Search results

Part 1. Various Applications of S&G -- Chapter 1. Introducing Arrival City Game for Neighborhood Diversity -- Chapter 2. Designing a Human Computation Game for Enhancing Early-Phase Movie Box Office Prediction -- Chapter 3. Hallucifear: Educational Game about Drug Addiction -- Chapter 4. A Perspective on the Needs for Simulation and Gaming Technology in Outpatient Care -- Chapter 5. A Simulation Game of Patient Transportation -- Chapter 6. A Simulation Game for Anticipatory Scheduling of Synchromodal Transport -- Chapter 7. From Discussions to Games - Facilitating Interactions between Experts from Aviation and Humanitarian Aid -- Chapter 8. 3D Periodic Sugoroku Game for Active Learning of the Periodic Table -- Part 2. S&G to Learn Business -- Chapter 9. A Business Simulation Game to Teach How to Comprehend Financial Statements -- Chapter 10. Co-Creating Prototype Improvement using Participatory Design on the Development of a Serious Game in Financial Literacy Skills -- Chapter 11. Bis Augmented Reality in Finance Learning Games -- Chapter 12. Learning Efficacy among Executives and Students of an Organizational Growth Game -- Chapter 13. Business Game Promoting Supply Chain Collaboration Education at Universities -- Chapter 14. How can we ensure Middle School Students Acquire Economic Thinking? Developing and Evaluating an Analog Game Involving Smartphones Simulated with LEGO® blocks -- Chapter 15. Simulation Games to Foster Innovation: Insights from the Transport and Logistics Sector -- Chapter 16. Disrupting Traditional Business Test by Internet Based Simulation Game -- Part 3. S&G to Learn Environmental Issues -- Chapter 17. Methodology for Environmental Learning based on Material Flow Diagram of Green Multi-Dimensional Bookkeeping System -- Chapter 18. Board Game for Collective Learning on Green Roof Ecosystem Services -- Chapter 19. Design of Simulation and Gaming to Promote the Energy Transition from Fossil Fuels to Renewables -- Chapter 20. Agent-based Gaming for Two-sided Electricity Markets -- Chapter 21. Using Role-Play Game for Active Learning to Solve Water Inequity -- Part 4. S&G in Disaster Management -- Chapter 22. Gaming Simulation as a Tool of Problem-based Learning for University Disaster Education -- Chapter 23. A Study on Gaming of Participatory Evacuation Planning in Tourist Areas using Agent Simulation -- Chapter 24. A Study on Effect of "Information Mismatch" Simulation on Victims' Quality of Life and Sense of Place in the Post-Disaster Period -- Part 5. S&G with the Latest Technology -- Chapter 25. Empirical Studies on the Role of Matchmaking in Mobile eSports Players Engagement -- Chapter 26. Learning via AI Dolls: Creating Self-Active Learning for Children -- Chapter 27. Virtual Reality for Active English Learning in the University Context -- Chapter 28. Research on User Experience in Risk Management Alternate Reality Game -- Part 6. S&G to facilitate Consensus Building -- Chapter 29. Rights-Conversion Type Urban Redevelopment Game Considering Financial Risk Management -- Chapter 30. Impact Finder: Board Game as a Tool for Social Impact Assessment Knowledge Transfer -- Chapter 31. A Study about the Changes of Participants' Impressions through a Brainstorming Group Work -- Chapter 32. Eliciting Requirements of a Knowledge Management System for Gaming in an Organization: The Role of Tacit Knowledge -- Chapter 33. Community Forest Board Game for Learning Interactions Among Ecosystem Components in Community Forest with Local People -- Chapter 34. For Gaming-based Consensus Building: Problem Formulation of Snowfall Disaster Mitigation in Japanese Rural Area -- Chapter 35. Wadakamari Gaming - Which Promotes Players' Viewpoint Switching in Consensus Building -- Part 7. S&G for Empowerment of Human Mind -- Chapter 36. Experience Design for Understanding Social Withdrawal: Employing a Live-Action Role-Play (LARP) to Learn about and Empathize with Hikikomori in Japan -- Chapter 37. Hooshmand – Intelligence and Emotion Entangled in a Simulation Game -- Chapter 38. Self-Esteem Building Activity: Personality Development of Thonburi University Students -- Chapter 39. City of Emotions – Case Studies for a Broader Scope of Intervention -- Chapter 40. Arising Hope after Disaster: the Parcobaleno Project -- Part 8. NEO-Simulation Gaming toward Active Learning Era -- Chapter 41. Building Theoretical and Practical Experiencing Through an Integrated Active Learning Approach Using Case Studies and a Problem-Based Learning Methodology in International PBL -- Chapter 42. Bis Physical and Mental Environments for Simulation and Gaming: The Facilitator's Role as a Designer of Environments -- Chapter 43. The Context Dependency of Four Persuasive Game Design Principles -- Chapter 44. Digital Versus Analogue Multi-Player Gaming: Comparing Learning Outcomes -- Chapter 45. Simulation Game Complexity Perception: An Approach to The Research Model -- Chapter 46. How to Describe a Large Business on a Business Board Game: An Illustration of Construction Company -- Chapter 47. Virtual Lesson Game for Prompting Teachers to Change Their Instructional Style to Promote the Integration and Utilization of Knowledge in Problem-Solving -- Chapter 48. The Effects of Debriefing on the Performance and Attitude of Austrian University Students and Cultural Differences to Japanese Students -- Chapter 49. What Business Simulations Teach: The Effect of Debriefing -- Chapter 50. Gaming Simulation Validation: Matching Participants' Worldviews with Their Decisions -- Chapter 51. Educational Gamification: Challenges to Overcome - and to Enjoy

We are witnessing an emerging digital revolution. For the past 25–30 years, at an increasing pace, digital technologies—especially the internet, mobile phones and smartphones—have transformed the everyday lives of human beings. The pace of change will increase, and new digital technologies will become even more tightly entangled in human everyday lives. Artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), 6G wireless solutions, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (XR), robots and various platforms for remote and hybrid communication will become embedded in our lives at home, work and school. Digitalisation has been identified as a megatrend, for example, by the OECD (2016; 2019). While digitalisation processes permeate all aspects of life, special attention has been paid to its impact on the ageing population, everyday communication practices, education and learning and working life. For example, it has been argued that digital solutions and technologies have the potential to improve quality of life, speed up processes and increase efficiency. At the same time, digitalisation is likely to bring with it unexpected trends and challenges. For example, AI and robots will doubtlessly speed up or take over many routine-based work tasks from humans, leading to the disappearance of certain occupations and the need for re-education. This, in turn, will lead to an increased demand for skills that are unique to humans and that technologies are not able to master. Thus, developing human competences in the emerging digital era will require not only the mastering of new technical skills, but also the advancement of interpersonal, emotional, literacy and problem-solving skills. It is important to identify and describe the digitalisation phenomena—pertaining to individuals and societies—and seek human-centric answers and solutions that advance the benefits of and mitigate the possible adverse effects of digitalisation (e.g. inequality, divisions, vulnerability and unemployment). This requires directing the focus on strengthening the human skills and competences that will be needed for a sustainable digital future. Digital technologies should be seen as possibilities, not as necessities. There is a need to call attention to the co-evolutionary processes between humans and emerging digital technologies—that is, the ways in which humans grow up with and live their lives alongside digital technologies. It is imperative to gain in-depth knowledge about the natural ways in which digital technologies are embedded in human everyday lives—for example, how people learn, interact and communicate in remote and hybrid settings or with artificial intelligence; how new digital technologies could be used to support continuous learning and understand learning processes better and how health and well-being can be promoted with the help of new digital solutions. Another significant consideration revolves around the co-creation of our digital futures. Important questions to be asked are as follows: Who are the ones to co-create digital solutions for the future? How can humans and human sciences better contribute to digitalisation and define how emerging technologies shape society and the future? Although academic and business actors have recently fostered inclusion and diversity in their co-creation processes, more must be done. The empowerment of ordinary people to start acting as active makers and shapers of our digital futures is required, as is giving voice to those who have traditionally been silenced or marginalised in the development of digital technology. In the emerging co-creation processes, emphasis should be placed on social sustainability and contextual sensitivity. Such processes are always value-laden and political and intimately intertwined with ethical issues. Constant and accelerating change characterises contemporary human systems, our everyday lives and the environment. Resilience thinking has become one of the major conceptual tools for understanding and dealing with change. It is a multi-scalar idea referring to the capacity of individuals and human systems to absorb disturbances and reorganise their functionality while undergoing a change. Based on the evolving new digital technologies, there is a pressing need to understand how these technologies could be utilised for human well-being, sustainable lifestyles and a better environment. This calls for analysing different scales and types of resilience in order to develop better technology-based solutions for human-centred development in the new digital era. This white paper is a collaborative effort by researchers from six faculties and groups working on questions related to digitalisation at the University of Oulu, Finland. We have identified questions and challenges related to the emerging digital era and suggest directions that will make possible a human-centric digital future and strengthen the competences of humans and humanity in this era.

Executive summary We are witnessing an emerging digital revolution. For the past 25–30 years, at an increasing pace, digital technologies—especially the internet, mobile phones and smartphones—have transformed the everyday lives of human beings. The pace of change will increase, and new digital technologies will become even more tightly entangled in human everyday lives. Artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), 6G wireless solutions, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (XR), robots and various platforms for remote and hybrid communication will become embedded in our lives at home, work and school. Digitalisation has been identified as a megatrend, for example, by the OECD (2016; 2019). While digitalisation processes permeate all aspects of life, special attention has been paid to its impact on the ageing population, everyday communication practices, education and learning and working life. For example, it has been argued that digital solutions and technologies have the potential to improve quality of life, speed up processes and increase efficiency. At the same time, digitalisation is likely to bring with it unexpected trends and challenges. For example, AI and robots will doubtlessly speed up or take over many routine-based work tasks from humans, leading to the disappearance of certain occupations and the need for re-education. This, in turn, will lead to an increased demand for skills that are unique to humans and that technologies are not able to master. Thus, developing human competences in the emerging digital era will require not only the mastering of new technical skills, but also the advancement of interpersonal, emotional, literacy and problem-solving skills. It is important to identify and describe the digitalisation phenomena—pertaining to individuals and societies—and seek human-centric answers and solutions that advance the benefits of and mitigate the possible adverse effects of digitalisation (e.g. inequality, divisions, vulnerability and unemployment). This requires directing the focus on strengthening the human skills and competences that will be needed for a sustainable digital future. Digital technologies should be seen as possibilities, not as necessities. There is a need to call attention to the co-evolutionary processes between humans and emerging digital technologies—that is, the ways in which humans grow up with and live their lives alongside digital technologies. It is imperative to gain in-depth knowledge about the natural ways in which digital technologies are embedded in human everyday lives—for example, how people learn, interact and communicate in remote and hybrid settings or with artificial intelligence; how new digital technologies could be used to support continuous learning and understand learning processes better and how health and well-being can be promoted with the help of new digital solutions. Another significant consideration revolves around the co-creation of our digital futures. Important questions to be asked are as follows: Who are the ones to co-create digital solutions for the future? How can humans and human sciences better contribute to digitalisation and define how emerging technologies shape society and the future? Although academic and business actors have recently fostered inclusion and diversity in their co-creation processes, more must be done. The empowerment of ordinary people to start acting as active makers and shapers of our digital futures is required, as is giving voice to those who have traditionally been silenced or marginalised in the development of digital technology. In the emerging co-creation processes, emphasis should be placed on social sustainability and contextual sensitivity. Such processes are always value-laden and political and intimately intertwined with ethical issues. Constant and accelerating change characterises contemporary human systems, our everyday lives and the environment. Resilience thinking has become one of the major conceptual tools for understanding and dealing with change. It is a multi-scalar idea referring to the capacity of individuals and human systems to absorb disturbances and reorganise their functionality while undergoing a change. Based on the evolving new digital technologies, there is a pressing need to understand how these technologies could be utilised for human well-being, sustainable lifestyles and a better environment. This calls for analysing different scales and types of resilience in order to develop better technology-based solutions for human-centred development in the new digital era. This white paper is a collaborative effort by researchers from six faculties and groups working on questions related to digitalisation at the University of Oulu, Finland. We have identified questions and challenges related to the emerging digital era and suggest directions that will make possible a human-centric digital future and strengthen the competences of humans and humanity in this era.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a global initiative lead by the United Nations to achieve "a better and more sustainable future for all". Given the increasing impact of climate change on the available water resources over the past two decades, a particular attention is paid to water through SDG 6. The SDG-6 aims to "ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all". This goal comes with a set of highly interconnected targets and indicators that are essential for its global and local implementation. Tunisia, as a member of the United Nations, adopted the framework of the SDGs with a particular interest in SDG 6 since Tunisia is considered as one of the highly water stressed countries in North Africa. Despite the growing need for a rapid, yet consistent, implementation of the goal in the country, very few scientific initiatives are working on monitoring the different indicators at the national scale using nationally-produced data. However, lower scale implementation and monitoring of SDG 6 indicators are essential to provide a consistent overview of the current state of water resources in the country. The current data infrastructure in Tunisia represents a major constraint, since the water-related information is poorly monitored and not accessible at the regional scale. This is due to the complex water institutional system, which is mostly dominated by the lack of coordination and communication between the different data providers. Nevertheless, over the past decade, participatory approaches for water monitoring have been getting more attention in many parts of the world, especially with the emergence of novel cost-effective smart technologies. Such participatory approaches are often referred to as Citizen Science (CS). With CS, citizens are involved in scientific activities, such as environmental monitoring, and they also can be a valuable part of decision making and policy formulation. Together with the generic available data, in particular from remote sensing technology, CS could be tested and implemented in Tunisia in order to improve the access to available and reliable data. The main objective of this thesis was to strengthen the scientific basis for participatory approaches in conjunction with public available environmental data to support the monitoring of water resources in Tunisia. The strengthening of water observation is expected to improve the monitoring of the SDG 6 indicators in Tunisia. The study is focused on the Medjerda catchment, which is the most important river basin in Tunisia and considered as the largest national water resource. The focus was first put on the calculation of the water stress SDG 6 indicator (6.4.2). This indicator was selected as a specific case in this study since water stress is very relevant for the considered catchment. The indicator was evaluated at the scale of the Medjerda catchment and 4 regions within for the period 2000-2016. The spatial and temporal disaggregation was based on analysis of both governmental and remote sensing data, and provided a valuable understanding of the seasonal and regional behavior of water stress. The lack of access to reliable official data was the major constraint in measuring the water stress indicator. The second research section of the thesis was then dedicated to the improvement of the water-related database of the Medjerda catchment through data collection and the creation of a publicly available and standardized online platform "Together4Water", which provides access and dynamic visualizations of the collected data as well as interactive real-time communication tool with users. Consequently, we introduced in the third section of this work the concept of CS as a complementary source of data in Tunisia. The approach was based on the engagement of everyday citizens of a test region within the Medjerda catchment in monitoring rainfall, discharge, and water quality using cost-effective tools. Focus was mainly put on rainfall and discharge monitoring. The Together4Water website was the base for reaching a wide range of citizens from different generations in the test region allowing the initiative to engage a group of volunteers in data collection. For rainfall, traditional low-cost rain gauges were used at multiple locations, while the data transmission was ensured through the Together4Water website. Results yield a good agreement between citizens' observations and the official rainfall data. For discharge, a publicly available smartphone app "Discharge app" was used to estimate river flow of the Medjerda at two locations. A Data fusion technique was then used to validate and combine citizens' estimations to generate unique yet higher quality discharge datasets for both locations. Finally, an assessment of the potential contribution of the CS initiative to the SDG 6 monitoring was performed. We conclude that around 54% of the goal's indicators could be supported by our CS initiative, which emphasizes the value of public engagement in SDG 6 monitoring. ; (AGRO - Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique) -- UCL, 2021

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a global initiative lead by the United Nations to achieve "a better and more sustainable future for all". Given the increasing impact of climate change on the available water resources over the past two decades, a particular attention is paid to water through SDG 6. The SDG-6 aims to "ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all". This goal comes with a set of highly interconnected targets and indicators that are essential for its global and local implementation. Tunisia, as a member of the United Nations, adopted the framework of the SDGs with a particular interest in SDG 6 since Tunisia is considered as one of the highly water stressed countries in North Africa. Despite the growing need for a rapid, yet consistent, implementation of the goal in the country, very few scientific initiatives are working on monitoring the different indicators at the national scale using nationally-produced data. However, lower scale implementation and monitoring of SDG 6 indicators are essential to provide a consistent overview of the current state of water resources in the country. The current data infrastructure in Tunisia represents a major constraint, since the water-related information is poorly monitored and not accessible at the regional scale. This is due to the complex water institutional system, which is mostly dominated by the lack of coordination and communication between the different data providers. Nevertheless, over the past decade, participatory approaches for water monitoring have been getting more attention in many parts of the world, especially with the emergence of novel cost-effective smart technologies. Such participatory approaches are often referred to as Citizen Science (CS). With CS, citizens are involved in scientific activities, such as environmental monitoring, and they also can be a valuable part of decision making and policy formulation. Together with the generic available data, in particular from remote sensing technology, CS could be tested and implemented in Tunisia in order to improve the access to available and reliable data. The main objective of this thesis was to strengthen the scientific basis for participatory approaches in conjunction with public available environmental data to support the monitoring of water resources in Tunisia. The strengthening of water observation is expected to improve the monitoring of the SDG 6 indicators in Tunisia. The study is focused on the Medjerda catchment, which is the most important river basin in Tunisia and considered as the largest national water resource. The focus was first put on the calculation of the water stress SDG 6 indicator (6.4.2). This indicator was selected as a specific case in this study since water stress is very relevant for the considered catchment. The indicator was evaluated at the scale of the Medjerda catchment and 4 regions within for the period 2000-2016. The spatial and temporal disaggregation was based on analysis of both governmental and remote sensing data, and provided a valuable understanding of the seasonal and regional behavior of water stress. The lack of access to reliable official data was the major constraint in measuring the water stress indicator. The second research section of the thesis was then dedicated to the improvement of the water-related database of the Medjerda catchment through data collection and the creation of a publicly available and standardized online platform "Together4Water", which provides access and dynamic visualizations of the collected data as well as interactive real-time communication tool with users. Consequently, we introduced in the third section of this work the concept of CS as a complementary source of data in Tunisia. The approach was based on the engagement of everyday citizens of a test region within the Medjerda catchment in monitoring rainfall, discharge, and water quality using cost-effective tools. Focus was mainly put on rainfall and discharge monitoring. The Together4Water website was the base for reaching a wide range of citizens from different generations in the test region allowing the initiative to engage a group of volunteers in data collection. For rainfall, traditional low-cost rain gauges were used at multiple locations, while the data transmission was ensured through the Together4Water website. Results yield a good agreement between citizens' observations and the official rainfall data. For discharge, a publicly available smartphone app "Discharge app" was used to estimate river flow of the Medjerda at two locations. A Data fusion technique was then used to validate and combine citizens' estimations to generate unique yet higher quality discharge datasets for both locations. Finally, an assessment of the potential contribution of the CS initiative to the SDG 6 monitoring was performed. We conclude that around 54% of the goal's indicators could be supported by our CS initiative, which emphasizes the value of public engagement in SDG 6 monitoring. ; (AGRO - Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique) -- UCL, 2021

Abstract. This article touches upon an urgent problem of our time - gadgetalization and its consequences, which greatly affect the development of children and youth. For example, children in the 21-st century use gadgets such as personal computers and smartphones on a daily basis. Unfortunately, in most cases, the constant usage of these devices negatively affects their psychophysical state. Taking into account that in modern living conditions in all developed countries there is a need to actively use the results of scientific and technological progress, both in everyday life and in professional activity, restricting access to modern gadgets will significantly distort the acception of the conditions of reality of the younger generation. Taking into consideration the impossibility and illogicality of refusing to use the results of scientific and technological progress, it becomes necessary to minimize the negative impact of gadgetalization on the psychophysical state of children and adolescents, in particular, through physical training in schools and colleges. Of particular interest for this study is physical education in educational institutions in China — a country whose representatives regularly occupy leading positions in international sports competitions. The state regulation of sports rehabilitation in China is aimed at creating the necessary conditions for the development of physical education in the country, improving the physical condition of its citizens, raising the level of sports events, ensuring ideological development of society, creating organizational and managerial conditions to strengthen national health. As a result of the study, the features of physical education of young students in China were identified and researched: its goals at the legislative level, strategies for achieving the goals set at the ideological level, the prerequisites and factors of its physical development were tracked. Key words: physical training, physical culture, gadgetalization, studying youth, educational establishment of China. ; Аннотация. В этой статье поднята актуальная проблема современности — гаджетализация и ее последствия, которые в значительной степени влияют на развитие детей и юношества. Подрастающее поколение в ХХІ веке ежедневно используют такие гаджеты, как персональный компьютер и смартфон. К сожалению, в большинстве случаев злоупотребление этими устройствами негативно сказывается на их психофизическом состоянии. Учитывая, что в современных условиях жизни во всех развитых странах существует необходимость активного использования результатов научно-технического прогресса, как в быту, так и в профессиональной деятельности, ограничение доступа к современным гаджетам в значительной степени исказит реальную картину мира подрастающего поколения. Учитывая невозможность и нелогичность отказа от использования плодами НТП, возникает необходимость максимального снижения негативного влияния гаджетализации на психофизическое состояние детей и юношества, в частности посредствам физического воспитания в учебных заведениях. Особый интерес для этого исследования представляет физическое воспитание в учебных заведениях Китая – экономически развитой страны, представители которой регулярно занимают лидирующие места в международных спортивных соревнованиях. Государственное регулирование спортивного оздоровления в Китае нацелено на создание необходимых условий для развития физического воспитания на территории страны, улучшение физического состояния граждан своей страны, повышение уровня спортивно-массовых мероприятий, обеспечение идеологического развития общества, создание организационно-управленческих условий для укрепления здоровья нации. В результате проведенного исследования выявлены и изучены особенности физического воспитания учащейся молодежи в Китае: его цели на законодательном уровне, стратегии достижения поставленных целей – на идеологическом уровне, отслежены предпосылки и факторы его развития. Ключевые слова: физическое воспитание, физическая культура, гаджетализация, учащаяся молодежь, учебные заведения Китая. ; Анотація. У цій статті порушено актуальну проблему сучасності — гаджеталізація та її наслідки, які значною мірою впливають на розвиток дітей та юнацтва. Так, діти у ХХІ столітті щодня використовують такі гаджети, як персональний комп'ютер та смартфон. На жаль, у більшості випадків зловживання застосуванням цих пристроїв негативно позначається на їхньому психофізичному стані. Зважаючи на те, що в сучасних умовах життя в усіх розвинених країнах існує необхідність активного використання результатів науково-технічного прогресу, як у побуті, так і в професійній діяльності, обмеження доступу до сучасних гаджетів значною мірою спотворить реальну картину світу підростаючого покоління. Враховуючи неможливість та нелогічність відмови від користування плодами НТП, виникає необхідність максимального зниження негативного впливу гаджеталізації на психофізичний стан дітей та юнацтва, зокрема, засобами фізичного виховання у навчальних закладах. Особливий інтерес для цього дослідження становить фізичне виховання у навчальних закладах Китаю — економічно розвиненої країни, представники якої регулярно займають лідируючі місця у міжнародних спортивних змаганнях. Державне регулювання спортивного оздоровлення у Китаї націлене на створення необхідних умов для розвитку фізичного виховання на території країни, поліпшення фізичного стану громадян своєї країни, підвищення рівня спортивно-масових заходів, забезпечення ідеологічного розвитку суспільства, створенню організаційно-управлінських умов для зміцнення здоров'я нації. В результаті проведеного дослідження виявлено та вивчено особливості фізичного виховання учнівської молоді в Китаї: його цілі на законодавчому рівні, стратегії досягнення поставлених цілей – на ідеологічному рівні, відстежено передумови та фактори його розвитку. Ключові слова: фізичне виховання, фізична культура, гаджеталізація, учнівська молодь, заклади освіти Китаю.

Salam sejahtera, Tahun 2020 ini menandakan awal dari akhir sebuah dekade dimana terjadi berbagai perubahan sosial dan teknologi. Pertama, diketahui bahwa teknologi internet dan media sosial ternyata memang mempengaruhi perilaku manusia di berbagai konteks. Dalam perilaku politik, misalnya, data-data yang diberikan oleh individu di berbagai platform media sosial ternyata dimanfaatkan untuk kepentingan politisi – sebagaimana tercatat dalam skandal Facebook – Cambridge Analytica pada 2015 silam (Davies dalam The Guardian, 11 Desember 2015). Berbagai berita palsu atau fake news dan hoax juga menjadi masalah yang berdampak pada masalah sosial dan stabilitas ekonomi di beberapa negara. Belum lagi jika kita perhitungkan masalah adiksi internet dan media sosial di level individu. Namun, tidak selamanya perkembangan teknologi seperti internet dan media sosial memicu dampak negatif. Dari sisi lain, teknologi membantu kita untuk mempermudah hidup juga. Komunikasi antar individu, antar identitas, dan antar kelompok terjadi lebih mudah dan cepat. Terjadi juga transformasi yang cukup substansial pada perilaku konsumen, seiring dengan pemanfaatan platform-platform media sosial dan aplikasi di smartphone untuk memperdagangkan produk dan jasa. Dalam berbagai domain, riset-riset tentang perilaku siber masih sangat diperlukan di Indonesia. Kedua, satu dekade terakhir ini juga ditandai dengan eskalasi konflik antar identitas yang terjadi di seluruh dunia. Mulai dari polarisasi politik di beberapa negara, konflik berkaitan dengan imigrasi di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat, sampai pada kasus-kasus ekstremisme dan terorisme. Permasalahan global ini memicu pertanyaan, "bagaimana seharusnya kita hidup secara bersama-sama?" Riset-riset tentang intergrup dan multikulturalisme baik dari segi konlik antar kelompok, kontak dan relasi antar kelompok, sampai pada riset-riset tentang kepemimpinan dalam kelompok multikultural. Tidak hanya itu, eksplorasi tentang nilai-nilai budaya dari masyarakat non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, dan Democratic) juga masih dibutuhkan (Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010) untuk memberikan informasi mengenai budaya-budaya yang belum banyak diteliti sebelumnya; sehingga kita bisa memahami dinamika psikologis dan sosial yang terjadi pada budaya selain Eropa Barat dan Amerika Utara. Ini penting agar psikologi sosial tidak berusaha menggeneralisasi teori tanpa memahami terlebih dulu konteks-konteks emic. Ketiga, organisasi, industri, dan workforce juga terus dituntut untuk beradaptasi seiring dengan cepatnya arus informasi dan laju perkembangan teknologi. Penting bagi individu untuk beradaptasi mengikuti perkembangan-perkembangan itu. Di level individual, para pekerja perlu memiliki kesiapan untuk berubah agar bisa beradaptasi dengan perubahan organisasi. Mereka juga perlu untuk senantiasa mengevaluasi apakah kompetensi mereka memang masih sesuai dengan kebutuhan di organisasi. Keempat, isu perubahan iklim dan penyelamatan lingkungan semakin mendesak tindakan dari berbagai elemen masyarakat. Usaha menyelamatkan lingkungan juga menuntut peranan dari psikologi sosial, karena melibatkan perilaku-perilaku yang masuk dalam kajian psikologi sosial selama ini seperti aksi kolektif, perilaku berkelanjutan (sustainable behavior), aktivisme, dan perilaku mengorbankan diri demi suatu identitas atau kelompok. Sesuai dengan perkembangan kondisi global yang terjadi, Jurnal Psikologi Sosial (JPS) berusaha mempublikasikan naskah-naskah yang relevan dengan perubahan sosial dan teknologi pada dekade terakhir ini. Sehingga, JPS senantiasa berusaha berkontribusi dengan memberikan wawasan-wawasan teoretis yang sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman. Meski begitu, JPS tetap mengutamakan aspek kebaruan teoretis dari setiap naskah. Tiga naskah mendemonstrasikan temuan terkait penggunaan teknologi siber dan kaitannya dengan adiksi (Rahardjo, Qomariyah, Andriani, Hermita, & Zanah, 2020), penyesuaian diri secara sosial (Malay & Nataningsih, 2020), dan perilaku konsumen (Amalia & Sekarasih, 2020). Dua naskah berikutnya membicarakan topik budaya dan kaitannya dengan kepemimpinan (Hidayat, Sumertha, & Istiana, 2020) serta nilai-nilai lokal lintas etnis (Nashori, Nurdin, Herawati, Diana, & Masturah, 2020). Kemudian, dua naskah terakhir membahas mengenai kesiapan berubah (Mardhatillah & Rahman, 2020) dan kompetensi saat terjadi ketidaksesuaian latar belakang pendidikan (Wardani & Fatimah, 2020) dalam konteks organisasi. Melalui kesempatan ini, JPS juga menginformasikan bahwa Temu Ilmiah Nasional Ikatan Psikologi Sosial ke-10 (TEMILNAS IPS X) akan diadakan pada 13-15 April 2020. Sesuai dengan mendesaknya isu lingkungan global, dalam pertemuan akbar tahunan tersebut diangkat tema "Kontribusi Psikologi Sosial dalam Masalah Lingkungan: Proteksi, Konservasi, dan Kualitas Interaksi Sosial". Narasumber keynote dari acara ini adalah Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Dr. Ir. Siti Nurbaya Bakar dan Profesor dengan kepakaran psikologi sosial dari University of Queensland, Australia yaitu Professor Winnifred Louis, Ph.D. TEMILNAS IPS X akan diadakan di Golden Tulip Galaxy Hotel, Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan. Partisipasi dari para akademisi dan praktisi di bidang Psikologi Sosial atau bidang terkait tentunya sangat diharapkan. JPS senantiasa berusaha untuk berkontribusi dalam mengembangkan teori-teori psikologi sosial lewat temuan-temuan empiris di Indonesia. Namun, JPS juga tidak lupa bahwa perubahan sosial dan teknologi yang cepat terus terjadi sehingga psikologi sosial juga perlu terus menginvestigasi topik-topik yang relevan dengan perkembangan zaman.

1. When hate meets the web In the climate of generalized hatred that we experience daily, by watching the news or talk shows, reading online newspapers, or scrolling our Facebook timelines, it is essential to question educational programs' actual ability to oppose these shifts. Most importantly, we must start rethinking them, especially given the negative consequences of people's exposure to hostility, rudeness or incivility, both in online and offline spaces. Indeed, as shown by several studies, they amplify the audiences' negative emotions, weaken trust in institutions, increase cynicism and encourage self-defence behaviors, often leading to social isolation. When it comes to young people, who are more fragile and less equipped than other population groups, such risks are even more real. Many countries in Europe have undertaken to implement online device projects aimed at tracking down and detecting violent content, and banning them from social media, in order to stem the growth of hate speech on digital platforms. However, a purely censored approach does not obviously get to the root of the problem. We must question why many users see hate speech or extreme speech as normal, or even desirable; why they have such a large following and generate such online sharing and dissemination mechanisms. In this regard, we must go beyond a purely punitive logic, and pay attention to the granularity of those everyday online practices underlying contemporary digital cultures.This pilot study aims to examine the experiences of young people while surfing the web, and how they interpret these different kinds of hostile behavior on social media or online chats. In this respect, according to Toniolo Institute (2018), 63% of young people between the ages of 18 and 34 have got carried away by online heated discussions and have deliberately used offensive content in social media discussions, in 66% of cases. These data show that violent discourse, harassment practices and bullying are becoming increasingly popular, even among young people. Online resources can further fuel this hostility through exclusionary, discriminatory and derisive conducts, which can foster group identification by being often associated with forms of collective entertainment. Indeed, references to looser social conventions, which are typical of these environments, as well as the possibility to stay anonymous, can accentuate a sense of 'deindividuation'. According to this, people perceive their individual identity as less important than the group identity, consequently disinhibiting their behavior. Also, the compulsive use of smartphones and the affordances of social network platforms contribute to this disinhibition effect, by exacerbating the collapse of spatial-temporal and social contexts, and increasingly blurring the boundaries between public and private. Therefore, on the one hand the socio-technological aspects of new media appear to significantly affect these phenomena; on the other, violent behavior online (including direct activities and sharing violent content) clearly appear as practices that are constitutive of identity and political subjectivity. Within this scenario, also political representatives play a major role. Instead of committing to pacify public opinion, they seem much more interested in riding the wave of dissent, especially through their social accounts, by resorting to hate speech, mocking and bullying practices against opponents and others. Restraint and moderation, which once characterized traditional political rhetoric, have now given way to feelings of hostility and demonization of opponents, aiming to galvanize followers and to instigate anger and social discontent. Indeed, this sharp communication style is intended not just to increase political visibility, due to uncivil messages' ability to engage users (Muddiman, Stroud, 2017). It also bridges the gap with ordinary people, who can identify more easily with such practices and styles, rather than with complex and abstract theoretical-political arguments. Although the best example of this strategy is undoubtedly Trump's use of Twitter, there are some concrete examples in Italy as well, as shown by the social media campaigning for the 2018 general election. Starting from these premises, this work focuses on an important segment of society, consisting of young people who grew up with Internet, in order to analyze their relationship with violent and aggressive online communication, both by their peers and political representatives. The attention is focused on two phenomena that were distinctly studied in academia: cyberbullying by young people and the different forms of incivility by politicians. The goal is to examine the perceptions and meanings attributed by young people to the different types of hostile communication, by assessing the level of acceptability of each of them and its variations, depending on different contexts and actors (interpersonal; online interactions with institutional actors). In the following paragraphs, we will briefly explain the study, and discuss findings and implications.

"Mit-Sein" ist dem Medienphilosoph Erich Hörl (2012) zufolge in der Gegenwart zu einer entscheidenden Beziehung avanciert, ein Ausdruck "der neuen Situation, in der der Mensch mit Maschinen und nach deren Maßgabe existiert": Mit-Tun, Mit-Laufen, Mit-Machen, Mit-Arbeiten, Mit-Sprechen, Mit-Spielen, Mit-Funktionieren und im Zeitalter digitaler Kommunikations-Medien besonders auch Mit-Teilen, um einige wenige zu nennen, sind entscheidende Modi und Existenzweisen, die die gegenwärtigen Mensch-Technik-Relationen prägen. Diese Modi, die auf Jean-Luc Nancys (2004) prominenter relationalen Ontologie basieren, geraten gegenwärtig zusehends auch in der kultur- und medienwissenschaftlichen Forschung in den Blick. Dabei werden Menschen, Technologien, Diskurse und Praktiken sowie weitere 'nicht-menschliche' Elemente als zu Netzwerken und Geflechten verwobene betrachtet, als in Medien- und Technik-Umwelten verschaltete, in denen sich die entsprechenden Elemente und Akteure prozessual und reziprok bedingen. Diese Prämisse eines relationalen Mit-Seins setzt der Sammelband Das Mitsein der Medien von Johannes Bennke, Johanna Seifert, Martin Siegert und Christina Terberl zum Ausgangspunkt einer Reihe von medienwissenschaftlichen Beiträgen, die die Ko-Existenzen und Kollektive von nicht-/menschlichen Entitäten in den Fokus rücken. Dabei handelt es sich jedoch nicht um 'klassische' Untersuchungen zum menschlichen Umgang mit technischen Objekten. Mit Bezug auf z. B. Bruno Latours Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie oder eben auch Erich Hörls Werke, wird hier der Mensch aus seiner anthropozentrischen Position gerückt. In Zeiten von z. B. smarten Technologien können 'Handlungsmacht', 'Eigeninitiative', 'Intelligenz' und 'Responsivität' nicht mehr ausschließlich dem Menschen zugeschrieben werden. Im privaten, familiären und im öffentlichen Raum – "der klassischen Sphäre des Gemeinsamen" (z. B. Smartphones, Überwachungskameras) –, im Luftraum (z. B. Drohnen) sowie schließlich selbst im menschlichen Körper, "jene[r] existentialen Bedingung des In-der-Welt-Seins" (z. B. Implantate und Prothesen) sind technische Objekte allgegenwärtig und in koexistenzieller Weise mit uns verknüpft: "Menschen sind nicht länger unter sich, sondern existieren im Beisein und Mitsein technischer Entitäten", proklamieren die Autor_innen (S. 3). Somit kommt auch technischen Objekten ein Akteurs-Status zu, der die Handlungsweisen des Menschen auf entscheidende Weise mitprägt. Der vorliegende Sammelband macht sich nun zur Aufgabe, jene neuen Existenzweisen, Situationen und Transformationsprozesse einer theoretischen Beschreibung und Bewertung zu unterziehen. So fragt der Sammelband übergreifend nach der Möglichkeit eines neuen schöpferischen Beziehungsgefüges angesichts der ubiquitären Anwesenheit des Technischen sowie befragt und kritisiert die technophobische Annahme einer "Herrschaft der logisch-mathematischen Vernunft" (S. 3). Ebenfalls berücksichtigt wird dem gegenüberstehend die Prämisse der "nicht-operationalisierbaren Dimensionen des Medialen" (S. 3), d. h., einer Medialität, die je nach soziotechnischer Konstellation und Situation als versammelndes, verschaltendes und über- bzw. vermittelndes Beziehungsgefüge zu verstehen ist. Dabei solle es einerseits nicht um generalisierbare Annahmen, theoretische Zugänge oder Methoden gehen, vielmehr gelte es, heterogene mediale Konstellationen an konkreten Fallbeispielen zu untersuchen und Modi eines koexistenziellen Mitseins situativ und historisch zu differenzieren. Andererseits geht es den Herausgeber_innen auch darum, Ko-Existenzen bzw. das Mitsein unterschiedlicher Entitäten nicht einfach zu symmetrisieren bzw. gleichzuschalten, wie es einige theoretische Arbeiten zu dieser Thematik sowie "Unternehmensphilosophien, das Produktmarketing und den Militärjargon prägt" (S. 7). Vielmehr gelte es produktive Ambivalenzen, Brüche und Unstimmigkeiten herauszuarbeiten und mithin auch den "problematischen, porösen und prekären Charakter von Mensch-Technik Beziehungen" zu thematisieren (S. 7), wodurch sich unterschiedliche mediale Dispositive auch einer medienkritischen bzw. sozialpolitisch orientierten sowie kulturwissenschaftlich basierten Beschreibung unterziehen lassen. Der Band ist aufgeteilt in drei große thematische bzw. theoretische Überkapitel: Erstens Kooperative Koexistenz, zweitens Prothetische Koexistenz und drittens Singuläre Koexistenz. Das erste Kapitel beschäftigt sich aus der Perspektive dreier verschiedener Beiträge mit medialen Konstellationen der Arbeit, wobei ein "Mit-Arbeiten" als ein kollegiales, partnerschaftliches, produktives und kooperatives Gefüge aus menschlichen und nicht-menschlichen 'Mit-Arbeiter_innen' verstanden wird – und das durchaus auch im oben aufgeführten Sinne einer prekären und problematischen Konstellation. Dies zeigt bereits der erste Beitrag des Bandes von Nina Franz und Moritz Queisner, die sich dem bildgeführten Drohnenkrieg der U.S. Air Force widmen und anhand von kollaborativen Bild- und Sichtbarkeitspraktiken 'kaschierte' Machtgefälle zwischen Menschen und künstlichen Intelligenzen im Handlungsnetzwerk der militärischen Tötungspraxis beschreiben. Thorben Mämcke, Samuel Müller und Annelie Pentenrieder zeigen am Beispiel von drei zeitgenössischen mobilen Dienstleistungs-Apps die Asymmetrien, Machtgefälle sowie Effekte auf, die durch uneinsehbare Algorithmen generiert werden, was aber gleichermaßen widerständige Strategien von Seiten der Nutzer_innen ermöglicht. Anschließend daran kritisiert Tim Othold mit Verweis auf das 'Internet der Dinge' sowie kreative (oftmals fehlerbasierte) Verhaltensweisen von KI und Algorithmen jene Annahme, dass die koexistenzielle Beziehung zwischen Menschen und Technik stabil, berechenbar und überzeitlich konstant sei und entgegnet, sie müsse vielmehr als Potential unvorhersehbarer Effekte verstanden werden. Das zweite Kapitel verhandelt das Diskursfeld 'Prothetik' bzw. die technischen oder medialen Kompensierungen vermeintlicher menschlicher organischer Mängel sowie die ethischen, philosophischen und sozialen Konsequenzen, die eine derartige Konstruktion der Mensch-Technik-Relation mit sich führt. Das Kapitel beginnt mit Beate Ochsners Beitrag zur mobilen App 'Ava', einer assistiven Kommunikationstechnologie für gehörlose bzw. schwerhörige Menschen. Ochsner beschreibt die audiovisuellen Arrangements im Sinne einer 'medialen Teilhabe' als Mitsein in dessen Vollzug Teilhabe und nicht-Teilhabe sowie (dis)ability in medialen Austausch- und Aushandlungsprozessen prozessual hervorgebracht werden. Stefan Rieger behandelt im folgenden Beitrag neue Kollaborations- und Koexistenzformen im Bereich des 'wearable computing', wobei er derartige Technologien und Techniken eben nicht als prothetische Enhancements des menschlichen Körpers versteht, sondern als neuen Modus anthropophiler Intimität. Dieses Kapitel schließt mit einem Interview zwischen den Herausgeber_innen und Karin Harrasser zur (sozial)politischen Dimension prekärer Existenzen sowie ihrem an Zoë Sofoulis angelehnten Konzept von Parahumanität und Teilsouveränität sowie damit verbundene Spannungen, Konflikte und Machtbeziehungen. Das dritte und letzte Kapitel fasst unter dem Begriff der "singulären Koexistenz" das "Ephemere von Alltagssituationen". Hierbei geht es um "präzise Beobachtungen, minimale Intensitätsmomente und die Mannigfaltigkeit von Erfahrungselementen" (S. 19), die auch im vermeintlichen Außerhalb des Technologischen existieren. In ihrem Beitrag zu Dinner for One etwa zeigt Franziska Reichenbecher die Ko-Existenz und die wechselseitigen Regulierungen von Mensch und Alltagsobjekten wie Möbeln, Besteck, Teller etc. in Zusammenhang mit dem Konzept der "Gastlichkeit". In diesem humoristischen Kurzfilm zeigen sich die Objekte als Akteur_innen, die in einem instabilen Arrangement vernetzt sind, das von Wiederholungen, Routinen und Abweichungen geprägt ist, und welche die bereits genannten Unvorhersehbarkeiten emergieren lassen. Im folgenden Beitrag verhandelt Christoph Karsten mit Bezug zur literarischen Figur Sherlock Holmes koexistenzielle Beziehungen in Relation zur menschlichen Erfahrung und zur routinierten Wiederholungsstruktur des Alltäglichen. Mit dem Zusammenspiel von Körpern, Objekten und Gebärden in filmischen Operationssälen befasst sich der abschließende Beitrag von Christina Lammer. Sie fokussiert dabei vor allem auf die Rolle der (heilenden/verletzenden) Hände im Operationsvorgang und setzt ihre eigene künstlerisch-dokumentarische Praxis in Bezug zu filmästhetischen bzw. kunsttheoretischen Konzepten. Wie die kurze Zusammenfassung der Kapitel zeigt, bietet der Sammelband nicht nur eine interessante und heterogene Zusammenstellung von Beiträgen und Beispielen, sondern leistet auch wichtige medientheoretische Arbeit. Neben den Einzelbeiträgen, die bisweilen interdisziplinäre Ansätze auf innovative Weise fruchtbar machen und/oder einzelne Theoriestränge am Beispiel vertiefen, bietet vor allem die Einleitung einen hervorragenden Überblick über die Diskurse um Ko-Existenzen, Medienökologien und relationale Ontologien und kann zudem auch als Einführung in die philosophischen und theoretisch-methodischen Diskurse um ein Mitsein der Medien(wissenschaften) genutzt werden. Literatur Jean-Luc Nancy: singulär plural sein. Berlin 2004. Erich Hörl: "Die technische Verwandlung. Zur Kritik der kybernetischen Einstellung bei Günther Anders". In: Spielregeln. 25 Aufstellungen. Hg. v. Peter Berz/Marianne Kubaczek/Eva Laquiéze-Waniek/David Unterholzner. Zürich/Berlin 2012. Bruno Latour: Die Hoffnung der Pandora. Untersuchungen zur Wirklichkeit der Wissenschaft. Frankfurt a. M. 2002.

Title: Multiagent simulation of traveler information on transit networks.Abstract:With the generalization of real-time traveler information, the behavior of modern transport networks becomes harder to analyze and to predict. Advanced traveler Information systems play a major role in modern transportation system, mainly in case of disturbances, and the information is becoming more personalized and individual. Different phenomena such as over-saturation, concentration and over-reaction can be observed after the use of advanced traveler information systems. In fact, without control, the massive spread of information via billboards, radio announcements and individual guidance may have perverse effects and create new traffic jams. It is now critical to develop simulation tools for mobility policies makers, taking into account this new information environment to observe these effects and to consider the proper methods to deal with them.In this PHD work, we propose a multiagent simulation to measure the impact of information provision on the quality of passengers' travels, notably in case of disturbances, taking into account a heterogeneous information environment. First, we design and implement a simulation to ensure travelers movement in a transit network. Then, we enrich our model to integrate traveler information system and to represent travelers equipped with smart phones. It allows us to evaluate separately personal and general information. To this end, we use the multi-agent paradigm, which is proven to be a powerful model to design and implement transportation applications. To deal with the integration of the traveler information system in the simulator, we adopt an environment-centered approach, where the space-time multiagent environment is the privileged interlocutor of the agents and represent the evolution of the transit network state over time.To test our simulator in a real context, we use real data on the city of Toulouse, France. To assess the impact of information provision, we simulate different scenarios in function of the percentage of connected travelers, represented as agents. These simulated scenarios are analyzed following their impact on the average travel times of the travelers (connected and no-connected). Results show that the number of connected travelers has a positive impact on overall travel times up until a certain threshold before becoming relatively negative ; Titre: Simulation multi-agent de l'information des voyageurs dans les transports en commun.Résumé:Avec la généralisation de l'information temps-réel, le comportement des réseaux de transport modernes devient de plus en plus difficile à analyser et à prévoir. Le rôle de l'information est de plus en plus critique, particulièrement en cas de dysfonctionnement des réseaux, et l'information devient de plus en plus personnalisée et individuelle. Plusieurs phénomènes tels que la saturation, la concentration et la sur-réaction peuvent être observés après l'utilisation de systèmes d'information voyageurs. En effet, sans contrôle, la diffusion massive d'informations, à travers les panneaux à messages variables, les annonces dans les médias ainsi que les dispositifs de guidage individuel peut avoir des effets pervers et créer de nouvelles congestions. Ainsi, il est devenu important de développer des outils de simulation pour les décideurs de politiques de mobilité, prenant en compte ce nouvel environnement informationnel.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons une simulation multi-agent pour mesurer l'impact de la fourniture d'informations sur la qualité des voyages en transports en commun, notamment dans des situations perturbées, en prenant en compte un environnement informationnel hétérogène. Dans un premier temps, nous concevons une simulation qui assure le déplacement de voyageurs sur un réseau de transport en commun. Ensuite, nous l'enrichissons par l'intégration de l'information des voyageurs et des taux d'équipements des voyageurs en smartphones, de telle manière qu'il puisse représenter les voyageurs connectés et être capable de distinguer l'impact des informations personnelles de celui des informations générales. Pour ce faire, nous nous fondons sur le paradigme multi-agent, qui est un modèle puissant pour la conception et l'implantation d'applications de transport. Pour répondre aux besoins de l'intégration de l'information des voyageurs, en particulier l'information individuelle, nous adoptons une approche centrée-environnement où l'environnement spatio-temporel multi-agent est l'interlocuteur des agents voyageurs et représente l'évolution dans le temps de l'état du réseau de transport en commun.Afin de tester notre simulateur dans un contexte réaliste de déplacement, nous utilisons les données réelles du réseau de Toulouse. Pour évaluer l'impact de la provision d'information voyageur sur le réseau, nous testons différents scénarios en fonction du pourcentage de voyageurs connectés représentés par des agents. Ces scénarios simulés sont analysés suivant leur impact sur les temps de parcours moyens des voyageurs, connectés et non connectés. Les résultats montrent que le nombre de voyageurs connectés a un impact positif sur les temps de parcours jusqu'à un certain seuil, au delà duquel l'impact devient relativement négatif

Beurteilung von Parteien und Politikern. Einstellung zu politischen
Fragen.

Themen: Politisches Interesse (Politikinteresse); Politisches
Interesse (Bund, Land, Europa); Demokratiezufriedenheit (Land,
Deutschland, Europa); Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht, BTW 2013; Beabsichtigte
Stimmabgabe, BTW 2013; Hypothetische Stimmabgabe, BTW 2013; Stimmabgabe
Briefwähler; Skalometer Politiker (Angela Merkel, Peer Steinbrück,
Rainer Brüderele, Jürgen Trittin, Gregor Gysi); Leistung
Bundesregierung; Leistung Regierungsparteien (CDU, CSU, FDP); Leistung
Oppositionsparteien (SPD, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE); Skalometer Parteien (CDU,
CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD); Eigene wirtschaftliche
Lage, (aktuell, retrospektiv, prospektiv); Verantwortlichkeit für
eigene wirtschaftliche Lage, (Bundesregierung Landesregierung,
Europäische Union); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage (aktuell,
retrospektiv, prospektiv); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage,
Verantwortlichkeit (Bundesregierung, Landesregierung, Europäische
Union); Wirtschaft, Vergleich; (Zweit-)Wichtigstes Problem und
Lösungskompetenz; Klimawandel, Parteien (CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE,
GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD); Klimawandel, Ego; Klimawandel, Salienz; Recall,
Wahlberechtigung BTW 2009; Recall, Wahlteilnahme, BTW 2009; Recall,
Wahlentscheidung, BTW 2009; Recall, hypothetische Wahlentscheidung, BTW
2009 ; Interesse am Wahlkampf (LTW); Wichtigste Informationsquelle;
Printmediennutzung (Bild-Zeitung, Frankfurter Rundschau, Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung, die tageszeitung(taz), Die
Welt, Lokal- oder Regionalzeitung, Online-Zeitung); Printmedien,
Nutzung, Wochenzeitschriften - auch Online-Ausgabe (Spiegel, Focus,
Stern, Die Zeit); TV-Nachrichten-Nutzung (Tagesschau oder Tagesthemen,
Heute oder Heute Journal, RTL Aktuell, Sa.1 Nachrichten, Pro7
Newstime); TV-Nachrichten-Nutzung (ARD, ZDF, RTL, Sat.1 Pro7);
Internetnutzung, allgemein; Internetnutzung, politische Information;
Internetnutzung (Onlinezeitungen (sueddeutsche.de, ...),
Onlinezeitschriften (spiegel.de, stern.de, ...), Fernsehsender (ard.de,
zdf.de, rtl.de,...), Radiosender (swr3.de, wdr3.de, ...),
E-Mail-Anbieter (1&1, o2, google.de,...), soziale Netzwerke
(facebook.de, twitter.de, ...), Parteien (spd.de, cdu.de, ...) );
Wahlbeteiligung, Nachbarschaft; Call for Question; Medieneinfluss
Bevölkerung; Call for Question; Medieneinfluss ego; Wahlberechtigung,
LTW; Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht, LTW; Beabsichtigte Stimmabgabe, LTW;
Briefwahl, LTW; Hypothetische Wahlbeteiligung (nicht wahlberechtigt),
LTW; Hypotetische Stimmabgabe (nicht wahlberechtigt), LTW; Sicherheit
der Wahlabsicht, LTW; Wichtigkeit der Wahlebene, LTW (Landespolitik,
Bundespolitik, Europapolitik); Ausgang der Wahl, LTW; Skalometer
Parteien, LTW (CDU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD);
Skalometer Politiker, LTW (Volker Bouffier, Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel,
Jörg-Uwe Hahn, Tarek Al-Wazir, Janine Wissler); Eigenschaften
Kandidaten, LTW (durchsetzungsfähig / führungsstark, vertrauenswürdig,
als Mensch symphatisch, vernünftige Vorschellungen um die Wirtschaft
anzukurbeln, repräsentiert Werte / politische Vorstellungen seiner
Partei, durchsetzungsfähig); Präferenz Ministerpräsident, LTW;
Wichtigstes Problem und Lösungskompetenz, LTW; Leistung Regierung, LTW;
Leistung Regierungsparteien, LTW (CDU,FDP); Leistung Oppositionspartei,
LTW (SPD, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE); Skalometer Koalition, LTW (CDU und SPD
(Große Koalition), SPD und GRÜNE (Rot-Grüne Koalition), CDU und FDP
(Schwarz-Gelbe Koalition), SPD, DIE LINKE und GRÜNE (Rot-Rot-Grüne
Koalition),CDU und GRÜNE (Schwarz-Grüne Koalition), SPD, FDP und GRÜNE
(Ampel-Koalition), CDU, FDP und GRÜNE (Jamaika-Koalition)); Erwartete
Koalition, LTW (CDU und SPD (Große Koalition), SPD und GRÜNE (Rot-Grüne
Koalition), CDU und FDP (Schwarz-Gelbe Koalition), SPD, DIE LINKE und
GRÜNE (Rot-Rot-Grüne Koalition),CDU und GRÜNE (Schwarz-Grüne
Koalition), SPD, FDP und GRÜNE (Ampel-Koalition), CDU, FDP und GRÜNE
(Jamaika-Koalition)); Call for Question; strategisches Wählen;
Einzugswahrscheinlichkeit Kleine Parteien (FDP, DIE LINKE, PIRATEN,
AfD); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage , LTW, (aktuell, retrospektiv,
prospektiv); Verantwortlichkeit für allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage ,
LTW (Landesregierung, Bundesregierung, Europäische Union); Vergleich
der Wirtschaften, LTW; Wichtigste Informationsquelle, LTW;
Parteikontakte, LTW (Wahlveranstaltungen, E-Mails,
Informationsmaterial, Wahlanzeigen, Plakate, Wahlkampfstand,
Werbesendung Fernsehen, hausbesuche, Telefon, Internet); Wahlkampf:
hilfreich; TV-Duell, LTW (Rezeption, Aufmerksamkeit, Wahrgenommener
Ausgang, Rezeption des Medienurteils, Wahrgenommenes Medienurteil,
Rezeption im sozialen Umfeld, Urteil des sozialen Umfeldes, Hilfe bei
Wahlentscheidung); Recall, Wahlberechtigung, LTW; Recall,
Wahlteilnahme, LTW; Recall, LTW; Gespräche über Politik; Gespräche über
Politik, LTW; Netzwerkgröße; Gesprächspartner, LTW (Beziehung,
intensität, Verständnis von Politik, Meinungsverschiedenheit,
Wahleintscheidung); Wahlbeteiligung, Nachbarschaft, LTW; Wissen um
Standpunkte der Parteien (CDU); Eigene Standpunkte (Schulsystem Hessen
sollte nicht verändert werden, Hessen sollte sich für gesetzlichen
Mindestlohn einsetzen, Länderfinanzausgleich sollte abgeschafft
werden); Unterschied Regierung (LTW); Links-Rechts-Einstufung Parteien
(CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD);
Links-Rechts-Selbsteinstufung; Unterschied Parteien (LTW);
Positionsissue: Sozioökonomische Dimension der Parteien (CDU);
Sozioökonomische Dimension, Parteien (CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE,
GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD); Sozioökonomische Dimension (Ego);
Sozioökonomische Dimension (Salienz); Libertär-autoritäre Dimension der
Parteien (CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD);
Libertär-autoritäre Dimension, Ego; Libertär-autoritäre Dimension,
Salienz; Fragebatterie zur Verbundenheit Verbundenheit (Gemeinde,
Region, Bundesland, Westdeutschland, Ostdeutschland,
Deutschland,Europäische Union, Europa insgesamt); Issuebatterie
(Einwanderer sollen sich Integrieren, Frauenqote in Aufsichtsräten,
Staat soll sich aus Wirtschaft heraushalten, Regierung soll
Einkommensunterscheide verringern, BRD soll arme EU-Mitgliedsstaaten
finanziell unterstützen, Volkeentscheide auf Bundesebene,
Energieversorgung durch Atomkraft, Gleichgeschlechtliche Ehen
gesetzlich gleichstellen, Besserverdiener sollen mehr Steuern Zahlen,
Arbeitslose sollen gemeinnützige Arbeit verrichten, stärkere
Orientierung an Gott); Parteiidentifikation (Dauer, Stärke);
Organisationsmitgliedschaft (Gewerkschaft, Unternehmerverband,
Arbeitgeberverband, Berufsvereinigung, Berufsverband, Bauernverband,
Landwirtschaftsverband, religiöse/kirchliche Gruppe, Sportverein,
Hobbyverein, Partei, Globalisierungskritische Gruppe (z.B. ATTAC),
Frauenorganisation, Partei); Lebenszufriedenheit; Angst vor
Stellenverlust; Häufigkeit Gottesdienst; Subjektive
Schichtzugehörigkeit

zusätzlich vercodet wurde: Studiennummer; GESIS Archiv Version;
Erhebungsjahr; Erhebungszeitraum; GLES-Komponente; Laufende Nummer;
Genutzter Browser; Nutzung Smartphone; Teilnahmestatus; Unterbrechung
der Befragung; Zuletzt gestellte Frage; Inteviewdauer;
Zeitunterschreiter-Index; Anzahl gestellter Fragen; Anzahl Fragen ohne
Antwort; Größte Antwortdauer einer Frage; Durchschnittliche
Antwortdauer je Frage; Gewichte; Wahlkreis (Electoral District);
BIK-Regionsgrößenklassen

Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Schulabschluss; Bundesland;
Familienstand; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltsmitglieder, Alter; Berufliche
Bildung ; (frühere) Erwerbstätigkeit; (früherer)Beschäftigungssektor;
(früherer) Beruf; Religionszugehörigkeit; Deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft
(Dauer); Geburtsland (eigenes, der Mutter, des Vaters); Nettoeinkommen
HH (Haushaltsnettoeinkommen)

Beurteilung von Parteien und Politikern. Einstellung zu politischen
Fragen.

Themen: politisches Interesse (Politikinteresse); Politisches
Interesse (Allgemein, Land, Europa); Demokratiezufriedenheit (Land,
Deutschland, Europa); Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht, BTW 2013; Beabsichtigte
Stimmabgabe, BTW 2013; Hypothetische Stimmabgabe; Stimmabgabe
Briefwähler; Skalometer Politiker (Angela Merkel, Peer Steinbrück,
Rainer Brüderle, Jürgen Trittin, Gregor Gysi); Leistung
Bundesregierung; Leistung Regierungsparteien (CDU, CSU, FDP); Leistung
Oppositionsparteien (SPD, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE); Skalometer Parteien (CDU,
CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD); Eigene wirtschaftliche
Lage, (aktuell, retrospektiv, psospektiv); Eigene wirtschaftliche Lage,
Verantwortlichkeit (Bundesregierung, Landesregierung, Europäische
Union); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage (aktuell, retrospektiv,
prospektiv); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage, Verantwortlichkeit
(Bundesregierung, Landesregierung, Europäische Union); Wirtschaft,
Vergleich; (Zweit)Wichtigstes Problem und Lösungskompetenz;
Positionsissue: Klimawandel, Parteien (CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE,
GRÜNE, PIRATEN, AfD); Positionsissue: Klimawandel, Ego; Positionsissue:
Klimawandel, Salienz; Recall, (hyp.) Wahlberechtigung BTW 2009; Recall,
(hyp.) Wahlteilnahme, BTW 2009; Recall, (hyp.) Wahlentscheidung, BTW
2009 ; Interesse am Wahlkampf (LTW); Wichtigste Informationsquelle;
Printmedien, Nutzung (Bild-Zeitung, Süddeutsche Zeitung, die
Tageszeigung, Die Welt, Frankfurter Rundschau, Frankfurter Allgemeine
Zeitung, andere Tageszeitung, Online-Zeitung); Printmedien, Nutzung,
Wochenzeitschriften (Spiegel, Focus, Stern, Die Zeit - auch
Onlineausgabe); TV-Nachrichten, Nutzung (Tagesschau oder Tagesthemen,
Heute oder Heute Journal, RTL Aktuell, Sat.1 Nachrichten, Pro7
Newstime, ARD, ZDF, RTL, Sat.1 Pro7); Internetnutzung, allgemein;
Internetnutzung, politische Information; Internetnutzung, Seiten
(Onlinezeitungen (sueddeutsche.de, ...)); Internetnutzung, Seiten
(Onlinezeitschriften (spiegel.de, stern.de, ...)); Internetnutzung,
Seiten (Fernsehsender (ard.de, zdf.de, rtl.de, ...)); Internetnutzung,
Seiten (Radiosender (swr3.de, wdr3.de, ...)); Internetnutzung, Seiten
(E-Mail-Anbieter (1&1, o2, google.de, gmx.de, ...)); Internetnutzung,
Seiten (soziale Netzwerke (facebook.de, twitter.de, ...));
Internetnutzung, Seiten (Parteien (spd.de, cdu.de, ...));
Wahlbeteiligung, Nachbarschaft; Call for Question; Medieneinfluss
Bevölkerung; Call for Question; Medieneinfluss ego; Wahlberechtigung,
LTW; Wahlbeteiligungsabsicht, LTW; Beabsichtigte Stimmabgabe, LTW;
Briefwahl, LTW; Hypothetische Stimmabgabe, LTW ; Hypot. Wahlbeteiligung
(nicht wahlberechtigt), LTW; Hypot.Stimmabgabe (nicht wahlberechtigt);
Sicherheit der Wahlabsicht, LTW; Gründe für Wahlentscheidung, LTW ;
Grund für Nichtwahl, LTW (offen); Wichtigkeit der Wahlebene, LTW
(Landespolitik, Bundespolitik, Europapolitik); Ausgang der Wahl, LTW;
Wahl-O-mat (Nutzung, Partei, Erwartung, Bedeutung für
Wahleintscheidung, Vorhaben); Skalometer Parteien, LTW (CDU, CSU, SPD,
FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, Freie Wähler, PIRATEN); Skalometer Politiker,
LTW (Horst Seehofer, Christian Ude, Hubert Aiwanger, Margarete Bause,
Martin Zeil, Brigitte Wolf); Eigenschaften von Spitzenkanidaten, LTW;
Präferenz Ministerpräsident, LTW; (Zweit)Wichtigstes Problem und
Lösungskompetenz, LTW; Leistung Regierung, LTW; Leistung
Regierungsparteien, LTW (CSU, FDP); Leistung Oppositionspartei, LTW
(SPD, GRÜNE, Freie Wähler); Skalometer verschiedene Koalition, LTW
(Große Koalition, CSU-Alleinregierung, Rot-Grüne Koalition,
Schwarz-Gelbe Koalition, Rot-Rot-Grüne Koalition, CSU und Freie Wähler,
SPD Grüne und Freie Wähler, Schwarz-Grüne Koalition, Jamaika Koalition,
Ampel Koalition, Große Koalition); Erwartete Koalition, LTW (Große
Koalition, CSU-Alleinregierung, Rot-Grüne Koalition, Schwarz-Gelbe
Koalition, Rot-Rot-Grüne Koalition, CSU und Freie Wähler, SPD Grüne und
Freie Wähler, Schwarz-Grüne Koalition, Jamaika Koalition, Ampel
Koalition, Große Koalition); Call for Question; strategisches Wählen;
Einzugswahrscheinlichkeit Kleine Parteien (FDP, Die Linke, Freie
Wähler, Piraten); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage , LTW (aktuell,
retrospektiv, prospektiv); Allgemeine wirtschaftliche Lage , LTW,
Verantwortlichkeit (Landesregierung, Bundesregierung, Europäische
Union); Vergleich der Wirtschaften, LTW; Wichtigste Informationsquelle,
LTW; Parteikontakte LTW mit den Parteien (CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE
LINKE, GRÜNE, Freie Wähler, PIRATEN): Wahlveranstaltungen, E-Mail,
Informationsmaterial, Wahlanzeigen, Plakate Wahlkampfstand,
Webesendungen Fernsehen, Hausbesuche, Telefon, Internet; Wahlkampf:
hilfreich; TV-Duell, LTW (Rezeption, Aufmerksamkeit, Wahrgenommener
Ausgang, Rezeption des Medienurteils, Wahrgenommenes Medienurteil,
Rezeption in sozialen Umfeld, Urteil des Sozialen Umfeldes, Hilfe bei
Wahlentscheidung); Recall, Wahlberechtigung, LTW; Recall,
Wahlteilnahme, LTW; Recall, LTW; Gespräche über Politik; Netzwerkgröße;
Gesprächspartner LTW: Beziehung, Intensität, Verständnis von Politik,
Meinungsverschiedenheit, Wahlentscheidung (LTW); Wahlbeteiligung
Nachbarschaft, LTW; Wissen um Standpunkte in Bayern (CSU, SPD, FDP, DIE
LINKE, GRÜNE, Freie Wähler, PIRATEN); Eigene Standpunkte, Bayern
(Schulsystem in Bayern sollte nicht verändert werden); Eigene
Standpunkte, Bayern (Bayern sollte sich für Mindestlohn einsetzen);
Eigene Standpunkte, Bayern (Der Solidaritätszuschlag sollte abgeschafft
werden); Eigene Standpunkte, Bayern (Das Betreuungsgeld sollte wieder
abgeschafft werden); Eigene Standpunkte, Bayern (Einfüherung
bundesweiter PKW-Maut auf Autobahnen); Unterschied Regierung;
Unterschied Regierung, LTW; Links-Rechts-Einstufung Parteien (CDU, CSU,
SPD, FDP, DIE LINKE, GRÜNE, AfD, Freie Wähler, PIRATEN);
Links-Rechts-Selbsteinstufung; Unterschied Parteien (LTW);
Sozioökonomische Dimension der Parteien; Sozioökonomische Dimension,
Ego; Sozioökonomische Dimension, Salienz; Libertär-autoritäre Dimension
der Parteien; Libertär-autoritäre Dimension, Ego; Libertär-autoritäre
Dimension, Salienz; Verbundenheit Batterie (Gemeinde, Region,
Bundesland, Westdeutschland, Ostdeutschland, Gesamtdeutschland,
Europäische Union, Europa gesamt); Issuebatterie (Einwanderer,
Frauenquote, Staat und Wirtschaft, Einkommenunterschiede verringern,
BRD soll EU-Länder in Krise Unterstützen, Volksentscheide auf
Bundesebene, Atomkraft, Gleichgeschlechtliche Ehen, Höhere Steuern für
Besserverdiener, Arbeitslose sollen gemeinnützig arbeiten, Orientierung
an den Geboten Gottes); Parteiidentifikation (Vorhandensein, Dauer,
Stärke); Lebenszufriedenheit; Organisationsmitgliedschaft
(Gewerkschaft, Unternehmerverband, Arbeitgeberverband,
Berufsvereinigung, Berufsverband, Bauernverband,
Landwirtschaftsverband, religiöse/kirchliche Gruppe, Sportverein,
Hobbyverein, Partei, Globalisierungskritische Gruppe (z.B. ATTAC),
Frauenorganisation, Partei); Angst vor Stellenverlust; Häufigkeit
Gottesdienst; subjektive Schichtzugehörigkeit

zusätzlich vercodet wurde: Studiennummer; GESIS Archiv Version;
Erhebungsjahr; Erhebungszeitraum; GLES-Komponente; Beginn und Ende des
Interviews; Nutzung Smartphone; Unterbrechung der Befragung;
Inteviewdauer ; Zeitunterschreiter; Anzahl gestellter Fragen; Quote
ohne Antwort; Größte Antwortdauer einer Frage; Gewichte; Wahlkreis
(Electoral District), Bundestagswahlkreis; BIK-Regionsgrößenklassen

Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Schulabschluss; Bundesland;
Familienstand; Haushaltsgröße; Alter der Haushaltsmitglieder;
Berufliche Bildung; (frühere) Erwerbstätigkeit; (früherer)
Beschäftigungssektor; (früherer) Beruf; Religionszugehörigkeit; (Dauer
der) Deutsche(n) Staatsbürgerschaft; Geburtsland (eigenes, des Vaters,
der Mutter); Nettoeinkommen HH, Haushaltsnettoeinkommen

REACH112 is a project of implementation of an innovative telecoms solution based on the European standard of Total Conversation. This implementation is designed to make telephony accessible to all those people who have difficulty with voice phones. This is at least 3.5 million people across the EU. REACH was set up in five countries with over 7,500 registered users. In REACH112 users are able to call each other (in video, voice and text mode), reach voice phone users through relay services and make calls directly and through relay to emergency service centres. The service has been developed on all platforms: videophones, textphones, PC, Mac, notebooks, tablets and smartphones, as well as simple web browser plug-ins. Evaluating a project such as REACH112 is a complex operation requiring multiple methodologies and interaction with all 20 partners in six countries. The extent of the work has been considerable covering actions to recruit and train users throughout the value chain (to the specification of the Description of Work), to deliver appropriate telecoms technology (for registration, communication, tracking and monitoring) and evaluation of users engagement against the targets set and of the performance of the system. This analysis of progress collates extended data and offers evaluation of the programme as a whole. It is required to integrate the progress across all previous deliverables and to offer a way forward for future development in Europe. The project can be examined in respect of the objectives originally set in the Description of Work but it also has to be considered in social terms, as it constitutes such an extensive set of goals with a diverse population in variable economic circumstances. Data supplied by partners has been analysed and is presented country by country but also as an integrated application of a new telecoms infrastructure. In terms of the global objectives for access as set in the original contract, the project can be seen to have achieved these – users can call each other, can reach relay services and can have access to emergency services. In terms of the study of process in implementing a new form of telecommunication and maintaining it in a marginalised community, the project has learned a great deal. Analysis of usage of the project service required examination of almost one million consumer data records, for Total Conversation calls. Almost 125,000 relay calls were made and analysed. Cost analysis was carried out in the context of a project worth over 8 million euros. Targets set for traffic volumes in person to person, person to relay and person to emergency services have been shown to be over-optimistic in some countries but are under-estimates in other areas. The difficulty of predicting such an intervention two years in advance of its realisation is apparent. It is also clear that different national pilots have worked in different ways experiencing different problems. The results tell us clearly that such an initiative has to be embedded both in the aspirations of the community and in the social policies of that region or country. We have collected data of self-analysis by partners, relating to the policy changes in each country, data from individual interviews, from structured user trials and from focus groups of all users – Deaf, hard of hearing, relay agents and emergency service call takers. We have also collected and analysed case studies. Data collected from users says clearly that the developments are welcomed, life-changing and liberating. There is very little question in the minds of Deaf end users that these services are required. Other users such as relay agents and emergency service call takers have been positive about the developments and have embraced the training needed in order to provide the service. A cost benefit analysis was carried out although there are some difficulties in both identifying the precise costs and measuring the benefits quantitatively. On the basis of this analysis, it can be seen that the costs of running such a service per person and per month, are not inordinately high and within the usual costs of mobile phone contracts. As more users join, the per-person cost reduces although there is less effect in the provision of relay service. Taken as a whole the project has been met with great enthusiasm. It has overcome major obstacles. It has evolved with the technological environment and has produced solutions which enthuse and encourage the inclusion of this group of people who have hitherto been set aside from the telecoms revolution. The programme evaluation is the basis for the exploitation of the concept across Europe and points in the direction of next generation telephony services and explicitly, next generation emergency service provision.

Kollektiv transport er en særdeles udbredt og velkendt måde, at sikre transportmæssig sammenhæng for den brede befolkning i både byer og købstæder. Selv i landområder giver det god mening i det mindste at tilbyde nogle strategiske rejseveje, som forbindes og suppleres med mere behovsstyret transporttilbud. At få flere mennesker til, at anvende de kollektive transportmidler anses bredt, både politisk og videnskabeligt, for at kunne reducere antallet af ture i særligt personbiler og bl.a. kunne frigøre plads i hårdt pressede byer med stor daglig trængsel, som resulterer i mange spildte timer på vejene hver dag. Desuden er det et helt centralt initiativ for at nå de klimamål som bl.a. EU og FN har fastsat og dermed gennemføre den grønne omstilling af transportområdet. For at understøtte denne omstilling er det nødvendigt, at den kollektive transport bliver mere attraktiv og kan konkurrere med de fordele, en personbil tilbyder. Der er mange kritikpunkter at adressere, f.eks. rejsetid, tilgængelighed, komfort og god og præcis rejseinformation. Disse skal hver især løbende adresseres og forbedres, for at kollektiv transport kan blive, og ikke mindst forblive, et relevant, konkurrencedygtigt og grønt alternativ til personbiler. Denne ph.d.-afhandling omhandler særligt forbedring af rejseinformation, mere specifikt præcise og robuste prognoser for ankomst- og afgangstider for busser, som bl.a. deler vejbaner med den øvrige transport, og derfor naturligt er svære at forudsige. Desuden behandles andre emner også, som kan være med til at adressere flere af de øvrige punkter, herunder bedre sikring af skift mellem to kollektive transportformer, som kan reducere rejsetid og kortlægning af rejseadfærd, som kan hjælpe med at indrette det kollektive transportsystem til at passe bedre til borgernes egentlige behov. Afhandlingen er inddelt i tre dele: i) I den første del præsenteres nyskabende metoder og modeller til at danne primært kort-tids prognoser for ankomst- og afgangstider, ii) i den anden del videreudvikles denne tilgang ved at undersøge fordele og ulemper ved at kombinere flere enkeltstående modeller i et samlet prognosesystem samt den industrielle anvendelse, mens iii) den sidste del omhandler anvendelsen af lokationsdata og maskinlærings-modeller til bedre at forstå rejseadfærd. Mere uddybende omhandler den første del tilvejebringelsen af flere nye metoder og modeller, som hver især bidrager med forbedrede prognoser for bus-rejsetid og dermed mere præcise ankomst- og afgangstider for busser. Alle modellerne bygger på forskellige innovative maskinlærings-teknikker og benytter store datamængder til at lære mønstre og sammenhænge fra tidligere observerede buslokationsdata. Til sidst udvikles også modeller, som håndterer den variation, der naturligt er i rejsetider, til bedre at kunne kvantificere usikkerheden i ankomsten. Denne information anvendes konkret til at vise, hvordan et ekspert-system kan forbedre skift mellem busser ved at prioritere holdetid på en intelligent måde. Anden del udbygger denne tilgang fra et mere anvendt og operationelt perspektiv ved at præsentere et koncept for et samlet prognosesystem, hvor flere uafhængige basismodeller kan samarbejde og konkurrere for at opnå et samlet mere funktionelt, robust og præcist system. Der argumenteres for, at dette system i højere grad kan anvendes inden for de eksisterede vilkår i branchen. Der præsenteres nødvendige designvalg for at implementere et sådant system på en skalerbar, robust og omkostningseffektiv måde, og et fuldt operationelt og open source-system leveres som en del af ph.d.-projektet. Tredje og sidste del omhandler to sideløbende studier, som relaterer sig til de forudgående dele ved at kombinere lokationsdata og avancerede maskinlærings-teknikker, men fokuserer på rejseadfærd. Det første studie omhandler estimering af gangtider ved skift fra bus til tog. Der anvendes en model til at skelne mellem passagerer, der foretager et direkte skift, og dermed repræsenterer den faktiske gangtid mellem bus og tog, og den samlede gruppe som også indeholder en mængde passagerer, som foretager aktiviteter under et skift, f.eks. indkøb, besøg i nabolaget osv. Til sidst præsenteres en metode til at klassificere en sekvens af positioner indsamlet via smartphones i enten et ophold eller bevægelse. Dette er et væsentligt skridt for at opbygge automatiske rejsedagbøger fra smartphones, som potentielt udgør en stor og indsigtsfuld kilde om rejseadfærd og kan understøtte beslutningstagere og rådgivere i planlægningen af den kollektive transport, og transportområdet generelt. Overordnet konkluderes det, at avancerede og nyudviklede metoder og modeller til at forudsige bussers ankomst- og afgangstider kan forbedre præcisionen markant, men at de ofte også er urealistiske at adoptere og produktionssætte i praksis, da der forudsættes en række betingelser, som sjældent er sande i virkelige scenarier. Den forslåede multimodel- tilgang løser nogle af disse udfordringer, dog ved at gå på delvist kompromis med præcisionen. En anden vigtig konklusion er, at modellering af usikkerheden i visse tilfælde kan tilføjes uden mærkbar konsekvens for beregningstiden og kan anvendes til intelligent håndtering bl.a. i forbindelse med skift i den kollektive transport. Afslutningsvis konkluderes det yderligere, at de to studier om kombination af lokationsdata og maskinlæringsteknikker kan afsløre detaljerede informationer om rejseadfærd, som ikke anses realistiske at indhente ved de manuelle alternativer. Derved udgør de en automatisk og omkostningslet kilde til en bred og detaljeret indsigt i rejseadfærden. ; Climate change is a complex global challenge that cuts across a range of sectors and activities. For governments, addressing this type of issue is particularly difficult because of the high level of fragmentation of their bureaucracies and administrative structures, which is not conducive to the integrated activities that are necessary for effective climate action. Consequently, there is a growing recognition that integrating climate change across established policy fields is necessary to meet climate-change goals. This awareness has become highly relevant in the context of the implementation of the Paris Agreement, according to which countries must introduce adequate policies to fulfil the mitigation commitments they have made voluntarily in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Against this background, the aim of this thesis is to examine the factors influencing climate policy integration (CPI) in developing countries from the perspective of public policy-making processes. In doing so, the thesis focuses on understanding the mechanisms leading to specific instances of policy change where sectoral policy outputs in the direction of CPI emerge. Furthermore, the thesis continues this analysis through the policy-implementation phase by proposing a conceptualization of the relationship between policy mixes and policy outcomes that addresses the agency of incumbent firms in shaping policy-mix outcomes. The research topic is investigated by means of different case studies presented in three journal articles and one book chapter that form part of this thesis. First, Paper 1 analyses the usefulness of John Kingdon's multiple streams framework (MSF) to understanding policy change in the direction of CPI in developing countries. It does so through a document analysis of two climate-mainstreaming initiatives implemented by international cooperation organizations in developing countries. Findings from Paper 1 show that the MSF is a suitable framework to analyse CPI, however it does not consider the potential effects of transnational governance on national policy processes, such as international trade agreements, global climate-policy negotiations under the umbrella of the UNFCCC, or the role or international cooperation organisations. In the light of these findings, Paper 2 combines the MSF with insights from the literature on policy expansion and dismantling to analyse the integration of climate-change considerations into energy policy. It specifically examines the factors influencing the enactment of the law on the energy transition in 2015 in Mexico as an example of a specific instance of policy change in the direction of CPI. Also informed by the results of Paper 1, in Paper 3 I supplement the analytical framework with insights from the literature on transnational policy influence on domestic policy processes and analyse the potential effects of the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on domestic CPI. Findings from Paper 2 show that the MSF has been helpful in understanding the mechanisms through which the law on the energy transition was approved in Mexico. Think tanks and NGOs, acting as policy entrepreneurs, employed diverse strategies to push for the approval of this law, which explicitly integrates climate mitigation objectives in the energy sector. Policy entrepreneurs framed the proposal as a solution to the increasing costs of meeting the growing demand for energy in the context of uncertainty about oil reserves. They softened up the system for years by participating in forums, generating feasibility studies, and deploying mass media campaigns, as well as identifying COP 21 in 2015 as a conjunctural moment that opened a policy window through which to push the law's enactment. These findings show that climate-transnational governance may influence the national energy policy-making process through the agency of domestic policy entrepreneurs. Furthermore, Paper 3 shows that, given political conditions in the US, the renegotiation of NAFTA did not incorporate climate provisions into the trade agreement, which could have influenced domestic policy processes. Finally, Paper 4 extends the analysis to the policy-implementation stage by combining insights from the literature on policy mixes for sustainability transitions and incentives and opportunities for incumbent firms' diversification. It uses a case study to analyse the effects of the policy mix for grid-connected bagasse cogeneration in Mexico on sugar firms' diversification strategies. The analysis focused on the agency of sugar firms by examining the firm-specific factors that create either incentives or opportunities to deploy resources to diversify from the firm's core business activities (sugar production) into grid-connected bagasse cogeneration. The results showed that the variation found in firms' diversification strategies depended on the different firm-specific incentives and opportunities (e.g., growth plans of core business, technological assets, infrastructural assets, etc.). However, the specific set of incentives and opportunities that motivated firms to invest in sustainable technology varied as the policy mix changed over time. Furthermore, credibility in the policy mix was a necessary condition for firms to diversify, regardless of their firm-specific factors. The overall findings of the thesis point to the value of theories of the policy process in order to inform the analysis of CPI in developing countries. Theories of the policy process provide an analytical starting point to understand the factors and mechanisms leading to specific instances of policy change in the direction of CPI. However, it is important to remain critical about the validity of these theories when applied in different contexts, to identify their shortcomings, and to explore and test additional concepts that could enhance and nuance the analysis of CPI in developing countries.

Chapter 1. Introduction to Displacement Studies: Knowledges, Concepts, Practices; Peter Adey, Janet C. Bowstead, Katherine Brickell, Vandana Desai, Mike Dolton, Alasdair Pinkerton, Ayesha Siddiqi -- Section One: Conceptualising Displacement -- Chapter 2. Mobilities and Displacement; Mimi Sheller -- Chapter 3. Political Ecologies of Displacement; Rebecca Elmhirst -- Chapter 4. Displacement Economies: A Relational Approach to Displacement; Amanda Hammar -- Chapter 5. The Slow and the Fast Violence of Displacement; James A. Tyner -- Chapter 6. Assembling Climate Change-Related Displacement; Leonie Tuitjer -- Chapter 7. Affect and Displacement; Mark Griffiths -- Chapter 8. Protection of Displaced Persons and the Rights-Based Approach; Rónán McDermott, Pat Gibbons, and Sinéad McGrath -- Chapter 9. Queering Displacement/The Displacement of Queers; Scott McKinnon -- Chapter 10. Gendered and Feminist Approaches to Displacement; Katherine Brickell and Jessie Speer -- Chapter 11. 'Race,' Ethnicity and Forced Displacement; Luisa Feline Freier, Matthew D. Bird, and Soledad Castillo Jara -- Chapter 12. Conceptualising Postcolonial Displacement Beyond Aid and Protection; Jose Jowel Canuday -- Section Two: Technologies of Displacement -- Chapter 13. Intervention: Displacement Aesthetics; Kaya Barry and Pete Adey -- Chapter 14. The Artwashing of Gentrification and Social Cleansing; Stephen Pritchard -- Chapter 15. Taking the Weather with You: Remittances, Translocality, and the Climate Migrant Within; Laurie Parsons -- Chapter 16. Barbed Displacement: Walls to the Disciplined Migrant; Bénédicte Michalon -- Chapter 17. Technologies of Deportation; William Walters -- Chapter 18. Street Technologies of Displacement: Disposable Bodies, Dispossessed Space; Elijah Adiv Edelman -- Chapter 19. Olympic Favela Evictions in Rio de Janeiro: The Consolidation of a Neoliberal Displacement Regime; James Freeman -- Section Three: Journeys of Displacement -- Chapter 20. Intervention: Women's Narratives from Refugee Camps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq; Nazand Begikhani -- Chapter 21. Constraints and Transgressions in Journeys of Displacement; Joris Schapendonk and Milena Belloni -- Chapter 22. Migrants' Displacements at the Internal Frontiers of Europe; Martina Tazzioli -- Chapter 23. Carceral Journeys; Nick Gill and Oriane Simon -- Chapter 24. Precarious Migrations and Maritime Displacement; Vicki Squire and Maurice Stierl -- Chapter 25. Maintaining Health on the Move: Access and Availability for Displaced People; Jennifer Cole -- Section Four: Traces of Displacement -- Chapter 26. Intervention: Disasters and Displacement: When There Is No Time to Stop; Ayesha Siddiqi -- Chapter 27. Antipodean Architectures of Displacement; Anoma Pieris -- Chapter 28. Spiritual Geographies of Displacement and Resilience; Julia Christensen and Veronica Madsen -- Chapter 29. Mapping Trajectories of Displacement; Nishat Awan -- Chapter 30. Uncovering Internally Displaced People in the Global North through Administrative Data: Case Studies of Residential Displacement in the UK; Janet C. Bowstead, Stuart Hodkinson, and Andy Turner -- Section Five: Governing Displacement -- Chapter 31. Intervention: Forensic Oceanography: Tracing Violence within and Against the Mediterranean Frontier's Aesthetic Regime; Charles Heller and Lorenzo Pezzani -- Chapter 32. Governing the Displaced: Contradictory Constellations of Actors, Ideas, and Strategies; Lama Tawakkol, Ali Bhagat, Sarah Sharma -- Chapter 33. Bureaucracies of Displacement: From Immigrants' Social and Physical Exclusion to Their Judicial Removal; Cecilia Menjívar and Andrea Gómez Cervantes -- Chapter 34. Police, Bailiffs, and Hired Hands: Researching the Distribution and Dissolution of Eviction Enforcement; Alexander G. Baker -- Chapter 35. Governing the Unwanted: Measuring European Migration Enforcement at Street Level; Lisa Marie Borrelli -- Chapter 36. A Forced Displacement and Atrocity Crime Nexus: Displacement as Transfer, Annihilation, and Homogenisation; Andrew R. Basso -- Section Six: More-Than-Human Displacements -- Chapter 37. Intervention: Flower Power: Khmer Women's Protests against Displacement in Cambodia and the United States; Katherine Brickell -- Chapter 38. Animals, People, and Places in Displacement; Benjamin Thomas White -- Chapter 39. Energy on the Move: Displaced Objects in Knowledge and Practice; Jamie Cross, Craig Martin, and G. Arno Verhoeven -- Chapter 40. Smartphones: Digital Infrastructures of the Displaced; Koen Leurs and Jeffrey Patterson -- Chapter 41. Family Photographs in Displacement; Penelope Pitt -- Chapter 42. Displaced Home-Objects in Homing Experiences; Mastoureh Fathi -- Chapter 43. The Role of Design in Displacement: Moving beyond Quick-Fix Solutions in Rebuilding Housing after Disaster; Esther Charlesworth and John Fien -- Section Seven: Representing Displacement -- Chapter 44: Intervention: Activism, Research and Film-Making: Fighting for the Right to Housing in Bucharest, Romania; Michele Lancione -- Chapter 45. How Not to Eat Human Stories: Ruts, Complicities and Methods in Visual Representations of Refugees; Dominika Blachnicka-Ciacek -- Chapter 46. Displacements of Experience: The Case of Immersion and Virtual Reality; Emma Bond -- Chapter 47. Displacement in Contemporary Art; John Potts -- Chapter 48. Reclaiming Safe Spaces: Arts-Based Research, Advocacy, and Social Justice; Nelli Stavropoulou -- Section Eight: Resisting Displacement -- Chapter 49. Intervention: An Interview with Anna Minton; Vandana Desai -- Chapter 50. 'Housing is a Human Right. Here to Stay, Here to Fight': Resisting Housing Displacement through Gendered, Legal and Tenured Activism; Mel Nowicki -- Chapter 51. Contesting Displacement through Radical Emplacement and Occupations in Austerity Europe; Mara Ferreri -- Chapter 52. Legal Geographies of Resistance to Gentrification and Displacement: Lessons from the Aylesbury Estate in London; Loretta Lees and Phil Hubbard -- Chapter 53: Local Faith Communities and Responses to Displacement; Susanna Trotta and Olivia Wilkinson -- Chapter 54. Hosting the Displaced: From Sanctuary Cities to Hospitable Homes; Jonathan Darling -- Chapter 55. Food and the Politics of Refuge: The Transformative Power of Asylum Seeker and Refugee Food Initiatives; Fiona Murphy.