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Livestock is now sharing by more than 53 percent of total agricultural value added in Pakistan. Identifying and developing the potential areas of livestock production is part of the overall development strategy for this sector while rural poverty alleviation is a major concern of Pakistan's overall development policy. Our major livestock production systems are grazing, stall-fed and grazing-cum-stall-fed based. Grazing based livestock farming is economical and customary system in mountainous, rainfed, deserts and salinity affected areas. The livestock herders of desert areas deserve special attention of the policy-makers because of their most deprived living conditions as majority is living below poverty line by all poverty measuring standards. The present study is aimed to generate an updated synthesis based on empirical knowledge about status of livestock farming in desert ecologies of Pakistan. The results show that the average herd sizes maintained by the herders is fairly large to cover losses due to drought, disease and other epidemics. The human and physical capital endowments of the farmers are generally poor. Other common characteristics are: major dependence on natural vegetation with limited supply of fodder, more physical exertion of animals during grazing, poor animal health, practicing natural method of breeding, low milk and meat productivity, highly limited livestock and milk marketing opportunities, etc. The stall feeding is mainly composed of dry stalks and straws of different crops along with a small quantity of food grains. On marketing side, because of location and lack of infrastructure support, milk marketing opportunities are meager, therefore, it is converted into desi ghee—a value added and preserved form which is sold in nearby town markets. In marketing of live animals, the farmers are always exploited by beoparies. On average herd size, the net monthly income in Cholistan desert from cattle (for milk), sheep and goats farming (for meat purpose) was Rs 10128, Rs 990 and Rs 508, respectively; for Thal desert the corresponding estimates were Rs 457, Rs 359 and Rs 552, respectively; and for Tharparkar, the corresponding estimates are Rs 918, Rs 3221 and Rs 331, respectively. There is a strong need of prioritising development efforts for desert ecologies. High priority areas include efforts for increasing availability of rangeland vegetation and green fodder, improvement in the genetic potential of local livestock breeds, provision of more efficient livestock health coverage, and establishment of milk collection centres of milk processing plants. The low priority areas include designing regulatory framework for milk and livestock marketing, programs for human capacity building, facilitating through institutional credit, and different incentives for the veterinary staff posted in such areas. JEL classification: Q130, Q190, Q200 Keywords: Desert, Tharparkar, Thal, Cholistan, Livestock Farming, Livestock Feeding Patterns, Feed Composition, Livestock Trade Intensity, Priority Setting.

Firstly I would like to appreciate the views and compliments. I was mentioning to Mr Idrees Khawaja that perhaps they could have chosen a much better representative for the private sector because my view is distinctly in the minority in case of RGST. I will just share with you where the private sector stands on the issue of RGST, what their opinion is and then I will give you my own stance on the subject as well as justification on the same. As you would know from newspapers and other media, the private sector is strongly against the imposition of RGST. The vast majority of chambers, which represent the bulk of Pakistan's private sector, have been vociferous in the opposition of RGST. I must mention here that in addition to my responsibilities at Engro, I also serve in the role of Chairman of Pakistan Business Council, which was created a few years ago. Pakistan Business Council comprises of largest business groups of Pakistan. Every single large business group of Pakistan is its member, including some of the key multinationals operating in Pakistan. Pakistan Business Council formally supported the RGST, even during its hearing in the National Assembly Finance Committee. Part of the difference that you see here can be explained in terms which would be flattering to us. We have been part of the industry since a very long time but we realise where the world is headed, and understand that a modern country cannot progress and cannot be run effectively with a tax-to-GDP ratio which is in single digit. But since the private sector is not significantly represented here, I think it is only fair that I try to bring forth where some of their apprehensions come from. We at large businesses have management systems and teams who are sophisticated enough to deal with complex systems. We have the necessary resources which enable us to engage the most expensive lawyers in Pakistan, and fight with the FBR when we see corruption or unfair practices being carried out. We can also raise issues that we face in front of the highest authority in the country. The vast majority of the Pakistani businessmen are small traders or small manufacturers. They do not have the systems and resources like large companies. Moreover, fact of the matter is that the tax machinery in Pakistan is both incompetent and corrupt. Therefore, it is a very legitimate concern on part of the business community that the RGST will make their lives difficult, more than the way economic theory portrays it to be. This is because there are certain realities that have to be looked at.

In Oman, the total quantity of MSW stood at 2.0 million tonnes/year. The emission from this waste is estimated at 2,989,467 tonnes/year (CO2 Equivalent). This article proposes different frameworks that considered landfilling, composting, and recycling of MSW and compared the emissions of these frameworks. The framework (F2) which includes landfilling and composting process for the organic waste which normally goes to landfills results in an increase of emissions by 7% as compared to current practice. likewise, the samples of MSW collected in Oman show a good amount of recycling waste. The framework (F3) which uses the landfill, composting and recycling reduced the total GHG emissions from 2.98 million tonnes/year to 2.95 million tonnes/year (CO2 Equivalent); resulting a total reduction of 1% in emissions. While composting increases the emissions but adopting composting and recycling can reduces the burden on landfills and can promote agricultural and industrial activates.

The Higher Education Institutions' (HEIs) around the world have to pay the main role in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals for that HEIs need to be sustainable first. This article aims to describe a sustainability framework and suggest the process to use the proposed framework. A qualitative research method consists of a systematic review, semi-structured interviews and email interviews was adopted to achieve the aims and objectives of this research. The data was collected from 39 papers extracted from four main databases. This was further subjected to semi-structured interviews held with a total of 11 sustainability experts. A framework for sustainability in HEIs consisting of three main components related to the environment, Social responsibility and teaching and research is finally developed and validated through email interviews held with 19 heads of different HEIs around the world. Each of the main sustainability components is divided into sub-factors. Longitudinal studies are recommended to evaluate the impact of the proposed framework on HEIs sustainability.

Indonesia has a huge potential in the development of marine tourism, because it has many islands and very beautiful coastal areas. The Mandeh area has enormous potential in developing marine tourism, due to its beautiful coastal areas and islands. The purpose of this study was to evaluate land suitability and determine constraints for the development of marine tourism in the Mandeh area. To determine the evaluation of land suitability using the Geographical Information System (GIS) method using ten indicators, namely: depth, beach type, beach width, basic material, current velocity, coastal independence, beach brightness, land use, hazardous biota, and availability of fresh water. Furthermore, to determine the constraints using the Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) method, the ISM method involves stakeholders from tourism experts, community leaders, tourism businesses, local governments. The results of research on the evaluation of the land suitability of marine tourism in the Mandeh area are mostly or about 35% very suitable (S1) for marine tourism, while the unsuitable area (N) is only 20% of the total area. Based on the analysis of the obstacles to developing marine tourism in the Mandeh area, namely the lack of investment capital and professional personnel in the development of marine tourism.

In the contemporary cognitive militarism, which is fast gaining ground in terms of its popularity, self-narratives are sought to be pitted against the practice of translation. The `self' in this sense is that which is produced as a result of a process of self-narration or autopoiesis. What is foregrounded in cognitive militarism is not poetic subjectivity, but rather an instrumental subjectivity in the form of auto narration and self-apprehension in the form of self-narratives.