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Sanitation in India has received national attention for over a decade, especially with the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) making it a political priority. However, due to the lack of appropriate sanitation planning practices, there have been little long-term gains made in urban sanitation beyond the ending of open defaecation. In this paper, we analyse the key barriers to sanitation planning, in India, in the context of the emerging paradigm of Citywide Inclusive Sanitation (CWIS). A mixed method approach of shit flow diagrams, social network analysis, policy analysis, interviews and workshops at the national, state (2) and city (4) levels was conducted. Eight factors were identified as important barriers for planning including inadequate planning capacities, lack of ownership of city sanitation plans among city governments, poor community involvement, absence of a uniform planning framework, unreliable political and financial support, overlapping jurisdictions, and scheme-based funding. The paper also proposes the CWIS Planning Framework which offers a perspective at overcoming these barriers with the recommendation of bridging top-down and bottom-up planning approaches. While there is increasingly more clarity on what CWIS means, there is little understanding on how to plan for it. Therefore, this framework provides the theoretical basis for planning with the CWIS approach. ; ISSN:2043-9083

In this article, a conceptual framework of user participation in planning environments is proposed. The major elements of the framework include the parameters of participation (including type of participation), the effects of participation, mediators, and the role of individual difference variables as moderator variables and predictors of participation. Some potential uses of a framework of participation to researchers and planners are discussed. Participation as a value and as a technique is differentiated.

Discusses the design of large‐scale distribution networks which
entails taking decisions on a large number of issues that are all
closely interrelated, making it difficult to develop a competitive
distribution strategy. Many support systems for distribution planning
have been developed, but, they do not facilitate a coherent approach to
the design process. Presents a logistic planning system that provides
dedicated support for all issues involved in distribution planning. The
foundation of which is an integrated planning support framework.
Proposes that small models dedicated to only part of the total design
process provide the best support for logistic planning and that such
models encapsulated in a framework lead to optimal system design.
Suggests that when the support system is applied to strategic/tactical
distribution planning, the design process requires less time and less
expert capacity, while resulting in a more competitive logistic supply
chain.

Process planning in manufacturing today focuses on optimizing the conflicting targets of cost, quality, and time. Due to increasing social awareness and subsequent governmental regulation, environmental impact becomes a fourth major aspect. Eventually, sustainability in manufacturing ensures future competitiveness. In this paper, a framework for the planning of sustainable manufacturing is proposed. It is based on the abstraction and generalization of manufacturing resources and part descriptions, which are matched and ranked using a multi-criteria decision analysis method. Manufacturing resources provide values for cost, quality, time and environmental impacts, which multiply with their usage within a manufacturing task for a specific part. The framework is validated with a detailed modeling of a laser machine as a resource revealing benefits and optimization potential of the underlying data model. Finally, the framework is applied to a use case of a flange part with two different manufacturing strategies, i.e., laser metal-wire deposition and conventional milling. The most influential parameters regarding the environmental impacts are the raw material input, the manufacturing energy consumption and the machine production itself. In general, the framework enabled the identification of non-predetermined manufacturing possibilities and the comprehensive comparison of production resources.

This helpful addition to the literature and thinking around planning and archaeology comes at an exciting time, as the Localism Act, streamlining of non-planning consents, economic recession and political change all converge. It is striking, in the review of archaeology and planning policy over some thirty years, what a revolution we have experienced in that time. When PPGs 16 and 15 were introduced in 1990s, they professed not to place any new responsibilities on local authorities, but in practice their implementation required a new zealousness, a significant new commitment and in many cases new skillsets among local authorities. Despite the challenges for even-handed implementation, it is to the enormous credit of authorities around the country that the PPG policies were implemented to the extent they were.

Commercial organizations are experiencing a growing need to access business-criticaldata in the longer term of their operations. Governmental regulations as well as commercial interestsinfluence this need. Organizations are willing to procure cost-effective services to this end - servicesthat are increasingly based as public or private cloud solutions. With the advent of autonomous cloudservices comes the possibility to assemble (mix and match) preservation services in a workflowbasedservice-oriented solution. Following the interaction with information managers in (three)commercial organizations operating in different markets and after a review of current literature, wehave revealed a lack of comprehensive guidelines and decision support in service selection as part ofpreservation planning. Existing models and frameworks used for assessing the quality of preservationservices either manage performance-based features that service provider's offer or the technicaldetails of the preservation actions themselves. In this paper we present our preservation-planningframework (Preserv-Qual) that addresses the need for decision support in the selection ofpreservation services that explicitly acknowledge the differences among aspects of information usewithin an organization. We describe the outcome from an evaluation of the framework in threecommercial organisations as a service quality assessment and decision support tool. This papershows how our framework supports the use of existing and proven methods, models and principlesfor service assessment, digital preservation and decision support. ; Godkänd; 2014; 20140624 (ingand)

Abstract This paper outlines a conceptual scheme for systematic analysis of the criminal justice policy‐planning process. The major assumptions required to apply the concept of policy‐planning in the substantive area of criminal justice are examined. Specification of critical aspects of the criminal justice system/environment relationship and elaboration of the roles played by various classes of key actors in relation to the need for, demand for, production of, and utilization of policy‐planning analyses are central features of the analytic scheme.

Process planning in manufacturing today focuses on optimizing the conflicting targets of cost, quality, and time. Due to increasing social awareness and subsequent governmental regulation, environmental impact becomes a fourth major aspect. Eventually, sustainability in manufacturing ensures future competitiveness. In this paper, a framework for the planning of sustainable manufacturing is proposed. It is based on the abstraction and generalization of manufacturing resources and part descriptions, which are matched and ranked using a multi-criteria decision analysis method. Manufacturing resources provide values for cost, quality, time and environmental impacts, which multiply with their usage within a manufacturing task for a specific part. The framework is validated with a detailed modeling of a laser machine as a resource revealing benefits and optimization potential of the underlying data model. Finally, the framework is applied to a use case of a flange part with two different manufacturing strategies, i.e., laser metal-wire deposition and conventional milling. The most influential parameters regarding the environmental impacts are the raw material input, the manufacturing energy consumption and the machine production itself. In general, the framework enabled the identification of non-predetermined manufacturing possibilities and the comprehensive comparison of production resources.

Process planning in manufacturing today focuses on optimizing the conflicting targets of cost, quality, and time. Due to increasing social awareness and subsequent governmental regulation, environmental impact becomes a fourth major aspect. Eventually, sustainability in manufacturing ensures future competitiveness. In this paper, a framework for the planning of sustainable manufacturing is proposed. It is based on the abstraction and generalization of manufacturing resources and part descriptions, which are matched and ranked using a multi-criteria decision analysis method. Manufacturing resources provide values for cost, quality, time and environmental impacts, which multiply with their usage within a manufacturing task for a specific part. The framework is validated with a detailed modeling of a laser machine as a resource revealing benefits and optimization potential of the underlying data model. Finally, the framework is applied to a use case of a flange part with two different manufacturing strategies, i.e., laser metal-wire deposition and conventional milling. The most influential parameters regarding the environmental impacts are the raw material input, the manufacturing energy consumption and the machine production itself. In general, the framework enabled the identification of non-predetermined manufacturing possibilities and the comprehensive comparison of production resources.

Berlin is pursuing ambitious plans for security and defence, with significant potential for the Bundeswehr and European partner militaries. In the long-term, the Bundeswehr could well become Europe's indispensable army, with Germany as a "framework nation" contributing decisively to NATO's readiness. This will require the future German government to accept an unaccustomed politico-military leadership role. It will also be necessary to increase defence spending for the long term. (author's abstract)