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The article analyzes the reasons and causes of the recentralization process in Hungary, which has been taking place since 2010. The paper highlights the legislative, economic and political aspects of functioning of decentralized Hungary. It was pointed out that Hungary demonstrated an extremely strong fragmentation of governance, which prevented the efficient provision of administrative services at the local level. Moreover, there was an inconsistency between the wide, legally set autonomy, lack of financial resources for the implementation of all the given competences and a relatively strong political dependence on the leading national political parties. The consequences of such policy were demonstrated as they have actually led to the incapacity of a large number of Hungarian communities due to their economic and technical incapacity. Because of that the incapable communities were forced to take out loans for the implementation of their mandatory duties and provision of administrative services. The situation became even more acute after the 2008 crisis, when the majority of the communities were not able to pay off the loans as they were predominantly issued in foreign currency. The authors have also analyzed the positive (increasing the capacity level of communities, "ranging" the communities depending on their size, transfer of provision of a number of services to a higher, more economically viable, level) and negative (threat of violation of citizen rights and the establishment of an authoritarian regime) sides of recentralization. Also analogies were drawn with the process of power decentralization in Ukraine and the rather professional approach to the implementation of the stated reform was emphasized. Namely, the involvement of international donors and projects of international technical assistance also with the aim of receiving advisory support, which allowed to take into consideration at least part of the mistake of decentralization in Hungary. ; В статті аналізуються причини та передумови процесу рецентралізації в Угорщині, котрий відбувається з 2010 року. Висвітлено законодавчий, економічний та політичний аспекти функціонування децентралізованої Угорщини. Було вказано, що в Угорщині спостерігалась дуже сильна фрагментація управління, що перешкоджало ефективному наданню адміністративних послуг на місцях. Окрім того, мала місце невідповідність між широкою автономією закріпленою на законодавчому рівні, недостатністю фінансових ресурсів на реалізацію усіх наданих повноважень та відносно сильною політичною залежністю від провідних національних партій. Було продемонстровано наслідки такої політики, котрі фактично призвели до неспроможності великої кількості громад Угорщини через їх економічну та технічну неспроможність. Через це неспроможні громади були змушені брати кредити для реалізації покладених на них повноважень та надання адміністративних послуг. Ситуація особливо загострилася після кризи 2008 року, коли більшість громад не могли виплачувати кредити, адже в основному вони були в іноземній валюті. Авторами також проаналізовано позитивні (підвищення рівня спроможності, «ранжування» громад в залежності від їх розміру, передача надання ряду послуг на вищий, більш економічно доцільний, рівень) та негативні (загроза порушення прав населення та встановлення авторитарного режиму) сторони рецентралізації. Було також проведено аналогії з процесом децентралізації влади в Україні та вказано на досить професійний підхід до проведення даної реформи, а саме залучення міжнародних донорів та проектів міжнародної технічної допомоги з метою отримання в тому числі і консультаційної підтримки, що дозволило врахувати принаймні частину помилок децентралізації в Угорщині.

This article provides a brief description of the problems and present state of the researches in nanotechnology. The era of nanotechnology came, the transition from working with the substance to operation with individual atoms took place. The development of nanotechnologies linked, first of all, with the fact that they require a small amount of energy, materials, production and warehouse. Nanotechnology is rather old field and as a science it became formed in ancient times. Unfortunately, now the information about nanotechnology is fragmented and incomplete, and despite the fact that this area is at the meeting-point of the different disciplines that have multidisciplinary nature, nevertheless nanotechnology is studied within the limits of the special subjects. For public understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of the nanomaterials it is necessary to develop a strategy, which could help humanity to understand and to distinguish the spheres of its application. There is a threat to humanity in the age of technological civilization. Formation of nanotechnology as a special complex system of knowledge and skills may cause the change scientific paradigm, the core of which will be nanoscience. In order to the integration of Ukraine into the global technical space take place, significant changes at the national level, creation of clear government of nanotechnological applications, State funding of nanotechnological products, establishment of the standardization Ukraine "Nanotechnology" committee are required. ; У даній статті наведено короткий нарис про проблеми і сучасний стан досліджень в області нанотехнологій. Показано, що нанотехнології мають істотний вплив на людство.

The article reveals the potential of the socio-cultural space of a traditional folk holiday in the aspect of the formation of value orientations of the younger generation. The urgency of the problem is due to the increased attention to the search for effective ways to form the value orientations of adolescents in modern society, in the system in which the traditional folk holiday culture occupies a special place. A comparative and theoretical analysis of the literature on the research issue is utilized to meet the study's aim. The paper analyzed the state of practical activities of cultural and leisure institutions with adolescents and concluded that the study of the traditional folk holiday as a socio-cultural space for the formation of the personality of adolescents allows justifying its great educational potential in the value-forming process.

The role and significance of material support of units and subunits of the National Guard of Ukraine under the modern conditions are constantly increasing, and the tasks of the food service become more and more complicated. The performance of military and combat missions, their combat and mobilization readiness depends to a large extent on the full and timely provision of the NGU units by food. The process of food supply is complex, which is determined by the influence of many factors that have different effects on the final result. There is a need to determine the main priorities of food supply and develop a mechanism for ranking factors that affect the organization of food supply of units of the NGU during actions to maintain the legal regime of emergency state.Using the priori ranking method the most influential factors can be identified and factors that have insignificant influence can be neglected. If the distribution of degree of influence of factors is uniform and monotonously decreases, this means that in the subsequent process of organization of food supply, it is necessary to consider all factors. In the case of a rapid exponential decrease in the degree of influence of factors, the proportion of factors may not be taken into account (excluded) in the subsequent process of organizing food supply. For this purpose, the expert estimation method determines the threshold at which all factors which have an influence value less than the set threshold are not taken into account. Or, the specified threshold will divide the factors into two groups: the basic ones that need to be used when preparing the decision, and the additional, which will increase the validity of the decision.Also, the article provides a mechanism that allows determining the factors influencing the organization of food provision of actions to maintain the legal regime in the state of emergency, the significance of factors using the priori ranking method has been estimated and an approach to the determination of the most significant factors has been offered. The advantages (the comparative simplicity of organization of the procedure and promptness of results obtaining) and disadvantages (the dependence of results on the quality of expertise organization and expert selection) have been formulated. The direction of the further research has been determined as the identification of the nature of the impact of each factor on the ability of quality and full-fledged food provision of maintaining of the legal state of emergency. ; Обґрунтовано методику роботи начальника продовольчої служби територіального управління Національної гвардії України з організації продовольчого забезпечення дій по підтриманню правового режиму надзвичайного стану. Особливу увагу приділено питанню визначення факторів, що впливають на організацію продовольчого забезпечення військовослужбовців під час дій по підтриманню правового режиму надзвичайного стану. Здійснено оцінювання значущості факторів з використанням методу апріорного ранжирування та запропоновано підхід до виокремлення найбільш значущих факторів.

The role and significance of material support of units and subunits of the National Guard of Ukraine under the modern conditions are constantly increasing, and the tasks of the food service become more and more complicated. The performance of military and combat missions, their combat and mobilization readiness depends to a large extent on the full and timely provision of the NGU units by food. The process of food supply is complex, which is determined by the influence of many factors that have different effects on the final result. There is a need to determine the main priorities of food supply and develop a mechanism for ranking factors that affect the organization of food supply of units of the NGU during actions to maintain the legal regime of emergency state.Using the priori ranking method the most influential factors can be identified and factors that have insignificant influence can be neglected. If the distribution of degree of influence of factors is uniform and monotonously decreases, this means that in the subsequent process of organization of food supply, it is necessary to consider all factors. In the case of a rapid exponential decrease in the degree of influence of factors, the proportion of factors may not be taken into account (excluded) in the subsequent process of organizing food supply. For this purpose, the expert estimation method determines the threshold at which all factors which have an influence value less than the set threshold are not taken into account. Or, the specified threshold will divide the factors into two groups: the basic ones that need to be used when preparing the decision, and the additional, which will increase the validity of the decision.Also, the article provides a mechanism that allows determining the factors influencing the organization of food provision of actions to maintain the legal regime in the state of emergency, the significance of factors using the priori ranking method has been estimated and an approach to the determination of the most significant factors has been offered. The advantages (the comparative simplicity of organization of the procedure and promptness of results obtaining) and disadvantages (the dependence of results on the quality of expertise organization and expert selection) have been formulated. The direction of the further research has been determined as the identification of the nature of the impact of each factor on the ability of quality and full-fledged food provision of maintaining of the legal state of emergency. ; Обґрунтовано методику роботи начальника продовольчої служби територіального управління Національної гвардії України з організації продовольчого забезпечення дій по підтриманню правового режиму надзвичайного стану. Особливу увагу приділено питанню визначення факторів, що впливають на організацію продовольчого забезпечення військовослужбовців під час дій по підтриманню правового режиму надзвичайного стану. Здійснено оцінювання значущості факторів з використанням методу апріорного ранжирування та запропоновано підхід до виокремлення найбільш значущих факторів.

Shanghai city has been suffering land subsidence caused by overly exploitation of ground water since 1921, which is a serious problem for this coastal city with altitude of 2.2–4.8 m above mean sea level. The largest cumulative land subsidence amounted to 2.6 m in the downtown area. Measures to decrease the ground water exploitation, change the pumping aquifers, and increase aquifer artificial recharge have been used to mitigate land subsidence since 1961. It is necessary to develop a proper numerical model to simulate and predict land subsidence. In this study, a decoupled three-dimensional (3-D) finite element land subsidence model including a 3-D ground water flow model and a 3-D geo-mechanical model was developed to simulate the 3-D deformation of the aquifer systems in the center area of Shanghai. The area of downtown Shanghai is 660 km 2 , with 10 million inhabitants, dense high buildings, and 11 metro lines. The simulation spans the period from 1979 to 1995. Two different assumptions have been tested on the side boundary, i.e., precluding the three components of the displacement, or assuming a free-displacement condition. The distribution of calculated land subsidence and horizontal displacements in different aquifers was analyzed. The computed vertical displacement fitted well with the available observations. It has been verified that the two different assumptions on the lateral boundaries in the geo-mechanical model caused different results just limited on nodes close to boundary. The developed 3-D land subsidence model is reasonable and can be used to simulate and predict 3-D movement of aquifer systems in the center area of Shanghai, which could provide scientific support to local government in controlling land subsidence and differential movements of the land surface.

Shanghai city has been suffering land subsidence caused by overly exploitation of ground water since 1921, which is a serious problem for this coastal city with altitude of 2.2–4.8 m above mean sea level. The largest cumulative land subsidence amounted to 2.6 m in the downtown area. Measures to decrease the ground water exploitation, change the pumping aquifers, and increase aquifer artificial recharge have been used to mitigate land subsidence since 1961. It is necessary to develop a proper numerical model to simulate and predict land subsidence. In this study, a decoupled three-dimensional (3-D) finite element land subsidence model including a 3-D ground water flow model and a 3-D geo-mechanical model was developed to simulate the 3-D deformation of the aquifer systems in the center area of Shanghai. The area of downtown Shanghai is 660 km2, with 10 million inhabitants, dense high buildings, and 11 metro lines. The simulation spans the period from 1979 to 1995. Two different assumptions have been tested on the side boundary, i.e., precluding the three components of the displacement, or assuming a free-displacement condition. The distribution of calculated land subsidence and horizontal displacements in different aquifers was analyzed. The computed vertical displacement fitted well with the available observations. It has been verified that the two different assumptions on the lateral boundaries in the geo-mechanical model caused different results just limited on nodes close to boundary. The developed 3-D land subsidence model is reasonable and can be used to simulate and predict 3-D movement of aquifer systems in the center area of Shanghai, which could provide scientific support to local government in controlling land subsidence and differential movements of the land surface.