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Low-meat and no-meat diets are increasingly acknowledged as sustainable alternatives to current Western foodconsumption patterns. Concerns for the environment, individual health or animal welfare are raising consumers'willingness to adopt such diets. Dietary shifts in Western countries may modify the way human-environmentsystems interact over distances, primarily as a result of existing tradeflows in food products. Global studies havefocused on the amount of water, land, and CO2emissions embodied in plant-based versus animal-based proteins,but the potential of alternative diets to shift the location of environmental impacts has not yet been investigated.We build on footprint and trade-based analyses to compare the magnitude and spatial allocation of the impactsof six diets of consumers in the United States of America (USA). We used data on declared diets as well as astylized average diet and a recent dietary guideline integrating health and environmental targets. We demon-strate that low-meat and no-meat diets have a lower demand for land and utilize more crops with naturalnitrogenfixation potential, yet also rely more widely on pollinator abundance and diversity, and can increaseimpacts on freshwater ecosystems in some countries. We recommend that governments carefully consider thelocal impacts of the alternative diets they promote, and minimize trade-offs between the global and local con-sequences of dietary shifts through regulation or incentives.

Crop booms are phenomena of global environmental change that keep on occurring around the globe and frequently exploit or degrade the local socio-ecological resources (resulting in e.g. loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, indebtedness). While causal mechanisms were identified and summarized in several frameworks, the causal effects of the identified factors remained largely unknown. In this study, we set up a new application of a spatial land system model to examine the causes for the clustered spatial pattern of the maize boom between 2000 and 2016 in Sayaboury Province, Laos. The factors tested included market access (travel time to trader companies), land productivity and total net revenue (proxy for profitability), spatial differences in farm gate price of maize, slope, and soil types. While crop booms are commonly associated with high commodity prices and improved market accessibility, our simulation results suggested that the combination of the geographic and economic factors we tested partially contribute to explain the location and spatial extent of the maize boom, but a full explanation has not been found. Interestingly though, temporal dynamics, such as increases in land productivity and profitability had the largest effect on model performance regarding the size of the maize boom area (experiment 2). Productivity and profitability increased thanks to political economic support for the introduction of a series of techniques (i.e. hybrid maize cultivars, herbicides, mechanical tillage and sowing)that made maize mono-cropping disproportionally competitive over other land management. We outline implications of our findings for governance bodies that are faced with crop booms.