. Cependant une sensibilisation et une responsabilisation des différentes parties prenantes est indispensable surtout dans un contexte socio-économique difficile de la Tunisie post-révolution.

Human mobility plays an important role in many domains of today's society, such as security, logistics, transportation, urban planning, and geo-marketing. Both, government and industry thus have great interest in understanding mobility patterns and their driving social, economical, and environmental causes and effects. While stakeholders had to rely on manual traffic surveys for a long time, improvements in tracking technology made analyses based on large digital datasets possible. Recently, the omnipresence of mobile devices significantly increased the amounts of collected movement and context data. People are willing to reveal their position, but also further personal details such as visited places, observations, events, news, and sentiments in exchange for personalized services and social networking. This opens up new possibilities for many domains where a semantic mobility understanding is required but also raises major challenges. To reveal a holistic picture, heterogeneous datasets of different services with different resolution and format have to be fused and analyzed. However, social sensing data is vast, has varying scale, is unevenly distributed, and constantly updated. Especially content from social media services is often inconsistent, unreliable, and incomplete, which requires special treatment. Fully automatic mapping approaches are not trustworthy as they do not take into account these uncertainties. At the same time, manual approaches become insufficient with large amounts of data. Even when data is perfectly aligned, analysts cannot purely rely on existing techniques. Answering questions about reasons for movement requires a broader perspective that takes into account environmental and social context, the driving forces for human mobility behavior. Visual analytics is an emerging research field to tackle such challenges. It creates added value by combining the processing power and accuracy of machines with human capabilities to perceive information visually. Automatic means are used to fuse and aggregate data and to detect hidden patterns therein. Interactive visualizations allow to explore and query the data and to steer the automatic processes with domain knowledge. This increases trust in data, models, and results, which is especially important when critical decisions need to be made. The strengths of visual analytics have been shown to be particularly advantageous when problems and goals are underspecified and exploratory means are needed to discover yet unknown patterns. This thesis presents novel visual analytics approaches to derive meaning and reasons behind movement, by taking into account the aforementioned characteristics. The approaches are aligned in a holistic process model covering all steps from data retrieval, enrichment, exploration, and verification to externalization of gained knowledge for various fields of application such as electric mobility, event management, and law enforcement. It is shown how data from social media can not only be used to retrieve up-to-date movement information, but also to enrich movement trajectories from other sources with structured and unstructured information about places, events, transactions, and other observations. Through highly interactive visual interfaces analysts can bring in domain knowledge to deal with uncertainties during data fusion and to steer the subsequent semantic analysis. Exploratory and confirmatory analysis techniques are presented to create hypotheses, refine them, and find support in the data. Analysts can discover routines and abnormal behavior with assistance of automatic pattern detection methods to cope with the vast amounts of data. Spatial drill-down is supported by a set-based focus+context technique, while a more abstract visual query language allows to explicitly formulate, extract, and query for movement patterns. The approaches are applied in different scenarios and are integrated in a visual analytics system. Evaluation with experts and novice users, case studies, and comparisons to ground truth data reveal the need and effectiveness of the contributions. Overall, the thesis contributes a visual analytics process for human mobility behavior with novel semantic analysis approaches, ranging from global movements of many to local activities of a few people, for a wide range of application domains.

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p align="center"> </p><p>There is currently great interest in environmental pollutants in relation to food security; previous studies show that persistent organic pollutants (POPs) could be found in small amounts, even in organic food; therefore, in this research, 12 organochlorine pesticides residues (p, p'-DDD; p, p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, o,p'DDE, Dicofol, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, α-BHC, β-BCH, heptachlor and mirex) were monitored in quinoa grains from organic production systems, sampled in the region of Puno – Peru; the QuEChERS method was used for pesticides extraction and gas chromatography coupled to an electron capture detector (GC-µECD) for the detection and quantification of the pesticides. The method was validated using a quinoa sample without pesticide residues used as a blank and spiked to 0.01 and 0.10 mg kg^-1; means recoveries for pesticides ranged from 73.66 to 128.09% with RSD ≤ 16%; the method showed linearity of r² ≥ 0.99 and the Limits of Quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.001 to 0.010 mg kg^-1. The results indicate that there is no matrix effect and reveal the presence of three organochlorine pesticides (p, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDE and mirex) in five different samples; two of them showed concentrations of p, p'-DDE above 0.01 mg kg^-1. The results demonstrate the susceptibility of quinoa grain to the accumulation of toxic substances and show the need to establish new criteria for organic certification.</p><p align="center"> <br /><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>RESUMEN</strong></p><p>En la actualidad existe un gran interés por los contaminantes ambientales en relación con la seguridad alimentaria; estudios previos muestran que los contaminantes orgánicos persistentes (COP) pueden ser encontrados en pequeñas cantidades, incluso en los alimentos orgánicos; por lo tanto, en esta investigación, residuos de 12 plaguicidas organoclorados (p, p'-DDD; p, p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, o,p'DDE, Dicofol, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, sulfato de endosulfan, α-BHC, β-BCH, heptacloro y mirex) fueron monitoreados en granos de quinua de sistemas de producción orgánica muestreadas en la región de Puno-Perú, el método QuEChERS fue utilizado para la extracción de los pesticidas y un sistema cromatográfico de fase gaseosa acoplado a un detector de captura de electrones (GC-µECD) para la detección y cuantificación de los pesticidas. El método fue validado utilizando una muestra de quinua sin residuos de pesticidas utilizado como blanco, el mismo que fue fortificado a 0,01 y 0,10 mg kg^-1; los promedios de recuperación para los pesticidas variaron entre 73,66 a 128,09% con un desviación estándar ≤ 16%; el método mostro linealidad de r² ≥ 0,99 y los límites de cuantificación (LQ) variaron entre 0,001 a 0,010 mg kg^-1, los resultados muestran que no existe efecto matriz y revelan la presencia de tres pesticidas organoclorados (p, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDE y mirex) en cinco muestras diferentes, dos de ellas muestran concentraciones de p, p'-DDE mayores a 0,01 mg kg^-1. Los resultados demuestran la susceptibilidad de los granos de quinua a acumular substancias toxicas y muestran la necesidad de establecer nuevos criterios para la certificación orgánica.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p>

The article studies the history of interaction between Orthodox Christians belonging to the Russian state and Muslims. The available data demonstrate that, as early as the 14th century, Muslims started living in a number of Russian cities. With the collapse of the Golden Horde and the confrontation between its successor states, the influx of migrants to the Russian lands was constantly growing. The conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates in the 16th century and then Siberia completely changed the ethnic and religious composition of the region. One state united Russians, Tatars, and various Finno-Ugric peoples: now under its aegis were both Orthodox Christians and Muslims. This influenced state ideology and policy. To study the aforementioned issue, historians have referred to a multitude of documentary and narrative sources. However, non-Russian scholars have focused on ambassadorial books which mention interaction between Christians and Muslims. The author maintains that these sources may prove very useful. First, referring to these books, the author reveals the specificities of the relations between the native Muslim population and the outside Russian administration in conquered Astrakhan. Secondly, the author traces the routes of voluntary and forced migrants and the elite of the Nogai Horde into Russia. The author describes the details of Christian-Muslim relations and argues that the Kazan war was not a "crusade". The resettlement of part of the Kazan nobility to Novgorod did not automatically mean their conversion to Christianity. After the conquest of Astrakhan, its government was a diarchy consisting of the military administration and the local elites. Siberian archival materials provide no information about policies of intentionally converting the conquered population to Christianity. The analysis of ambassadorial books proves that Tatar prisoners were christened irregularly. Hence, the author concludes that the Russian state under Ivan the Terrible was rather indifferent to its residents' religious views. The epoch in question can be characterised by the absence of a policy of converting the Muslim population to Christianity en masse. It was only the misbalance between religious freedom and state security that led to the repression and conversion of part of the Muslim population. ; Исследование посвящено истории взаимодействия православных христиан Русского государства и мусульман. Существующие данные позволяют говорить о том, что уже в XIV в. мусульмане начинают проживать непосредственно в ряде русских городов. С распадом Золотой Орды и углублением борьбы между ее государствами-наследниками поток эмигрантов в русские земли увеличивался. Завоевание в середине XVI в. Казанского и Астраханского ханств, а позднее Сибири в корне изменило этническую и религиозную ситуацию. В рамках одной страны были объединены русские, татары, представители различных финно-угорских народов и верующие двух мировых религий – христианства и ислама. Это должно было повлиять на государственную идеологию и практику. Для изучения обозначенной проблемы историки привлекали многочисленные документальные и нарративные источники. Однако за границей внимания оставались посольские книги, где сосредоточена информация по христианско-мусульманскому взаимодействию. По мнению автора, данный вид источников представляется весьма перспективным. На основании этих книг, во-первых, выявляются особенности взаимоотношений коренного мусульманского населения с пришлой русской администрацией на территории покоренной Астрахани, во-вторых, прослеживаются потоки добровольной и насильственной миграции населения и элиты Ногайской Орды в Россию. Автор раскрывает своеобразие христианско-исламских отношений, обращаясь к характеру Казанской войны, которая не имела «крестоносного» характера. Переселение части казанской знати в Новгородчину не повлекло за собой обязательной ее христианизации. В покоренной Астрахани, по сути, образовался режим двоевластия: наряду с воеводской администрацией, в управлении городом принимала участие местная знать. Сибирские материалы тоже не дают оснований говорить о целенаправленной политике христианизации покоренного населения. Анализ данных посольских книг позволяет сказать, что случаи крещения пленных татар оставались единичными. Все это позволило автору сделать выводы, что русская государственная практика периода правления Ивана Грозного была достаточно индифферентна к вероисповедованию своих подданных. Для изучаемого времени не характерна целенаправленная политика христианизации мусульманского населения. И только нарушение баланса религиозной свободы и государственной безопасности приводило к репрессиям и крещению части мусульманского населения.

В статье представлен анализ процесса формирования Арктической зоны России с точки зрения институционального подхода. Большинство исследований, посвященных структуризации пространства Российской Арктики, анализируют отдельные аспекты управления или описывают процесс формирования нормативно-правовой базы макрорегиона. При этом объектом исследования чаще всего является государственная политика, национальная безопасность или освоение природных ресурсов региона, а предметом юридические или административные основы, механизмы управления. Автор выделяет общие характеристики институционализации и дает подробное описание состояния нормативного поля. Арктическая зона России формируется в рамках сложившегося национального институционального пространства, но при этом испытывает серьезное влияние формирующейся международной арктической среды. Ключевым аспектом процесса является формирование новых и модернизация существующих институциональных форм (то есть разновидностей функционирующих в национальной или международной среде институтов), которое происходит в нормативном и ценностно-диспозиционном поле и сопровождаются образованием организационно-структурного каркаса. Институционализация Арктической зоны России носит ярко выраженный нисходящий характер, то есть главным актором данного процесса является государство, которое инициирует формирование новых отношений и социальных практик в макрорегионе. Становление различных составляющих институциональной среды Арктической зоны происходит неравномерно. Динамично развивается организационно-структурный каркас, ценностно-диспозиционное поле неустойчиво и противоречиво, а в нормативном поле идет формирование базового контура. Ключевым документом базового контура должен стать федеральный закон об Арктической зоне России. Попытки принять соответствующий документ предпринимались в России неоднократно: в конце 90-х годов, в 2013 году. В настоящее время идет работа над законопроектом, который в сентябре 2016 года должен быть внесен в Правительство Российской Федерации. В статье сформулированы наиболее важные и дискуссионные вопросы, касающиеся структуры и содержания законопроекта. Автор считает, что для завершения формирования основного комплекса нормативного поля макрорегиона потребуется кропотливая работа по конкретизации и детализации норм закона на государственном (федеральном и региональном), муниципальном и корпоративном уровнях. ; The article presents an analysis of the formation of the Russian Arctic zone in terms of the institutional approach. Most studies on the structuring of the space of the Russian Arctic analyze the individual aspects of management or describe the process of forming the legal framework of the macro-region. At the same time the object of research, most of all, is a public policy, security or development of natural resources in the region, and the subject is the legal or administrative framework, and control mechanisms. The author emphasizes the common characteristics of the process and gives a detailed description of the regulatory framework. Russian Arctic zone is being created in the framework of the existing national institutional context, but at the same time it is seriously influenced by the international Arctic environment that is being formed. A key aspect of the process is the formation of new and modernization of existing institutional forms (i.e. varieties institutions operating in a national or international environment), which occur in the normative and value-dispositional field and are followed by the formation of organizational and structural framework. The institutionalization of the Russian Arctic has a pronounced descending nature, that is, the mover of this process is the state which initiates the formation of new relationships and social practices in the macro-region. Formation of the different components of the institutional environment of the Arctic zone is uneven. The organizational and structural framework is dynamically developing while the value-dispositional field is unstable and contradictory. On the other hand, the base of the legal outline in the regulatory field is gradually forming. The federal law on the Russian Arctic zone is to become the key document of the base outline. Attempts were made to take the appropriate document in Russia many times: at the end of the 1990s and in 2013. At the moment, a bill is being elaborated, which in September 2016 should be submitted to the Government. The article presents the most important and controversial issues concerning the structure and content of this bill. The author believes that in order to complete the formation of a core set of macro-regulatory field it is necessary to carry out painstaking work to specify and detail the law at the state (federal and regional), municipal and corporate levels.

During many centuries the Northern Black Sea and the Crimea were in the center of Intercontinental trade relations between Europe and Asia. In XIII – XV centuries the main role in these processes played Italian Maritime Republic – Genoa and Venice. Due to the trading activities of Italian merchants, trading in the Black Sea region has become a brand new one: from regionally locked it started correlating with the global trade communications.In the formation of the Crimean trading factories Italians were guided by a certain, however well-thought-out doctrine: take hold of important points in two ways.– first: those who are surrounded with comfortable havens,– second: closing or intercept local trade routes, which further combined with global trade arteries.An important place in a harmony of the connections within Black sea region and the world-wide (those which are beyond the Bosphorus), occupied Genoese Kaffa (Feodosia) and the Venice Tana (Azov). In these ports began and ended regular navigation of Genoa and Venice.In implementing its international trade Genoese relied on a network of colonies, trading stations, harbors, which served as a warehouse and transshipment points.The above mentioned geographical characteristics of the trade relations of the Black Sea region suggests that Kafa being the center of the Genoese outposts in the region, controlled not only the market of international but the regional trade.Kafa embodies the essential characteristics of the global economic development, held an exclusive position, maintaining their trade in the direction West-East and North-South.The first provided the distribution Levantine and European goods, in the second – the local, the black sea market.Due to its profitable geographical location (almost exactly close to all the coasts of the Black sea), Kafa had some advantages in the organization of trade.It became the main point for Venetian galleys, carried out centralized taxation of ships which sailed in all directions, including the Venetian, which sailed to Thani. The influence of the city grew in the periods when the Tana closed by frequent Italian-Horde and disputes between Venice and Genoa.At these times the government of Kafa, backed by its fleet and garrison, had the exclusive opportunity to monitor sailing in the sea of Azov.From the second half of the XIV century with an overall deterioration in the economic conjuncture and crisis leading countries of the Black Sea basin, including the Golden Horde and the state Ilhan, there is a decline in the development of world trade. Direct ties with Italian cities are multistage and developed mainly with transshipment on the Bosphorus. Kafa spreads up with its eastern and western coast of the Black Sea. For Venice citizens the crisis in the middle of the XIV century also led to a change in the orientation of Gales' routes. Increasingly, the vessels are directed to Tanya but not to Trebizond, and this trend continues until the middle of XV century. Even during the closure of Tanya Venice wished to stay in the northern Black Sea and Crimea.Thus, in the XIV century regionalization of trade took place. In the XV century this process deepens and it is associated with the collapse of the Golden Horde, which provide connectivity to the East, the formation of national states in the Black Sea basin (eg, Moldova), the growing role of Turkey as a major political and economic force in the region.In studies of the foreign historians trading activity in Kafa is considered in terms of its accumulative functions on Kafa's markets followed by a centralized exports to Western and Eastern Mediterranean.While Kaffa, according to O. G. Yemanova, played a significant role in the supply of raw materials, its own crafts, food, security of the population of the city itself and dependent factors, metabolism within the Black Sea region and finally to export not only the southern, Mediterranean area but also in the North. ; Проанализирована роль ведущих центров итальянской торговли в черноморском регионе – генуэзской Каффы и венецианской Таны – в системе итальянской международной торговли XIII – XV вв. ; Проаналізовано роль провідних центрів італійської торгівлі у чорноморському регіоні – генуезької Кафи та венеційської Тани – в системі італійської міжнародної торгівлі XIII – XV ст.

Given the shared interests in security, economics and trade, and the wider Asia-Pacific region, Australia's fortunes cannot be separated from those of Indonesia. The presence of these shared interests leave Indonesia and Australia no choice but to engage with each other. Australia's quality of engagement with Indonesia is determined by its ability to communicate with, and understand, Indonesia. These qualities are, in turn, a function of the level and quality of Indonesia-knowledge' in Australia. Australia cannot develop a high quality level of engagement with Indonesia without a large body of ' Indonesiasavvy' Australians. However, in the last ten years, there has been a significant decline in the number of school and university students studying Indonesian. This threatens the viability of a long-term, mutually beneficial relationship between Australia and Indonesia. Indonesian's status in the Australian education system primarily revolves around its economic utility. During the 1990s, the number of students studying Indonesian increased dramatically. However, since 2000, there has been a marked decline in the total number of students studying Indonesian in Australia, particularly at the Year 12 and tertiary level. This decline must be placed within a wider context of a general negative trend in the number of students studying a Language other than English in the past 10 years. The reasons for the sharp decline in student numbers are quite clear. First, the narrowing of career prospects in Indonesia since the Asian Financial Crisis convinced many students that Indonesian was no longer an economically relevant language. Second, the Australian Government's Travel Advisory for Indonesian has made it impossible for school groups to make educational trips to Indonesia. This inability to experience Indonesian culture firsthand has had a deleterious impact on the motivation of students to study Indonesian. Third, the Australian media has presented a series of negative and simplistic images of Indonesia to the Australian community. The tractions of these negative images in the wider community mean that few parents want their children to learn Indonesian. Finally, the termination of the 'National Asian Languages and Studies in Australian Schools' funding, which provided $208 million for the study of Asian languages between 1994 and 2002, had an immediate impact on Indonesian school enrolments. There are a number of possible strategies that could be undertaken to increase the number of students studying Indonesian. The rationale presented for the study of Indonesian must be expanded. The current sole focus on the economic utility of Indonesian degrades the educational and social value of the study of Indonesian. Further, the very validity of the thesis that Indonesian language skills will result in increased export success is highly questionable. The fact that an Australian speaker of Indonesian has significant career opportunities outside the field of business must be highlighted. The issue of accessibility can be circumvented through private exchanges, encouraging travel to other Indonesian speaking regions such as Brunei and Malaysia, and a more comprehensive cultural outreach program in Australia that brings Indonesian culture to Australian students. Practical strategies, such as continued Government funding, different incentive structures to study Indonesian, and increased study opportunities at the tertiary level all offer avenues with which to increase student numbers. Unfortunately, the impact of negative images of Indonesia in the Australian community is not susceptible to an easy remedy. It is impossible to stop the media presenting negative images of Indonesia, however it is extremely easy to increase the number of positive images of Indonesia presented to the Australian community. These strategies all offer viable avenues to increase the number of students studying Indonesia. However, their potential success is a function of several factors. First, there needs to be widespread recognition of the need to increase the number of Indonesian language learners. Second, the exact goals of these strategies should be both clear and realistic. Third, those parties interested in the revival of Indonesian language learning must become articulate advocates on behalf of Indonesian language learning. Further, they must seek a sustained engagement with the mainstream Australian community. Given the fulfilment of these conditions, a strong concerted effort to increase the number of students studying Indonesian in Australia has every chance of success.

Статья представляет собой детальный анализ ст. 124 Конституции Российской Федерации. В работе исследуются вопросы законодательного регулирования порядка финансирования судов из федерального бюджета, рассматриваются причины несоответствия положений федерального законодательства Конституции Российской Федерации в части, касающейся материального обеспечения судебной системы, изучается проблема количественного и качественного определения объема финансирования судебной системы, обеспечивающего ее независимость, транспарентность и открытость. Проблема достаточности финансирования судов анализируется в тесной взаимосвязи с принципом независимости судебной власти, ставится вопрос о необходимости законодательного закрепления перечня государственных органов и должностных лиц, уполномоченных осуществлять материальное обеспечение судебной системы. Особое внимание уделено изучению опыта ведущих стран мира в вопросах бюджетного финансирования судебной власти. На примере законодательства США, Японии, Нидерландов, Литовской республики продемонстрирована модель финансирования судов на основе отдельного бюджета, формируемого органами судебной власти самостоятельно, описана процедура согласования судебных расходов с органами исполнительной власти, гарантирующая права и законные интересы судов. В заключение автор формулирует предложения по совершенствованию законодательства, приходит к выводу о необходимости принятия федерального закона, подробно регламентирующего все вопросы финансового обеспечения судебной власти с целью создания в России независимого, открытого и саморегулируемого суда, ориентированного на высокий результат. На необходимость принятия отдельного федерального закона, регулирующего вопросы финансирования судебной системы, указывает ст. 124 Конституции Российской Федерации, закрепляющая, что финансирование судов производится в соответствии с федеральным законом. В статье сформулированы ключевые разделы предлагаемого закона, которые призваны закрепить источники финансирования судебной власти; процедуру составления судебного бюджета; структуру бюджета суда и его основные показатели; порядок согласования бюджета судебной власти с Правительством Российской Федерации; контроль за расходованием бюджетных средств органами судебной власти. Автор предлагает три основных параметра, составляющие бюджет суда, а также определяет перечень государственных органов, обладающих правом получать средства из бюджета и распределять их между судами. ; The article is a detailed analysis of article 124 of the Constitution of Russia. The article explores the issues of legislative regulation of court financing from the federal budget; discusses the causes of discrepancy between the provisions of the federal legislation and the Constitution of Russia concerning the material support of the judiciary; studies the problem of quantitative and qualitative measures of funding the judicial system, ensuring its independence, transparency and openness. Other issues for the discussion presented are the adequacy in funding courts and the question of the need to arrange a list of state bodies and officials authorized to perform the material support of judiciary. A special attention is paid to studying experience of the leading countries in the matters of budgetary financing of judiciary. For example, the legislation in the U.S., Japan, the Netherlands, the Republic of Lithuania demonstrate the model of financing courts on the basis of a separate budget line, formed by the bodies of judicial power independently, the procedure of harmonization of legal expenses with the executive authorities, guaranteeing the rights and legitimate interests of the courts. Finally, the author formulates proposals for improving the legislation and comes to the conclusion on the necessity to adopt a federal law regulating the issues of financial security of the judiciary to create in Russia an independent, open and self-regulating court motivated to present high standards. The need to adopt a separate federal law regulating the financing of the judicial system is shown in article 124 of the Constitution of Russia, fixing that funding shall be in accordance with federal law. The article identified the following key provisions of the proposed law: sources of funding of the judiciary; the judicial procedure for the preparation of the budget; the budget structure of the court and its main indicators; the procedure for approving the budget of judiciary with the Russian Government; the control over the expenditure of budgetary funds by the judiciary. The author proposes three majour parameters that make up the budget of the Court, as well as determine the list of public bodies having the right to receive funds from the budget and distribute them among the courts.

Agriculture is one of the most important human activities providing food and more agricultural goods for seven billion people around the world and is of special importance in sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of people depends on the agricultural sector for their livelihoods and will suffer from negative climate change impacts on agriculture until the middle and end of the 21st century, even more if weak governments, economic crises or violent conflicts endanger the countries' food security. The impact of temperature increases and changing precipitation patterns on agricultural vegetation motivated this thesis in the first place. Analyzing the potentials of reducing negative climate change impacts by adapting crop management to changing climate is a second objective of the thesis. As a precondition for simulating climate change impacts on agricultural crops with a global crop model first the timing of sowing in the tropics was improved and validated as this is an important factor determining the length and timing of the crops´ development phases, the occurrence of water stress and final crop yield. Crop yields are projected to decline in most regions which is evident from the results of this thesis, but the uncertainties that exist in climate projections and in the efficiency of adaptation options because of political, economical or institutional obstacles have to be considered. The effect of temperature increases and changing precipitation patterns on crop yields can be analyzed separately and varies in space across the continent. Southern Africa is clearly the region most susceptible to climate change, especially to precipitation changes. The Sahel north of 13° N and parts of Eastern Africa with short growing seasons below 120 days and limited wet season precipitation of less than 500 mm are also vulnerable to precipitation changes while in most other part of East and Central Africa, in contrast, the effect of temperature increase on crops overbalances the precipitation effect and is most pronounced in a band stretching from Angola to Ethiopia in the 2060s. The results of this thesis confirm the findings from previous studies on the magnitude of climate change impact on crops in sub-Saharan Africa but beyond that helps to understand the drivers of these changes and the potential of certain management strategies for adaptation in more detail. Crop yield changes depend on the initial growing conditions, on the magnitude of climate change, and on the crop, cropping system and adaptive capacity of African farmers which is only now evident from this comprehensive study for sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore this study improves the representation of tropical cropping systems in a global crop model and considers the major food crops cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa and climate change impacts throughout the continent. ; Landwirtschaft ist eine der wichtigsten menschlichen Aktivitäten, sie stellt Nahrungsmittel und andere landwirtschaftliche Produkte für weltweit 7 Milliarden Menschen zur Verfügung und ist in den Ländern Afrikas südlich der Sahara von besonderer Bedeutung. Die Mehrheit der afrikanischen Bevölkerung bestreitet ihren Lebensunterhalt in der Landwirtschaft und wird von Klimaänderungen stark betroffen sein. Die Doktorarbeit ist durch die Frage motiviert, wie sich von Klimamodellen vorhergesagte Temperaturerhöhungen und sich verändernde Niederschlagsverteilungen auf die landwirtschaftliche Vegetation auswirken werden. Die Forschungsfragen in diesem Kontext beschäftigen sich mit regionalen Unterschieden von Klimaänderungen und ihren Auswirkungen auf die Landwirtschaft und mit möglichen Anpassungsstrategien die mit geringem technischem Aufwand genutzt werden können. In diesem Zusammenhang wird schnell deutlich, dass Daten über die komplexen landwirtschaftlichen Systeme in Afrika südlich der Sahara häufig nur selten vorhanden sind, aus fragwürdigen Quellen stammen oder von schlechter Qualität sind. Die Methoden und Modelle zur Untersuchung der Auswirkungen von Klimaänderungen auf die Landwirtschaft werden zudem ausschließlich in Europa oder Nordamerika entwickelt and häufig in den temperierten Breiten aber seltener in tropischen Gebieten angewendet. Vor allem werden globale, dynamische Vegetationsmodelle in Kombination mit Klimamodellen eingesetzt um Änderungen in der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion auf Grund von Klimaänderungen in der zweiten Hälfte des 21.Jahrhunderts abzuschätzen. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen einen mittleren Ertragsrückgang für die wichtigsten landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzen um 6% bis 24% bis 2090 je nach Region, Klimamodell und Anpassungsstrategie. Dieses Ergebnis macht deutlich, dass Landwirte die negativen Folgen von Klimaänderungen abschwächen können, wenn sie die Wahl der Feldfrucht, die Wahl des Anbausystems und den Aussaattermin an geänderte Klimabedingungen anpassen. Die Arbeit stellt methodische Ansätze zur Berechung des Aussaattermins in temperierten und tropischen Gebieten (Kapitel 2) sowie zur Simulation von Mehrfachanbausystemen in den Tropen vor (Kapitel 3). Dabei werden wichtige Parameter für das globale, dynamische Vegetationsmodell LPJmL überprüft und neu berechnet. Es zeigt sich, dass das südliche Afrika und die Sahelregion die am stärksten betroffenen Regionen sind, vor allem aufgrund von Niederschlagsänderungen, weniger aufgrund von Temperaturerhöhungen. In den meisten anderen Teilen, vor allem Zentral- und Ostafrikas bedingen Temperaturerhöhungen Rückgänge der Erträge (Kapitel 4). Diese Arbeit leistet einen wichtigen und umfassenden Beitrag zum Verständnis der Auswirkung von Klimaänderung auf die landwirtschaftliche Vegetation und damit zu einem großen Teil auf die Lebensgrundlage von afrikanischen Landwirten.

The Colombian government promoted the "Mission for the design of a strategy to reduce poverty and inequality"; [MERPD] due to the increase in the levels of poverty in the country (deterioration of the social indicators and reversal of the progress in poverty inequality of the 70's and 80's). This mission was oriented to define a long-term social policy based on the evaluation studies needed to formulate the required reforms. In the scope of housing, the main research was the one which has served as the base for the development of this paper: The housing conditions of households and their relation to poverty. Within the content of the research, it is presented a conceptual development related to the following topics: Functioning of the institutional framework of the housing sector and Proposal of the strategy that the country should follow to achieve progresses in the housing policy. The first encompasses aspects about the sector's institutions, housing finance, land market, national and local policies and security of tenure. Secondly, the presented proposals include institutional consolidation, decentralization deepening in the formulation and implementation of the housing policy, the sectoral model of management, the expansion of programs and instruments of policy, the development of housing markets and the increase in public expenditure. ; Frente al incremento de los índices de pobreza en Colombia (deterioro de los indicadores sociales y reversión en los avances en desigualdad de pobreza de los años setenta y ochenta), el gobierno colombiano impulsó la ejecución de una Misión para el Diseño de una Estrategia para la Reducción de la Pobreza y la Desigualdad (MERPD) orientada a definir el diseño de una política social de largo plazo, fundamentada en los estudios de evaluación necesarios para formular reformas necesarias. En materia de vivienda, la investigación principal fue la que ha servido de base para la elaboración de este artículo: Las condiciones habitacionales de los hogares y su relación con la pobreza. Del contenido de la investigación, se presenta un desarrollo conceptual relacionado con los temas "funcionamiento del marco institucional del sector vivienda" y "propuesta de la estrategia que el país debe seguir para lograr avances en la política de vivienda". En el primer caso, se tratan aspectos sobre la institucionalidad del sector, la financiación, el mercado de suelo, las políticas nacionales y locales y la seguridad en la tenencia. Se presentan propuestas sobre consolidación de la institucionalidad, profundización de la descentralización en la formulación e implementación de la política de vivienda, el modelo sectorial de gestión, la ampliación de los programas e instrumentos de la política, el desarrollo de los mercados habitacionales y el incremento del gasto público. ; incremento dos índices de pobreza na Colômbia (deterioração dos indicadores sociais e reversão nos avanços na diminuição da desigualdade e da pobreza dos anos setenta e oitenta), o governo colombiano impulsionou a execução de uma Missão para o Desenho de Estratégia para a Redução da Pobreza e a Desigualdade (MERPD) orientada a definir o desenho de uma política social de largo prazo, fundamentada nos estudos de avaliação necessários para formular reformas. Em matéria de moradia, a pesquisa principal foi que tem servido de base para a elaboração deste artigo, As condiciones habitacionais dos lares e sua relação com a pobreza. Do conteúdo da pesquisa, apresenta-se um desenvolvimento conceitual relacionado com os temas: qual o funcionamento do marco institucional do sector habitacional e proposta de estratégia a seguir pelo país para lograr avanços na política de moradia. No primeiro caso, se tratam aspectos sobre a tendência a institucionalizar do sector, financiamento, mercado do solo, políticas nacionais e locais e a segurança na posse. Apresentam-se propostas sobre consolidação da tendência a institucionalizar, para aprofundar a descentralização na formulação e implementação da política de moradia, modelo setorial de gestão, ampliação dos programas e instrumentos da política, desenvolvimento dos mercados habitacionais e o incremento do gasto público

Mediante este proyecto se pretende garantizar que el Almacén Central del Hospital Universitario de Canarias cumple con el Decreto 16/2009 del Gobierno de Canarias, que exige que, dentro de unos plazos, se realice un informe del estado en seguridad contra incendios en dicho establecimiento, y en caso de ser desfavorable, actuar en consecuencia. El proyecto se puede dividir en tres partes en las que se han aplicado conocimientos diversos, desde estudios hidráulicos, como de gases, hasta mecánica y estructuras, y sobre todo gran cantidad de normativa basada en un amplísimo espectro de nuestra carrera. En una primera parte, se describe la nave y estudia el estado actual de ésta. El resultado de este estudio es preocupante pues se determina una situación de alto riesgo. Primeramente se calcula el nivel de riesgo intrínseco, con la dificultad que conlleva ya que el mix de productos es enorme. Posteriormente, y en base a resultados, se plantea a los propietarios una serie de soluciones, y ése es el informe que se entrega al cliente. Finalmente con la respuesta de sus preferencias frente a cómo actuar, se deciden las medidas óptimas para que el cliente quede satisfecho en un equilibrio seguridad-precio. La segunda parte, que es aplicación de dichas soluciones, será la que desarrolle la seguridad pasiva. Se realiza un estudio estructural para comprobar si hay que reforzar el altillo, se diseñan unas segundas escaleras para cumplir normas de evacuación, adaptación en la sectorización, protección y señalización de la nave, resistencia y estabilidad frente al fuego de los Elementos Constructivos, determinación de las vías de evacuación, puertas, etcétera. El último apartado será la parte de seguridad activa. Se empieza, por el estudio de la ventilación necesaria en caso de incendios, para que la evacuación sea segura y llegando a una solución sin necesidad de ventilación forzada. Además, se aprovecha parte de lo instalado en detección completándolo con rociadores, BIEs y extintores, con todo el cálculo hidráulico que conlleva y la distribución de todo el conjunto. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ; This project aims to ensure that the Central Storage of The Universitary Hospital of Canary Islands according to the Decree 16/2009 of the Canary Islands government, which requires that, within certain time limits, be made a status report on fire safety in this establishment and if it is unfavorable, act properly. The project can be divided in three parts where different skills were applied from hydraulic studies, such as gas, to mechanics and structures, and specially lots of rules based on a broad spectrum of our degree. The first part describes the building and study the current state of it. The results of this study are concerning because it implies a high risk. First of all, is calculated the level of intrinsic risk, with the difficulty involved, because the mix of products is enormous. Subsequently, based on the results, there will be raised to homeowners a number of solutions, and this is the report delivered to the customer. Finally with the answer of their preferences about how to act, are decided the best measures for the customer's satisfaction on a balance between security and price. The second part, which is the application of these solutions, will be to develop the passive safety. We performed a structural study to check if there have been reinforced the attic, a secondary stairs are designed to ensure the rules about evacuation, sectorization adaptation, protection and signalizing the building, resistance and fire stability of construction elements, determining escape routes, doors, etc. The last section is the part of active safety. We begin studying the necessary ventilation in case of fire, so that the evacuation is safe and reaching a solution without forced ventilation. Also, will take advantage of the installed detection, completing it with sprinklers, BIEs and fire extinguishers, with all the associated hydraulic calculation and distribution of the whole. ; Ingeniería Industrial

In France, the very small, small and middle size companies (VSEs and SMEs) represent 99.7% of the French companies with more than 10 million employees. It exists, for them, many and various risks of accidents. Numerous studies show that these companies are facing real difficulties to prevent professional risks. With these findings, the French government strengthened the support of VSEs and SMEs in their preventive actions and decides to launch in January 2009 the website "travailler-mieux". But the question is whether a website is appropriate for communicating Occupational, Health and Safety (OSH) at work information to VSE/SME. To answer this, it was necessary to define an evaluation process of institutional websites, non-existent before this study. The site assessment of "travailler-mieux" was done first, by analyzing the responses of visitors to the questionnaire posted on the website, then by studying the statistics of the marker website (Google Analytics) and finally by evaluating the rate of compliance of the site to the charter ergonomics (ergonomics, security and accessibility) defined by the DGME for government sites. The different results obtained show that a website, such as "travailler-mieux" is best suited and appropriate to provide information on OSH and even for VSE/SME. The survey results posted online show that this website responds largely to expectations of visitors and especially to VSE/SME. The increase in visits between year 2009 and the year 2010 (twice) shows that it is increasingly used and so, that a website is a useful tool to communicate. Some suggestions from visitors confirmed by noncompliance with the ergonomic charter also show that the website "travailler-mieux" should be improved in terms of accessibility and ergonomics. However, the overall results of the study are very encouraging and shows that the Government and the DGT need to continue to update and improve it. The proposed process of evaluating institutional site seems judicious and meaningful. It will enable the DGT to improve services and other institutional sites to assess their site. ; En France, les très petites, petites et moyennes entreprises (TPE/PME) représentent 99.7% des entreprises françaises, avec plus de dix millions de salariés. Les risques d'accidents sont nombreux et variés. De nombreuses études montrent que ces entreprises sont confrontées à de véritables difficultés à prévenir les risques professionnels. Fort de ces constats, l'État français a renforcé l'accompagnement des TPE/PME dans leurs actions de prévention et décide pour cela de lancer en janvier 2009 le site internet « travailler-mieux ». Seulement, la question qui se pose est de savoir si le dispositif numérique est pertinent pour communiquer des informations en SST à des TPE/PME. Pour répondre à cela, il a fallu définir une démarche d'évaluation de sites internet institutionnels, inexistante avant cette étude. L'évaluation du site travailler-mieux s'est faite d'une part, par l'analyse des réponses des visiteurs au questionnaire mis en ligne sur le site, d'autre part, par l'étude des données statistiques du marqueur du site et enfin par l'évaluation du taux de conformité du site à la charte ergonomique (ergonomie, sécurité et accessibilité) définie par la DGME pour les sites gouvernementaux. Les différents résultats obtenus montrent qu'un site internet, tel que travailler-mieux est un outil adapté et approprié pour communiquer des informations sur la SST et même pour les TPE/PME. Les résultats du sondage mis en ligne montrent également que ce site répond en grande partie aux attentes des visiteurs et particulièrement aux TPE/PME. L'augmentation du nombre de visites entre l'année 2009 et l'année 2010 (deux fois plus) montre qu'il est de plus en plus utilisé. Certaines suggestions des visiteurs corroborées par les nonconformités à la charte ergonomique montrent aussi que le site travailler-mieux doit être amélioré en termes d'accessibilité et d'ergonomie. Toutefois, l'ensemble des résultats de l'étude est très encourageant et montre à la DGT qu'il faut continuer à le mettre à jour et à l'améliorer. La démarche d'évaluation de site institutionnel proposée paraît judicieuse et concluante. Elle permettra à la DGT d'améliorer les services proposés et à d'autres sites institutionnels d'évaluer leur site.

Since the turn of the millennium, the city of Bangalore (officially Bengaluru) has experimented with a series of neoliberal, market-oriented reforms to overhaul the institutional, pricing, and financial aspects of its urban services. The city's water, in particular, long considered a service that must be subsidized by the state, has been targeted under interventions that seek to commercialize, rationalize, and privatize delivery, while simultaneously deepening certain forms of regulatory oversight. Supported by a melee of international development actors and administered by state-level experts, these policy changes have been especially focused on reforming the city's outskirts, where unruly growth and conflicting governance arrangements have produced highly differentiated patterns of land tenure and water access. Analysis of why certain water policy imaginaries are ascendant today, how programs of reform are conceived of and by whom, and to what ends they proceed in this dynamic peri-urban frontier landscape is essential to an understanding of metropolitanization in the Global South more generally. Yet, critical scholarship on Bangalore and elsewhere has largely neglected the articulations between new infrastructure policies and the local politics of peri-urban frontiers. This dissertation addresses this gap through a multi-sited ethnographic study of policy-making and practice affecting the governance of drinking water at Bangalore's peripheries. It investigates two case studies: (1) a program that sought to reengineer municipal management of citizen complaints, and (2) a project that aimed to extend piped water to residents financed, in part, through the debt market and upfront cash contributions from peripheral residents. The study draws on archival research, in-depth interviews, and participant observation to interrogate the underlying logic, material significance, and political contestation surrounding these projects in the peripheral localities of Bommanahalli, Byatarayanapura, and KR Puram. This research argues, first, that reforms derive not only from the fiscal concerns of the current moment, but also from a preoccupation with disciplining the conduct of local government and citizens in line with market principles. Crucially, this is a regime of rule that is deeply inflected with the enduring legacies of state-led development. It is the concoction of the developmental approaches of yesterday and the pro-market approaches of today that marks the homegrown logic of neoliberalism in India. Second, for all the rhetoric purporting to have overcome the incompetencies of a previous era, today's neoliberal interventions are marked by profound contradictions and limitations. A narrow focus on financial criteria, for instance, has resulted in a disconnect between the promise and material reality of water several years after new market-based policies and programs were instituted. Third, the grounded workings of new water policies cannot be understood without grasping the politics of the peripheralized middle class--a sizeable cross-section of the middle class that is propertied, but that nonetheless does not enjoy the same degree of tenure security as its elite counterparts. Through collective organizing, members of this social grouping contest and ultimately compromise over cost recovery-focused water pricing policies in order to legitimate their property claims in this globalizing and increasingly exclusionary city. The research thus reveals that the outcomes of water policies are contingent on historical geographies of struggle and insurgent claims to space in the places where they unfold. Overall, this dissertation elucidates how neoliberal hegemony in the urban waterscape is fluid and mutable--prone to becoming imbued with a diverse set of interests and to taking shape in and through a terrain of citizenship politics.These findings, relevant for other rapidly urbanizing regions of the world, point to the need to rethink urban water praxis such that it valorizes diverse ways of knowing, anticipates the points of friction between water and spatial policies, and is sensitive to how and why institutionalized top-down schemes actually take root at the grassroots level.