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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi pengaruh dari Dewan Pengawas Syariah (DPS), efisiensi, profitabilitas, dan ukuran perusahaan secara simultan dan parsial terhadap pengungkapan risiko operasional pada perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif. Teknik analisis data akan menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif, analisis regresi data panel, koefisien determinasi (R2), serta uji F dan uji t. Teknik penentuan sampel yang digunakan adalah teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ukuran perusahaan, profitabilitas, efisiensi, jumlah anggota DPS dan frekuensi rapat DPS secara simultan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pengungkapan risiko operasional. Secara parsial, ukuran perusahaan dan frekuensi rapat Dewan Pengawas Syariah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan, sedangkan efisiensi berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan. Profitabilitas dan jumlah anggota Dewan Pengawas Syariah tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pengungkapan risiko operasional. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi terhadap pengetahuan mengenai keputusan pengungkapan risiko operasional perbankan syariah dan dapat menjadi rujukan bagi akademisi, pemerintah, investor syariah, dan stakeholders perbankan syariah dalam mengetahui indikator-indikator yang mempengaruhi pengungkapan risiko operasional perbankan syariah.Kata Kunci: risiko operasional, Dewan Pengawas Syariah, efisiensi, profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan. ABSTRACTThis study aims to investigate the effect of the Sharia Supervisory Board, efficiency, profitability, and firm size simultaneously and partially on operational risk disclosure in Islamic banking in Indonesia. The method used is a quantitative method. The data analysis technique will use descriptive statistical analysis, panel data regression analysis, coefficient of determination (R2), as well as F test and t test. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling technique. The results of this study indicate that company size, profitability, efficiency, number of members of the Sharia Supervisory Board and the frequency of meetings of the Sharia Supervisory Board simultaneously have a significant effect on operational risk disclosure. Partially, company size and frequency of Sharia Supervisory Board meetings have a positive and significant effect, while efficiency has a negative and significant effect. Profitability and the number of members of the Sharia Supervisory Board have no significant effect on the disclosure of operational risk. This research contributes to knowledge about decisions on disclosure of Islamic banking operational risk and can be a reference for academics, government, sharia investors, and sharia banking stakeholders in knowing the indicators that affect the disclosure of Islamic banking operational risks.Keywords: Operational Risk, Sharia Supervisory Board, Efficiency, Profitability, Firm Size.DAFTAR PUSTAKAAbdullah, M., Shahimi, S., & Ghafar Ismail, A. (2011). Operational risk in Islamic banks: Examination of issues. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 3(2), 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554171111155366Adelopo, I. (2011). Voluntary disclosure practices amongst listed companies in Nigeria. Advances in Accounting, 27(2), 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2011.08.009Ajija, S. R., Sari, D. W., Setianto, R. H., & Primanti, M. R. (2011). Cara cerdas menguasai Eviews. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Aminah, S., Erina, N., Khairudin, & Damayanti, T. (2019). Financial performance and market share in Indonesia Islamic banking: Stakeholder theory perspective. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 8(1), 14–18.Aryani, D. N., & Hussainey, K. (2017). The determinants of risk disclosure in the Indonesian non-listed banks. International Journal of Trade and Global Markets, 10(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTGM.2017.082376Baidok, W., & Septiarini, D. F. (2016). Pengaruh dewan komisaris, komposisi dewan komisaris independen, dewan pengawas syariah, frekuensi rapat dewan komisaris syariah, dan frekuensi rapat komite audit terhadap pengungkapan indeks Islamic Social Reporting pada bank umum syariah periode 2010-201. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan, 3(12), 1020. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol3iss201612pp1020-1034Barakat, A., & Hussainey, K. (2013). Bank governance, regulation, supervision, and risk reporting: Evidence from operational risk disclosures in European Banks. International Review of Financial Analysis, 30, 254–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2013.07.002Connelly, B. L., Certo, S. T., Ireland, R. D., & Reutzel, C. R. (2011). Signaling theory: A review and assessment. Journal of Management, 37(1), 39–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310388419Doi, C. J., & Harto, P. (2017). Analisis pengaruh karakteristik perusahaan terhadap tingkat pengungkapan risiko pada perusahaan manufaktur. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 6(3), 538–549.Elamer, A. A., Ntim, C. G., Abdou, H. A., & Pyke, C. (2020). Sharia supervisory boards, governance structures and operational risk disclosures: Evidence from Islamic banks in MENA countries. Global Finance Journal, 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2019.100488Elms, H., & Berman, S. (1997). Stakeholder-agency theory. Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society, 8(March), 657–668. https://doi.org/10.5840/iabsproc1997863Ginena, K. (2014). Sharī'ah risk and corporate governance of Islamic banks. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 14(1), 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-03-2013-0038Greuning, H. V., & Iqbal, Z. (2011). Analisis risiko perbankan syariah. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Guthrie, J., & Parker, L. D. (1989). Corporate social reporting: A rebuttal of legitimacy theory. Accounting and Business Research, 19(76), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.1989.9728863Hadi, N. H., & Fatihin, M. K. (2020). Determinants of sharia banking market share growth in Indonesia. Airlangga International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance, 1(2), 87. https://doi.org/10.20473/aijief.v1i2.20805Harjoto, M., & Laksmana, I. (2018). The impact of corporate social responsibility on risk taking and firm value. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(2), 353–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3202-yHelbok, G., & Wagner, C. (2006). Determinants of operational risk reporting in the banking industry. The Journal of Risk, 9(1), 49–74. https://doi.org/10.21314/jor.2006.140Hemrit, W. (2020). Difference between the determinants of operational risk reporting in Islamic and conventional banks: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Operational Risk, 15(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.21314/JOP.2019.235Ibrahimovic, S., & Franke, U. (2017). A Probabilistic approach to IT risk management in the Basel regulatory framework: A case study. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 25(2), 176–195. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-06-2016-0050Izhar, H., & Asutay, M. (2010). A theoretical analysis of the operational risk framework in Islamic banks. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 18(1), 73–113.Jelita, W. R. S., & Shofawati, A. (2019). Manajemen risiko operasional pada PT Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah (BPRS) Jabal Nur Tebuireng di Surabaya. Falah: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 4(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.22219/jes.v4i1.8733Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1979). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 163–231. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304405X7690026XKhoirudin, A. (2013). Corporate governance dan pengungkapan Islamic social reporting pada perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Accounting Analysis Journal, 2(2), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.15294/aaj.v2i2.2919Neifar, S., & Jarboui, A. (2018). Corporate governance and operational risk voluntary disclosure: Evidence from Islamic banks. Research in International Business and Finance, 46(146), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.09.006Nova, R. S., & Oktaviana, U. K. (2016). Analisis pengungkapan sukarela bank syariah di Indonesia. El-Muhasaba: Jurnal Akuntansi, 6(1), 94–110. https://doi.org/10.18860/em.v6i1.3894Nugroho, M. R. (2012). Pengaruh profitabilitas, efisiensi, dan total aset terhadap tingkat pengungkapan risiko operasional bank umum syariah di Indonesia. Skripsi tidak diterbitkan. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.Pradnyani, I. G. A. A., & Sisidyani, E. A. (2015). Pengaruh ukuran perusahaan, profitabilitas, leverage, dan ukuran dewan komisaris pada pengungkapan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 11(2), 384–397.Saufanny, A. D., & Khomsatun, S. (2019). Corporate governance dan pengungkapan manajemen risiko bank syariah di Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Islam, 5(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.35836/jakis.v5i1.13Yuanisa, L. (2019). Pengaruh kepemilikan institusional dan tata kelola perusahaan terhadap pengungkapan risiko operasional perbankan syariah. Skripsi tidak diterbitkan. Yogyakarta: Universitas Islam Indonesia.

[ANGLÈS] At the present time, user activities on Internet are permanently monitored, and the information obtained from this process is pretty useful for big advertising companies and especially for governments. The user information that external agents collect could be: search queries, clicks, text from visited web sites and even the time that users spend on browsing some sites. These data are processed in order to build user profiles that are later used to customize services. Additionally, this large amount of data susceptible of being collected (by personalized information systems) represents a serious risk for the users' privacy on Internet. Perhaps, even more critical is the fact that many users are not aware of this risk, since it is not as evident as it is in the physical world. The risk gets worse when a few companies are capable of collecting much of the user data because their services are so popular to the point where they become vital for users interaction with the Internet, as is the case with search engines. Even when users do not reveal strictly personal information such as addresses, locations or names, current technology allows to infer much of this information from each user interaction with Internet. We present in this work a first effort towards the development of an extension for the Firefox web browser that estimates the privacy risk of the privacy of a user who, due to its navigation habits, is exposed to profiling mechanisms on Internet. The risk level is shown in a comprehensible and accessible fashion in the browser graphical interface and is calculated based on different adversary models. The privacy measuring mechanism that we integrate in the browser uses metrics that were appropriately justified and that rely on information theoretic concepts. For ease of use, this tool, that we called PrivMeter, provides a privacy informative bar that is directly integrated in the browser's main graphical interface, and therefore it is permanently visible while the web browser is used. Furthermore, by means of windows PrivMeter displays more detailed information about the privacy levels of the user, both individually considered and also comparing it with other population privacy data. ; [CASTELLÀ] Actualmente, la monitorización de los usuarios en Internet es permanente, y la información obtenida en este proceso es de enorme interés para grandes compañías de publicidad y especialmente para gobiernos. Entre la información de usuario que agentes externos recopilan está fundamentalmente: las consultas de búsqueda, los clics, la información de páginas visitadas y hasta el tiempo de visita de sitios web. Estos datos son procesados con el fin de obtener perfiles de usuario en base a los cuales ahora una gran cantidad de sistemas web personalizan los servicios que ofrecen. Además, la gran cantidad de datos susceptibles de recopilarse por los sistemas de información personalizados representa un grave riesgo para la privacidad del usuario en Internet. Quizá aún más crítico es que muchos usuarios no son conscientes de este riesgo, ya que éste no es tan manifiesto como en el mundo físico. Este riesgo se agrava cuando pocas empresas pueden concentrar gran parte de los datos de usuario ya que sus servicios son muy populares y llegan a ser imprescindibles para la interacción con Internet, como es el caso de los motores de búsqueda. Aunque los usuarios no revelaran información estrictamente personal, como direcciones, ubicaciones o nombres, la tecnología actual permite inferir gran parte de esa información a partir de cada interacción del usuario con Internet. En este trabajo presentamos una aproximación para el desarrollo de una extensión del navegador Firefox que estima el riesgo de privacidad del perfil de un usuario, quien, por sus hábitos de navegación, está expuesto a mecanismos de profiling en Internet. El nivel de riesgo se muestra, de manera comprensible y accesible en la interfaz gráfica del navegador y se calcula tomando en cuenta diferentes modelos de adversario. El mecanismo de medición de privacidad que integramos en el navegador utiliza métricas adecuadamente justificadas y basadas en conceptos de teoría de la información. Para facilidad de uso, esta herramienta dispone de una barra informativa de privacidad directamente integrada en el navegador, y por lo tanto es permanentemente visible mientras el navegador es utilizado. Adicionalmente mediante ventanas se despliega información más detallada respecto de los niveles de privacidad del usuario, tanto individualmente como en comparación con otros modelos de perfiles de población. ; [CATALÀ] Actualment, la monitorització dels usuaris a Internet és permanent, i la informació obtinguda en aquest procés és d'enorme interès per a grans companyies de publicitat i especialment per governs. Entre la informació d'usuari que agents externs recopilen està fonamentalment: les consultes de cerca, els clics, la informació de pàgines visitades i fins el temps de visita de llocs web. Aquestes dades són processades amb la finalitat d'obtenir perfils d'usuari en base als quals ara una gran quantitat de sistemes web personalitzen els serveis que ofereixen. A més, la gran quantitat de dades susceptibles de recopilar pels sistemes d'informació personalitzats representa un greu risc per a la privacitat de l'usuari a Internet. Potser encara més crític és que molts usuaris no són conscients d'aquest risc, ja que aquest no és tan manifest com en el món físic. Aquest risc s'agreuja quan poques empreses poden concentrar gran part de les dades d'usuari ja que els seus serveis són molt populars i arriben a ser imprescindibles per a la interacció amb Internet, com és el cas dels motors de cerca. Tot i que els usuaris no revelessin informació estrictament personal, com adreces, ubicacions o noms, la tecnologia actual permet inferir gran part d'aquesta informació a partir de cada interacció de l'usuari amb Internet. En aquest treball presentem una aproximació per al desenvolupament d'una extensió del navegador Firefox que estima el risc de privacitat del perfil d'una persona, que, pels seus hàbits de navegació, està exposat a mecanismes de profiling a Internet. El nivell de risc es mostra, de manera entenedora i accessible a la interfície gràfica del navegador i es calcula tenint en compte diferents models d'adversari. El mecanisme de mesurament de privacitat que integrem al navegador utilitza mètriques adequadament justificades i basades en conceptes de teoria de la informació. Per facilitat d'ús, aquesta eina disposa d'una barra informativa de privacitat directament integrada en el navegador, i per tant és permanentment visible mentre el navegador és utilitzat. Addicionalment mitjançant finestres es desplega informació més detallada respecte dels nivells de privacitat de l'usuari, tant individualment com en comparació amb altres models de perfils de població.

[ANGLÈS] At the present time, user activities on Internet are permanently monitored, and the information obtained from this process is pretty useful for big advertising companies and especially for governments. The user information that external agents collect could be: search queries, clicks, text from visited web sites and even the time that users spend on browsing some sites. These data are processed in order to build user profiles that are later used to customize services. Additionally, this large amount of data susceptible of being collected (by personalized information systems) represents a serious risk for the users' privacy on Internet. Perhaps, even more critical is the fact that many users are not aware of this risk, since it is not as evident as it is in the physical world. The risk gets worse when a few companies are capable of collecting much of the user data because their services are so popular to the point where they become vital for users interaction with the Internet, as is the case with search engines. Even when users do not reveal strictly personal information such as addresses, locations or names, current technology allows to infer much of this information from each user interaction with Internet. We present in this work a first effort towards the development of an extension for the Firefox web browser that estimates the privacy risk of the privacy of a user who, due to its navigation habits, is exposed to profiling mechanisms on Internet. The risk level is shown in a comprehensible and accessible fashion in the browser graphical interface and is calculated based on different adversary models. The privacy measuring mechanism that we integrate in the browser uses metrics that were appropriately justified and that rely on information theoretic concepts. For ease of use, this tool, that we called PrivMeter, provides a privacy informative bar that is directly integrated in the browser's main graphical interface, and therefore it is permanently visible while the web browser is used. Furthermore, by means of windows PrivMeter displays more detailed information about the privacy levels of the user, both individually considered and also comparing it with other population privacy data. ; [CASTELLÀ] Actualmente, la monitorización de los usuarios en Internet es permanente, y la información obtenida en este proceso es de enorme interés para grandes compañías de publicidad y especialmente para gobiernos. Entre la información de usuario que agentes externos recopilan está fundamentalmente: las consultas de búsqueda, los clics, la información de páginas visitadas y hasta el tiempo de visita de sitios web. Estos datos son procesados con el fin de obtener perfiles de usuario en base a los cuales ahora una gran cantidad de sistemas web personalizan los servicios que ofrecen. Además, la gran cantidad de datos susceptibles de recopilarse por los sistemas de información personalizados representa un grave riesgo para la privacidad del usuario en Internet. Quizá aún más crítico es que muchos usuarios no son conscientes de este riesgo, ya que éste no es tan manifiesto como en el mundo físico. Este riesgo se agrava cuando pocas empresas pueden concentrar gran parte de los datos de usuario ya que sus servicios son muy populares y llegan a ser imprescindibles para la interacción con Internet, como es el caso de los motores de búsqueda. Aunque los usuarios no revelaran información estrictamente personal, como direcciones, ubicaciones o nombres, la tecnología actual permite inferir gran parte de esa información a partir de cada interacción del usuario con Internet. En este trabajo presentamos una aproximación para el desarrollo de una extensión del navegador Firefox que estima el riesgo de privacidad del perfil de un usuario, quien, por sus hábitos de navegación, está expuesto a mecanismos de profiling en Internet. El nivel de riesgo se muestra, de manera comprensible y accesible en la interfaz gráfica del navegador y se calcula tomando en cuenta diferentes modelos de adversario. El mecanismo de medición de privacidad que integramos en el navegador utiliza métricas adecuadamente justificadas y basadas en conceptos de teoría de la información. Para facilidad de uso, esta herramienta dispone de una barra informativa de privacidad directamente integrada en el navegador, y por lo tanto es permanentemente visible mientras el navegador es utilizado. Adicionalmente mediante ventanas se despliega información más detallada respecto de los niveles de privacidad del usuario, tanto individualmente como en comparación con otros modelos de perfiles de población. ; [CATALÀ] Actualment, la monitorització dels usuaris a Internet és permanent, i la informació obtinguda en aquest procés és d'enorme interès per a grans companyies de publicitat i especialment per governs. Entre la informació d'usuari que agents externs recopilen està fonamentalment: les consultes de cerca, els clics, la informació de pàgines visitades i fins el temps de visita de llocs web. Aquestes dades són processades amb la finalitat d'obtenir perfils d'usuari en base als quals ara una gran quantitat de sistemes web personalitzen els serveis que ofereixen. A més, la gran quantitat de dades susceptibles de recopilar pels sistemes d'informació personalitzats representa un greu risc per a la privacitat de l'usuari a Internet. Potser encara més crític és que molts usuaris no són conscients d'aquest risc, ja que aquest no és tan manifest com en el món físic. Aquest risc s'agreuja quan poques empreses poden concentrar gran part de les dades d'usuari ja que els seus serveis són molt populars i arriben a ser imprescindibles per a la interacció amb Internet, com és el cas dels motors de cerca. Tot i que els usuaris no revelessin informació estrictament personal, com adreces, ubicacions o noms, la tecnologia actual permet inferir gran part d'aquesta informació a partir de cada interacció de l'usuari amb Internet. En aquest treball presentem una aproximació per al desenvolupament d'una extensió del navegador Firefox que estima el risc de privacitat del perfil d'una persona, que, pels seus hàbits de navegació, està exposat a mecanismes de profiling a Internet. El nivell de risc es mostra, de manera entenedora i accessible a la interfície gràfica del navegador i es calcula tenint en compte diferents models d'adversari. El mecanisme de mesurament de privacitat que integrem al navegador utilitza mètriques adequadament justificades i basades en conceptes de teoria de la informació. Per facilitat d'ús, aquesta eina disposa d'una barra informativa de privacitat directament integrada en el navegador, i per tant és permanentment visible mentre el navegador és utilitzat. Addicionalment mitjançant finestres es desplega informació més detallada respecte dels nivells de privacitat de l'usuari, tant individualment com en comparació amb altres models de perfils de població.

In this thesis, I examine the book The Handmaid's Tale and the first two seasons of the television series adaptation made from it. Margaret Atwood wrote the dystopian story of The Handmaid's Tale in the 1980's inspired by, among other things, the rise of the religious right in the United States. The television series adaptation based on the book premiered on the streaming service Hulu in April 2017. The series was renewed for a second season less than a month later due to its popularity. The first season included most of the plot of the novel, and the second season continued the story forward. The television show has been called extremely relevant in the current society of the United States. The aim of this thesis is to study what has changed and what has been changed when making this television series into a relevant adaptation of the book. I will look at what kinds of changes the adapters have made to the story and the characters and what the reasons behind these changes are. Instead of individual scenes, I focus on a collection of larger themes and the way they are handled in the television adaptation. The theoretical framework consists mainly of adaptational theory, with an emphasis on texts from Linda Hutcheon and Robert Stam, and a collection of academic articles written about The Handmaid's Tale. Some chapters also include specific theories that are relevant to the theme in question, such as Foucault's theory of discourse and power in the chapter concerning language and thought and the control imposed on them in both versions of The Handmaid's Tale. The analysis section of the thesis is divided into three parts. The first discusses three themes that are present in both the novel and the television series but are represented in different ways in the two versions. These themes are the agency of female characters, religion, and language and thought. The second part discusses two themes that have been added or greatly expanded in the television series compared to the book, which are sexual minorities, and diplomacy and media. The third part discusses the decision to omit the epilogue of the book from the television series, and how this affects the story. As has been theorized in the adaptational field, multiple different factors affect the adapters' choices during an adaptation process. This was found to be true in this study as well. The culture in which an adaptation is made affects the adaptation itself, and this is especially true for The Handmaid's Tale, where the story is moved from the near future of the 1980's to the near future of the 2010's. Situating the story close to the current day allows the adapters to include such relevant themes as the overturning of the same-sex marriage in the show. During the recent years, viewers of the television series have been worried that women's rights, especially reproductive rights and abortion, are under attack from the religious right. This has led to demonstrators wearing clothes fashioned after the dresses of the Handmaids from the television series in women's rights demonstrations. One of the key findings of this thesis was the fact that the many choices the adapters make to change a text are connected to each other. Deciding to make the language use of the characters less controlled than it is in the novel also increases the agency of the characters. And deciding to make the protagonist a more active and resistant character also makes her less complex than her counterpart in the book. The analysis of the different themes showed that there are two defining reasons why the television show The Handmaid's Tale is considered extremely relevant. The changes in the culture and the political atmosphere in the United States in the recent years have made the story seem more plausible. In addition to that, the adapters have made several choices to move the story to the current time and to add new, relevant themes to it. ; Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Orjattaresi-kirjaa ja siitä tehdyn televisiosarja-adaptaation kahta ensimmäistä tuotantokautta. Margaret Atwood kirjoitti tämän dystooppisen tarinan 1980-luvulla inspiraationaan muun muassa uskonnollisen oikeiston nousu Yhdysvalloissa. Kirjaan perustuvan televisiosarjan ensimmäinen jakso julkaistiin Hulu-suoratoistopalvelussa huhtikuussa 2017. Suuren suosion ansiosta sarjaa päätettiin jatkaa toiselle kaudelle jo alle kuukausi ensi-illan jälkeen. Ensimmäinen tuotantokausi sisälsi lähes kaiken kirjan juonesta ja toinen kausi vei juonta kirjaa pidemmälle. The Handmaid's Tale – Orjattaresi -sarjaa on kutsuttu äärimmäisen ajankohtaiseksi Yhdysvaltojen nykyisessä yhteiskunnassa. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on tutkia mikä on muuttunut ja mitä on muutettu tehdessä tästä kirjasta ajankohtaista televisiosarja-adaptaatiota. Tutkin millaisia muutoksia adaptoijat ovat tehneet tarinaan ja hahmoihin ja mitkä ovat syyt näiden muutosten taustalla. Yksittäisten kohtausten sijaan keskityn kokoelmaan suurempia teemoja ja niiden käsittelyä tässä adaptaatiossa. Tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys koostuu pääosin adaptaatioteoriasta, keskittyen erityisesti Linda Hutcheonin ja Robert Stamin teksteihin, sekä kokoelmasta Orjattaresi-kirjasta kirjoitetuista akateemisista artikkeleista. Joissakin luvuissa on myös käytetty yksittäisiä, juuri kyseiseen teemaan liittyviä teorioita kuten Foucaultin diskurssi- ja valtateoriaa luvussa, joka käsittelee kieltä ja ajatuksia ja niiden kontrollointia eri versioissa. Analyysiosio on jaettu kolmeen osaan. Ensimmäinen käsittelee kolmea eri teemaa, jotka ovat läsnä sekä kirjassa että televisiosarjassa, mutta joita käsitellään niissä eri tavoin. Nämä teemat ovat naishahmojen toiminnallisuus, uskonto, sekä kieli ja ajatukset. Toinen osa käsittelee kahta teemaa, jotka on lisätty televisiosarjaan tai joiden merkitystä siinä on kasvatettu merkittävästi. Nämä teemat ovat seksuaalivähemmistöt sekä diplomatia ja media. Kolmas osa pohtii päätöstä jättää kirjan epilogi pois sarjasta ja sitä, miten tämä päätös vaikuttaa tarinaan. Kuten adaptaatiota tutkiessa on teoretisoitu, monet eri asiat vaikuttavat adaptoijien valintoihin adaptaatioprosessin aikana. Myös tämän tutkielman tulokset tukevat tätä päätelmää. Kulttuuri, jossa adaptaatio tehdään, vaikuttaa itse adaptaatioon, ja tämä on totta etenkin tässä tapauksessa, jossa adaptoitava tarina on siirretty 1980-luvun lähitulevaisuudesta 2010-luvun lähitulevaisuuteen. Tapahtumien siirtäminen nykyaikaan antaa adaptoijille mahdollisuuden lisätä tarinaan ajankohtaisia aiheita kuten tasa-arvoisen avioliittolain kumoaminen. Viime vuosina The Handmaid's Tale – Orjattaresi -sarjan katsojat ovat olleet huolissaan siitä, että naisten oikeudet – etenkin lisääntymis- ja aborttioikeudet – ovat olleet uskonnollisen oikeiston hyökkäysten kohteena. Tämä on johtanut siihen, että mielenosoittajat ovat pukeutuneet orjattarien pukujen mukaan tehtyihin vaatteisiin osallistuessaan naisten oikeuksia puolustaviin mielenosoituksiin. Tutkielmassa selviää, että adaptoijien tekemät päätökset liittyvät ja vaikuttavat toisiinsa. Päätös vähentää hahmojen kielenkäyttöön liittyvää kontrollia päätyy samalla lisäämään hahmojen toiminnallisuutta. Ja päätös tehdä päähenkilöstä aktiivisempi ja vahvemmin valtaapitäviä vastustava johtaa siihen, että hahmosta tulee yksitahoisempi kuin mitä kirjan päähenkilö on. Eri teemojen analysointi osoitti, että on olemassa kaksi pääsyytä sille, miksi The Handmaid's Tale – Orjattaresi -sarjaa pidetään niin ajankohtaisena. Muutokset Yhdysvaltojen kulttuurissa ja poliittisessa ilmapiirissä ovat tehneet tarinasta uskottavamman. Sen lisäksi adaptoijat ovat tehneet useita valintoja siirtääkseen tarinan nykyaikaan ja lisätäkseen uusia, ajankohtaisia aiheita siihen.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению сущности глобализационных процессов, их влияния на образование и реализацию права. Выявлены закономерности развития правовой системы Украины, а также положительные и негативные последствия глобализации для государства вцелом ; Problem statement. Globalization is universal in nature and the nature of the phenomenon. It covers not only the global economy, finance, the media, where it manifests itself in the most developed form, and other areas of public life, including the right. This right is not just a means of securing formal processes of globalization and manages, but also feel the same on their part to significant influence. In this regard, the study of any issues related to the transformation of legal phenomena and processes in the context of globalization, today is important.The topical value of the research. A characteristic feature of the modern world is the interpenetration of cultures and principles of law that can be described by such concepts as convergence, integration, assimilation, creative interaction. Covered by the notions of dynamic processes on the one hand, contribute to the formation of a unified world community on the other, accompanied by contradictory processes aimed at identifying cultural identity, legal autonomy and generate a number of important theoretical and practical issues affecting the different sides of law. It comes to the requirements that apply modern legal systems globalization. These requirements cannot be underestimated, since all legal systems regardless of their own free will involve in the changes that are taking place and the conditions of their existence.The aim of the article. The relevance of the proposed research problems caused by the realities of today. In the context of globalization there is a need for theoretical and methodological understanding the nature and trends of the national legal system. The new research paradigms based legal system in the science of state and law, which is important for the formation of legal awareness and implementation of the rule of law in Ukraine.Historical experience shows that proclaimed as universal determinants «universal values» are not always relevant to national legal systems. Templates mechanically transferred often are not zhyttyediyalnymy because it does not take into account the features of the mentality and legal culture, formed in a particular society in the historical and cultural development.The effectiveness and viability of the legal system reflected in the extent to which the modern state links its development with the formation of legal awareness; develop legal culture, the achievement of stability in the legal intrastate and international relations.The article is a review of the main approaches to understanding the processes of globalization, the analysis of the forms and directions of separating from related processes and phenomena that determine the trends of the legal system of Ukraine in the context of globalization.An example of the impact of globalization on the legal system of the state is to take 4 November 1950 in Rome ten member states of the Council of Europe (Belgium, UK, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, France) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the establishment to ensure obligations under the Convention 21 January 1959 the European court of human rights to consider complaints of violations of the Convention. Ratification of the European Convention enables all persons under its jurisdiction; apply to the European Court if they believe their rights have been violated. This also applies to citizens of Ukraine, which is confirmed by Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine.The main systemic risk factor in the formation of a single global world economy that emerged in the context of globalization is that the global economy with its inherent system of international economic relations is increasingly spreading properties market economy as a system of self-organizing, with very weak, uncertain and unstable, crisis management processes.In modern conditions of statehood in Ukraine has intensified the process of reform and renewal of national legislation. These processes caused the transformation period of society and the complexity of social relations that requires not only the most improvement of regulations, but also enhance research problems of formation of law, rulemaking and institute the right.Rule-making in the context of globalization transformed primarily towards the expansion of its social base, that an increasing number of takes not passive, but active and direct participation in the process. This process is transformed and influenced by the fact that in the legal field, new problems whose solution requires mandatory legal regulations at national and supranational levels. Environmental issues, security of information. Demographics require a new approach and new thinking, in which the need to combine all aspects of legal regulation. It would be fair comment is that globalization requires a different view of the rulemaking process, in accordance with other principles of regulation of modern social processes. He has held ethical turn in international relations, which are based need to put ethical principles of human existence in the world: justice, freedom, equality, consensus pluralism. It is impossible to ignore the legal framework traditions and mentality of peoples and impose uniform legal norms.One of the fundamental problems is the right exercise control globalization, harmonization of processes and neutralization of negative consequences. The right should act as a tool of globalization while managing its processes means. The process of globalization in the legal field is developing in two directions, which represent only the transformation of law. On the one hand, it is clear the impact globalization processes on the right, resulting in convergence and convergence of our legal systems. This formed the general trends of development, which include a tendency implementation of national legal systems universally recognized norms and principles; the emergence of new areas of law, such as space, information, change of legislation in connection with the integration processes and more. On the other hand, through the law attempts to steer globalization in a certain way, for example, the introduction of domestic law standards of other countries, thus adapted to the mentality of national legal and other historical and cultural features.Conclusions of the research. So whatever aspects of life of law did not affect the process of globalization should not be destroying national legal cultures. Identity national legal cultures preserved, including the identity of law. States can borrow one of the same law, institutions, law, but the legal system as a whole. Also integrated into the legal system of foreign law acquire national identity in the process of their application. This suggests that the relative autonomy law. ; Розглянуто сутність глобалізаційних процесів, їх вплив на утворення та реалізацію права. Виявлено закономірності розвитку правової системи України, а також позитивні й негативні наслідки глобалізації для держави в цілому

Статья посвящена рассмотрению сущности глобализационных процессов, их влияния на образование и реализацию права. Выявлены закономерности развития правовой системы Украины, а также положительные и негативные последствия глобализации для государства вцелом ; Problem statement. Globalization is universal in nature and the nature of the phenomenon. It covers not only the global economy, finance, the media, where it manifests itself in the most developed form, and other areas of public life, including the right. This right is not just a means of securing formal processes of globalization and manages, but also feel the same on their part to significant influence. In this regard, the study of any issues related to the transformation of legal phenomena and processes in the context of globalization, today is important.The topical value of the research. A characteristic feature of the modern world is the interpenetration of cultures and principles of law that can be described by such concepts as convergence, integration, assimilation, creative interaction. Covered by the notions of dynamic processes on the one hand, contribute to the formation of a unified world community on the other, accompanied by contradictory processes aimed at identifying cultural identity, legal autonomy and generate a number of important theoretical and practical issues affecting the different sides of law. It comes to the requirements that apply modern legal systems globalization. These requirements cannot be underestimated, since all legal systems regardless of their own free will involve in the changes that are taking place and the conditions of their existence.The aim of the article. The relevance of the proposed research problems caused by the realities of today. In the context of globalization there is a need for theoretical and methodological understanding the nature and trends of the national legal system. The new research paradigms based legal system in the science of state and law, which is important for the formation of legal awareness and implementation of the rule of law in Ukraine.Historical experience shows that proclaimed as universal determinants «universal values» are not always relevant to national legal systems. Templates mechanically transferred often are not zhyttyediyalnymy because it does not take into account the features of the mentality and legal culture, formed in a particular society in the historical and cultural development.The effectiveness and viability of the legal system reflected in the extent to which the modern state links its development with the formation of legal awareness; develop legal culture, the achievement of stability in the legal intrastate and international relations.The article is a review of the main approaches to understanding the processes of globalization, the analysis of the forms and directions of separating from related processes and phenomena that determine the trends of the legal system of Ukraine in the context of globalization.An example of the impact of globalization on the legal system of the state is to take 4 November 1950 in Rome ten member states of the Council of Europe (Belgium, UK, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, France) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the establishment to ensure obligations under the Convention 21 January 1959 the European court of human rights to consider complaints of violations of the Convention. Ratification of the European Convention enables all persons under its jurisdiction; apply to the European Court if they believe their rights have been violated. This also applies to citizens of Ukraine, which is confirmed by Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine.The main systemic risk factor in the formation of a single global world economy that emerged in the context of globalization is that the global economy with its inherent system of international economic relations is increasingly spreading properties market economy as a system of self-organizing, with very weak, uncertain and unstable, crisis management processes.In modern conditions of statehood in Ukraine has intensified the process of reform and renewal of national legislation. These processes caused the transformation period of society and the complexity of social relations that requires not only the most improvement of regulations, but also enhance research problems of formation of law, rulemaking and institute the right.Rule-making in the context of globalization transformed primarily towards the expansion of its social base, that an increasing number of takes not passive, but active and direct participation in the process. This process is transformed and influenced by the fact that in the legal field, new problems whose solution requires mandatory legal regulations at national and supranational levels. Environmental issues, security of information. Demographics require a new approach and new thinking, in which the need to combine all aspects of legal regulation. It would be fair comment is that globalization requires a different view of the rulemaking process, in accordance with other principles of regulation of modern social processes. He has held ethical turn in international relations, which are based need to put ethical principles of human existence in the world: justice, freedom, equality, consensus pluralism. It is impossible to ignore the legal framework traditions and mentality of peoples and impose uniform legal norms.One of the fundamental problems is the right exercise control globalization, harmonization of processes and neutralization of negative consequences. The right should act as a tool of globalization while managing its processes means. The process of globalization in the legal field is developing in two directions, which represent only the transformation of law. On the one hand, it is clear the impact globalization processes on the right, resulting in convergence and convergence of our legal systems. This formed the general trends of development, which include a tendency implementation of national legal systems universally recognized norms and principles; the emergence of new areas of law, such as space, information, change of legislation in connection with the integration processes and more. On the other hand, through the law attempts to steer globalization in a certain way, for example, the introduction of domestic law standards of other countries, thus adapted to the mentality of national legal and other historical and cultural features.Conclusions of the research. So whatever aspects of life of law did not affect the process of globalization should not be destroying national legal cultures. Identity national legal cultures preserved, including the identity of law. States can borrow one of the same law, institutions, law, but the legal system as a whole. Also integrated into the legal system of foreign law acquire national identity in the process of their application. This suggests that the relative autonomy law. ; Розглянуто сутність глобалізаційних процесів, їх вплив на утворення та реалізацію права. Виявлено закономірності розвитку правової системи України, а також позитивні й негативні наслідки глобалізації для держави в цілому

Статья посвящена рассмотрению сущности глобализационных процессов, их влияния на образование и реализацию права. Выявлены закономерности развития правовой системы Украины, а также положительные и негативные последствия глобализации для государства вцелом ; Problem statement. Globalization is universal in nature and the nature of the phenomenon. It covers not only the global economy, finance, the media, where it manifests itself in the most developed form, and other areas of public life, including the right. This right is not just a means of securing formal processes of globalization and manages, but also feel the same on their part to significant influence. In this regard, the study of any issues related to the transformation of legal phenomena and processes in the context of globalization, today is important.The topical value of the research. A characteristic feature of the modern world is the interpenetration of cultures and principles of law that can be described by such concepts as convergence, integration, assimilation, creative interaction. Covered by the notions of dynamic processes on the one hand, contribute to the formation of a unified world community on the other, accompanied by contradictory processes aimed at identifying cultural identity, legal autonomy and generate a number of important theoretical and practical issues affecting the different sides of law. It comes to the requirements that apply modern legal systems globalization. These requirements cannot be underestimated, since all legal systems regardless of their own free will involve in the changes that are taking place and the conditions of their existence.The aim of the article. The relevance of the proposed research problems caused by the realities of today. In the context of globalization there is a need for theoretical and methodological understanding the nature and trends of the national legal system. The new research paradigms based legal system in the science of state and law, which is important for the formation of legal awareness and implementation of the rule of law in Ukraine.Historical experience shows that proclaimed as universal determinants «universal values» are not always relevant to national legal systems. Templates mechanically transferred often are not zhyttyediyalnymy because it does not take into account the features of the mentality and legal culture, formed in a particular society in the historical and cultural development.The effectiveness and viability of the legal system reflected in the extent to which the modern state links its development with the formation of legal awareness; develop legal culture, the achievement of stability in the legal intrastate and international relations.The article is a review of the main approaches to understanding the processes of globalization, the analysis of the forms and directions of separating from related processes and phenomena that determine the trends of the legal system of Ukraine in the context of globalization.An example of the impact of globalization on the legal system of the state is to take 4 November 1950 in Rome ten member states of the Council of Europe (Belgium, UK, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, France) Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the establishment to ensure obligations under the Convention 21 January 1959 the European court of human rights to consider complaints of violations of the Convention. Ratification of the European Convention enables all persons under its jurisdiction; apply to the European Court if they believe their rights have been violated. This also applies to citizens of Ukraine, which is confirmed by Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine.The main systemic risk factor in the formation of a single global world economy that emerged in the context of globalization is that the global economy with its inherent system of international economic relations is increasingly spreading properties market economy as a system of self-organizing, with very weak, uncertain and unstable, crisis management processes.In modern conditions of statehood in Ukraine has intensified the process of reform and renewal of national legislation. These processes caused the transformation period of society and the complexity of social relations that requires not only the most improvement of regulations, but also enhance research problems of formation of law, rulemaking and institute the right.Rule-making in the context of globalization transformed primarily towards the expansion of its social base, that an increasing number of takes not passive, but active and direct participation in the process. This process is transformed and influenced by the fact that in the legal field, new problems whose solution requires mandatory legal regulations at national and supranational levels. Environmental issues, security of information. Demographics require a new approach and new thinking, in which the need to combine all aspects of legal regulation. It would be fair comment is that globalization requires a different view of the rulemaking process, in accordance with other principles of regulation of modern social processes. He has held ethical turn in international relations, which are based need to put ethical principles of human existence in the world: justice, freedom, equality, consensus pluralism. It is impossible to ignore the legal framework traditions and mentality of peoples and impose uniform legal norms.One of the fundamental problems is the right exercise control globalization, harmonization of processes and neutralization of negative consequences. The right should act as a tool of globalization while managing its processes means. The process of globalization in the legal field is developing in two directions, which represent only the transformation of law. On the one hand, it is clear the impact globalization processes on the right, resulting in convergence and convergence of our legal systems. This formed the general trends of development, which include a tendency implementation of national legal systems universally recognized norms and principles; the emergence of new areas of law, such as space, information, change of legislation in connection with the integration processes and more. On the other hand, through the law attempts to steer globalization in a certain way, for example, the introduction of domestic law standards of other countries, thus adapted to the mentality of national legal and other historical and cultural features.Conclusions of the research. So whatever aspects of life of law did not affect the process of globalization should not be destroying national legal cultures. Identity national legal cultures preserved, including the identity of law. States can borrow one of the same law, institutions, law, but the legal system as a whole. Also integrated into the legal system of foreign law acquire national identity in the process of their application. This suggests that the relative autonomy law. ; Розглянуто сутність глобалізаційних процесів, їх вплив на утворення та реалізацію права. Виявлено закономірності розвитку правової системи України, а також позитивні й негативні наслідки глобалізації для держави в цілому

Introduction. The level of the company's financial security is determined not so much by the indicators of its activity on the basis of economic analysis, but by the perception and, as a consequence, professional judgment of stakeholders, experts. The basic approaches to the company's financial security definition are described and the role of economic analysis in the assessment, which consists not of its complex research, but of the economic indicators, quantitative data on the state of the company's financial security, is presented. Nevertheless, to speak of a comprehensive and in-depth study of the level of financial security based on economic analysis only would be incorrect and inaccurate. Indices, indicators that are analyzed on the basis of financial or managerial reporting provide only a superficial understanding of the problem or even distort the overall picture, as they are recorded at a particular point in time. When processing data in numerical or visual format, it is rarely possible to present all the information as a whole at the same time. The expert assessment of company's financial security is the most objective method, which, however, has disadvantages related to the cognitive limitations of experts.Purpose. To substantiate the principles of assessing the company's financial security based on the principles of behavioral economics Results. The article put forward a hypothesis and proved that the level of the company's financial security is determined not so much by the indicators of its activity on the basis of economic analysis, but by the perception and, as a consequence, professional judgment of stakeholders, experts. The basic approaches to the company's financial security definition are described and the role of economic analysis in the assessment, which consists not of its complex research, but of the economic indicators, quantitative data on the state of the company's financial security, is presented. Nevertheless, to speak of a comprehensive and in-depth study of the level of financial security based on economic analysis only would be incorrect and inaccurate. Indices, indicators that are analyzed on the basis of financial or managerial reporting provide only a superficial understanding of the problem or even distort the overall picture, as they are recorded at a particular point in time. When processing data in numerical or visual format, it is rarely possible to present all the information as a whole at the same time. The expert assessment of company's financial security is the most objective method, which, however, has disadvantages related to the cognitive limitations of experts.Originality. The analysis of financial indicators based on economic analysis data does not allow to assess company's financial security in an unambiguous and objective way and that its level is determined, rather, on the basis of the perception of those, who evaluate it, as well as that it is impossible to obtain reliability, based solely on subjective judgments, we propose to use the expert method, as the most objective one for assessing company's financial security.Such approach is not a new one or unique, because this is how almost the whole, and especially large, business has worked successfully for a long time, creating collegial bodies for decision-making (board, board of directors, supervisory board, etc.). However, this method is characterized by shortcomings and features that are inherent in the principles of behavioral economics, which should be considered in more detail.It is clear that experts' perception of the level of this important indicator can not be formed only on the basis of their even significant experience, but should consider the data of objective control of the company on the basis of its financial, management and other reporting – those indices and indicators that reflect the state of financial security for a certain (adequate) period of its functioning.The key one will be the question of who and for what purpose assesses company's financial security. The final decision of the experts on determining the level of financial security will depend on the set goals, tasks, as well as their formulations. This is due to the cognitive limitations of each expert group member.Therefore, the level of company's financial security is ultimately determined by just two levels of "high enough" and "not high enough" in specific situations when making concrete decisions. This level is defined by a group of people or a person entrusted with such powers of the company. It is possible to determine the level of company's financial security by a certain digital value, for example, using an integral indicator or a set of indices, coefficients, indicators, using different methods. However, these indicators and their normative values can be thoroughly substantiated, nevertheless, decision-makers will only take them into account and not consider them explicitly as dogma.Thus, the most important issue is the formulation of the request to decision makers and the justification of its consequences.Conclusion. The article substantiates that the level of company's financial security depends not so much on the indicators of its activity, but on its perception of decision-makers and other stakeholders. At the same time, this perception is formed due to the continuous participation of the stakeholder in operations, constant monitoring of financial indicators, the study of current approaches to enterprise management, changes in the environment, market conditions, etc. The role of economic analysis in assessing company's financial security as a state is not in its complex study, but in the presented economic indicators, the processing of quantitative data on the company's financial security. Instead, to speak of a comprehensive and thorough study of the level of financial security on the basis of economic analysis only would be incorrect and unreliable. Indices, indicators that are analyzed on the basis of financial or management reporting provide only a cursory view of the problem or even distort the overall picture, as they are taken at a particular point in time. For example, liquidity indicators change in certain groups of businesses and the country's economic or political environment can transform a liquid company with a solid stock of liquidity into absolutely illiquid in a few moments. However, considering the previous data of economic analysis without bearing in mind other aspects, it is possible to make fatal decisions for the company. Although, of course, such a scenario is impossible, since behind each enterprise there are people, whose decisions and experience depend on its further development, and practice shows that such people are not oriented solely to economic analysis data without context, to assess the situation in the economy of the country or the world in general. Their experience and perception of financial security are essencial in decision making. Thus, the paper argues that the method of expert assessment of company's financial security is the most objective one, which, however, has disadvantages associated with cognitive limitations of people.

Introduction. This article examines the theoretical and practical principles of institutional and institutional prerequisites for ensuring the development of regional natural gas distribution operators in modern economic conditions. The author's position on the substantiation of the high level of importance and relevance of the role of the institutional environment in the structure of ensuring the maximum level of efficiency of the process of development of regional gas distribution networks was also reflected. All possible manifestations of maximum efficiency in the main and additional activities of gas distribution network operators in the Western region of Ukraine are outlined. It was proved that it is the developed form of institutional support and the environment that covers the presence of the required institutions, as well as mutually harmonizes them. This aspect affects the internal business processes that take place in the activities of regional gas distribution companies, their organizational and technical development, as the formation of the image at the interregional and international levels, as well as increasing the quality and reliability of distribution services among natural gas consumers. As a result of the study of the institutional basis, as well as the nature of institutions and their possible impact on the efficiency of gas distribution organizations in the western region, the latter was conditionally divided into basic and related activities. The purpose of the article. Research of institutional preconditions for ensuring the development of regional gas distribution network operators. Results. It is known that today the level of stability of the environment of gas distribution companies in Ukraine is insufficient, at the same time their regional position is unbalanced, which in turn implies the need to find new directions and mechanisms to help overcome various crises and trends on the way to highly efficient and unhindered their development. It is the aspect that Ukrainian regional gas distribution companies are an important component of national energy security and independence, including the stable and continuous supply of consumer demand in the natural gas distribution market, at the same time have almost always a monopoly position and is the center for the implementation of speculative decisions at the highest state level, necessitates large-scale development of institutional support to regulate their activities with the obligation to the delineation of the boundaries of potential development. An important aspect of the future development of regional gas distribution companies in a rather unstable operating environment is the creation of a broad-based institutional environment that will ensure balance and regulate relations between the consumer sector, government institutions, and the gas distribution companies themselves. At the same time, it will create appropriate conditions for the constant increase in the level of competitiveness of the latter. From this, we can conclude that institutional efficiency is directly dependent on the aspect - who exactly ensures their creation and further control of their functioning. After all, the degree of functional efficiency and further successful development of regional gas distribution network operators in Ukraine will depend on how skillfully the country will create equal conditions for absolutely all participants of the natural gas distribution market by implementing institutional incentives and restrictions. Thus, it is the institutional form of the approach to ensuring the further development of regional gas distribution organizations that is focused on the study of institutions and institutions that contribute to the regulation of their activities. In other words, the institutional form of regulating the activities of regional gas distribution network operators is a directed activity of natural gas distribution market participants, which to some extent affects the functioning and further development of gas distribution companies in the region towards continuous improvement of their structure, overall strategy, and management system. , common values, etc .; including taking into account the impact of social, economic, legal, and political institutions in the face of various kinds of instability. Quite important in the process of institutionalization of the process of functioning of gas distribution companies are market institutions and institutes, including: financial, infrastructural, legal and functional; private property; competition. We offer a study of the prospects for the introduction of possible changes in the activities of regional gas distribution companies because of established institutional dogmas. Today, it is not effective enough, and in some regions of Ukraine there is no form of state support for the implementation of relevant programs of innovation and scientific and technological progress has led to a significant deterioration in the distribution of natural gas consumers. After all, there is still a high level of wear of gas distribution networks and their significant resource and energy consumption, there are no innovative solutions. Among the reasons that led to such a market position of regional gas distribution companies is the lack of institutional support, which is the lack of proper foundations for the implementation of innovative solutions, lack of necessary material and financial support to update technological solutions in production, corruption, etc. Today, due to the lack of normal and functional institutional support, there are no proper contractual processes that would be established between suppliers and consumers of natural gas in the regions based on transparency. In our opinion, the formation of institutional approaches and tools for their implementation will increase the efficiency of gas distribution companies in the region, improve the quality of services provided, and will stimulate all participants in the distribution market among natural gas consumers in the region. It is also worth noting that the vast majority of regional gas distribution companies are part of a rather complex "vertical" structure. In turn, as is known from the course of institutional theory, under the conditions of the vertical form of structural construction of the enterprise, there is also a fairly high level of possible costs for its management. Conclusions. It is important to note that the institutional environment, which will be expressed in the presence of all necessary institutions, as well as their coherence with each other today, is a significant and dominant entity in terms of ensuring maximum efficiency and further development of gas distribution companies in the western region of Ukraine. We believe that the most effective and functioning institutional environment will create conditions for maximizing the level of internal processes at gas distribution companies; the most effective organizational and technological development; harmonizes mutual relations between all market participants. ; В зазначеній статті було досліджено теоретичні та практичні засади інституціональних та інституційних передумов забезпечення розвитку регіональних операторів розподілу природного газу в сучасних умовах господарювання. Також було відображено позицію автора щодо обґрунтування високого рівня важливості та актуальності ролі інституціонального середовища в структурі забезпечення максимального рівня ефективності процесу розвитку регіональних газорозподільних мереж. Окреслено усі можливі прояви максимальної ефективності в основній та додатковій діяльності операторів газорозподільних мереж Західного регіону України. Було доведено, що саме розвинена форма інституційного забезпечення та середовища охоплюють присутність потрібних інституцій, а також взаємно узгоджує їх. Даний аспект впливає на внутрішні бізнес-процеси, що мають місце в діяльності регіональних газорозподільних підприємств, на їх організаційно-технічний розвиток, як формування іміджу на міжрегіональному та міжнародному рівнях, а також збільшення рівня якості та надійності послуг по розподілу серед споживачів природного газу. В результаті дослідження інституціонального базису, а також природи інституцій та їх можливого впливу на ефективність діяльності газорозподільних організацій західного регіону, останню було умовно поділено базову та дотичну діяльність.

This
week, Bossier Parish police jurors can choose whether to dig their
political gravesites a little deeper when they decide who to represent them on
the Cypress
Black Bayou Recreation and Water Conservation District.

The agency has been mired in controversy for years
with the ongoing dispute over whether the Jury's two-time appointee to
five-year terms, Robert Berry, also can serve as the district's executive director.
This spring, the Louisiana Supreme Court answered that question definitively by
ordering lower courts to rule that Berry's continued service in both positions
violated the state's dual officeholding statute.

Nonetheless, with Berry's term ending in a couple
of weeks, the agency's Board of Commissioners (with his recusal) inexplicably
asked for his reappointment despite no evidence that he intended to resign
as executive director, which is the only legal way he could continue. Unless
the Jury wants its slot on the Board, its composition filled with area parish
government agency representatives, to go vacant, it must decide in this week's
meeting either to reappoint Berry to a third term, appoint somebody else which
would allow Berry legally to stay on as executive director, or leave the spot
unfilled.

Reappointment would flout openly the highest
court's ruling, but acting above the law has become more the pattern than the
exception for jurors. A year-and-a-half after without vetting anybody else it
handed the parish administrator's post to long-time parish engineer Butch Ford,
he apparently illegally holds the job after Republican Parish Assessor Bobby Edmiston determined
Ford doesn't occupy a Bossier Parish property in his name, which he must do
in order to qualify to register to vote at a parish address as required by
state law to have the job. Jurors turned a blind eye to his not being
registered in the parish for the first ten months of his tenure and then ever
since have winked at the gamesmanship Ford has employed to allow his continued
occupation of a property in Caddo Parish as a residence.

Jurors also in violation of dual officeholding
provisions comprise the entirety of the parish's Library Board of
Control (which will meet prior to the Jury meeting), for several years now.
In fact, all five members now are jurors: Republicans Bob
Brotherton, Glenn
Benton, Julianna
Parks, and Doug
Rimmer, and Democrat Charles
Gray. Each serves knowingly illegally.

This arrogant belief that they may discard the
laws that don't suit them has begun to draw a backlash. Brotherton and
Republican Mac
Plummer already have drawn opponents in the forms of Michael Farris and
Keith Sutton, respectively. At least two other jurors, Parks and Republican Philip
Rodgers, also have had opponents seriously consider challenging them, and it
was only through a disqualification that Gray took office in a district the
demographics of which don't favor him so he likely will draw an opponent.
Qualifying for all dozen positions runs Aug. 8-10, although qualification by
petition already has commenced.

Perhaps only Benton, Rodgers, Parks, and the GOP's
John Ed Jorden and Chris
Marsiglia have any real preparation for challenges, since they were the
only jurors to run against opposition in their last elections (a special election
in Parks' case, after her interim appointment). In fact, the campaign muscles
for the majority of incumbents should be quite flabby with few resources
gathered according to campaign finance reports through last year.

Brotherton – laid up with health problems and
unable to campaign but apparently running for reelection – hasn't had
opposition since 2011 and filed an affidavit for his campaign finance report
then and 2015, which meant he spent less than $5,000 and didn't receive more
than $200 from any one source, and subsequently emptied his account of $734. He
didn't file anything in 2019, meaning he raised and spent nothing (other that
pay with his own money his filing fees). Plummer has filed only affidavits
since his 2008 initial (special) election, through 2015.

Republican Tom Salzer never filed for his only
contest, and even though Jorden faced an opponent he didn't either in his first
try (his opponent
did file to show spending over $1,600, mostly his own funds). Gray spent $1,100
in his only 2019 contest, but most of it his own. Marsiglia spent $2,000 to
defeat his opponent and emptied his account. Republican Doug Rimmer filed affidavits
in his contested 2011 race and uncontested 2015 one, and none in 2019, leaving
nothing.

Among the real veterans, only Benton has faced much
in the way of opposition recently, contested since 2007 and let slide only in
2015. Nevertheless, he spent next to nothing that period, in 2019 picking up a
single political action committee donation and spend $521 on election day for a
party for supporters, emptying his account.

By contrast, independent Jerome
Darby hasn't had opposition since 2007, his first in two decades, and Democrat
Jimmy
Cochran none since 1995. Both last filed by affidavit in 2015 and have nothing
on the books.

Even as Rodgers had to run more than a moribund
campaign in 2019, self-financed with the assistance of family members to the
tune of $14,000, he emptied his account afterwards and will have to round up
dollars again. The only other juror to have run more than a cursory campaign in
the last four years, Parks, drawing upon connections that her husband
Republican City Judge Santi
Parks enjoyed, raised over $23,000 and spent $15,000, leaving her as the
only sitting juror who had funding left in the bank.

In summary, almost all jurors haven't run more
than a cursory campaign, if ever, in recent years. Few have proven they can
compete against a serious and motivated challenger that can raise approaching
five figures in cash and therefore may be ripe to be picked off by such an
opponent. And recent comments made by Rodgers at a recent Cypress Black Bayou meeting
that seemed to indicate he received favorable treatment because he was an
elected official makes him vulnerable in any event.

Given the constant controversy the Jury continues
to court with its members thumbing their collective noses at the law, there's
great potential for significant change if quality challengers can campaign to
expose this behavior. They just have to step up.

The article draws on the interrelations of manifestation, representation, and distribution on the basis of historical examples, cases of "Femen" and "Pussy Riot", and the analysis of actions of the art groups "Voina" and "Zmena". The paper maintains that contemporary persuasion is based on the political economy of images rather than on the semiotics and psychoanalysis of images. The creation, reproduction, and distribution of popular images as well as political ones depends more on the market needs and art/science of marketing than on power and representation. Monopolies and corporations of the media could dictate the content of representations and define consumption in the period of analogous paper media, as G. Debord wrote about it. However, multichannel and self-organising informational networks are based not on the dictat of the propaganda or commercial spectacle, but on the semi-free social distributions and creative consumption. Besides, the contemporary semantic value and the significance of public icons depend equally on the form and process of dissemination as well as on the artistic, original content. This means that the circulation of images and the accumulation of symbolical and, as a consequence, financial capital doesn't necessarily demand a special artistic value or developed aesthetic characteristics. Diminishing of artistry and targeting of protest actions in order to satisfy the desire of consumers are combined with both civic and commercial objectives. The synergy of civic and consumer interests, political activism and consumption in the media characterizes the contemporary political consciousness. Deterioration of art to the elementary street or labour art, adjustment of visuality in order to supply policy requirements and social networking needs blends with the growth of influence of digital technologies, the social and commercial distribution of reportages. The desire to watch the inspirational art as well as the political visions is supported and satisfied by the production and reproduction of special political events.The article considers two cases: the Ukrainian semi-commercial movement "Femen" and non-commercial art activists as well as the punck rock band "Pussy Riot" as two possible tactics in the contemporary protest movement. The aim of the article is to analyse various possibilities for protest art tactics in the contemporary media. The social movement "Femen", its sexism and declarative feminism, its conspicuous activism are an example of manufacturing protest events for political and commercial purposes, for consolidating the interests of corporative capital and civic society. On the contrary, "Pussy Riot" demonstrates manifestations independent of the corporative capital. They are very anarchistic and develop the protest street art. However, the problems of the distribution of art production involved the band into an active participation in the social media and into the creation of independent, communal circles of the circulation of images.Intentions of civic-consumer consciousness directly depend on the content of messages, artistic images and the possible euphoria affects that were disseminated in the digital internet spaces. It is the reason to re-evaluate the interrelations among their manifestation, representation, and distribution in the contemporary social media. The contemporary market oriented to the distribution dictates the demands for the reproduction of representations as also in the new media. If the propaganda is based only on the mass production of messages, its information is ineffective and doesn't correspond on the logic of the contemporary market research and control, on the process of visuality consumption. The stories about the popularization of the art groups "Voina", "Zmena" and especially "Pussy Riot" are examples of a well organized artistic protest in the political field and on the political arena with a different dependence on commercial corporations. Their activities cover the spheres of artistic manifestations, the digital market of the distribution and production of consumers' desires and euphoria. The distribution of protest art goes on in the civic political field, and the growth of the protest movement means the development of demands for protest art production. Creative and informational industries seek to delay mass euphoria and then to keep it in order to exploit the enthusiasm and energy of masses for commercial purposes. The purpose of visible and invisible industries is the accumulation of various forms of capital, but not specific moral or political ideals. Critical thinking and political leadership correspond to different narratives of visual scene and the logic of the mass distribution of the visible. Critical thinking and political leadership need artistic experiments in the streets and in the media as models for political behaviour and demands. Artistic examples help to create the diversity of political manifestations and representations, the multiplicity of the political field. The Ukrainian, Russian, Belorussian modern political protests use different tactics from semi-conformism with the official power up to the antagonistic negation of the government, from the semi-commercial "Femen" and its collaboration with the corporate media up to the completely autonomous and anarchistic "Pussy Riot". I think that all forms of artistic activism are acceptable for the development of free civic society, but they demand a critical perception and development. ; Straipsnyje, remiantis istoriniais pavyzdžiais, protesto grupių Femen ir Pussy Riot atvejais, meno grupių Voina ir Zmena veiklos analize, kalba­ma apie vaizdingų pranešimų manifestacijos, reprezentacijos ir skaitmeninio paskirstymo santykį. Meniškumo mažėjimas ir protesto akcijų rengimas sie­kiant bent iš dalies patenkinti politikos vartotojų geismus ir iš jų kylančius poreikius šiandien derinamas su pilietiniais ir komerciniais siekiniais vienu metu. Meniškumo supaprastėjimas iki elementaraus gatvės, darbininkiško meno, iki populiarių vaizdų pasiūlos, kuri kartu tenkina ir politikos paklau­są socialiniuose tinkluose, dera su didėjančia skaitmeninių technologijų ir pranešimų sklaida. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad ne tiek komunikaciniai veiks­mai, kaip manė J. Habermasas, kiek komercinis ir politinis juslumo ir este­zio paskirstymas – tai aprašė J. Ranciere'as, bei menamai laisvas vartojimas veikia vartotojiškas-pilietines nuostatas. Naujasis komunikacinis, vartotojiš­kas-pilietinis sąmoningumas priklauso nuo skaitmeninėje erdvėje platinamų turinio, kalbos, sukeliamos euforijos, kurią šiuolaikinės kūrybinės ir infor­macinės industrijos išlaiko, reprodukuoja komerciniais tikslais, o ne norėda­mas atitikti specifinius moralinius ar politinius idealus. Tuo galima paaiškinti Femen iš dalies antifeministinį elgesį, nuolatinį apsinuoginimą, komercinį bendradarbiavimą, kuris lemia pilietinį pasirinkimą. Kritinis mąstymas ir lyderystė masinio paskirstymo ir vartojimo atveju yra ne vieno ideologinio naratyvo išpažinimas ir kitų atmetimas, o keleto skirtingų pasakojimų ar vi­zualių siužetų atitikimas. Taip yra sukuriama laisvės, kritiškumo, revoliu­cingumo iliuzija. Kaip priešybė paskirstomajai-spektakliškai manipuliacijai nagrinėjami performatyvaus išcentrinimo ir skaitmeninio kūrybinio situacio­nizmo veiksmai, kuriuos iš dalies atitinka Pussy Riot atvejis. Vis dėlto Voina ir Zmena meno grupių veiklos analizė rodo, kad nekomercinis protestas, be kryptingo informacijos paskirstymo ir sąveikos su masine paklausa elektro­niniuose tinkluose, yra mažai efektyvus. Todėl straipsnio pabaigoje aptaria­ma pasipriešinimo taktika, apie kurią kalbėjo situacionistai (G. Debord'as, R. Vaneigeimas) ar postsituacionistai (J. Boudrillard'as), šiuolaikinio pa­skirstymo kritikai (J. Ranciere'as). Straipsnyje diskutuojama apie kūrybinių situacijų sudarymą ir nekomerciškumą naudojantis skaitmeninėmis erdvėmis ir komercinio paskirstymo analogais.

Sikring af en fremtid med minimal udledning af CO2 vil kræve en lang række transformationer. Hvordan sådanne transformationer forestilles, indrammes og styres herunder det meget grundlæggende spørgsmål om, hvad beslutningsgrundlaget er for at imødegå de nuværende klimaforandringer. Denne afhandling fokuserer på institutionernes rolle i multi-level, multi-actor og multi-factor –"governance" af klimakompatibel udvikling. Den sigter mod at forbedre vores forståelse af potentielle transformationskilder ved at spørge, hvordan bæredygtighedens ideer styrer imod et samfund med minimal udledning af CO2. Afhandlingen undersøger af politiske problemer, indholdet af politiske forslag og den politiske dagsorden for de nuværende politikker og reformkravene omkring begrænsning af klimaforandringer. Spørgsmålet er rettet ud fra en kombination af perspektiver fra styringsteori og konstruktivistisk institutionel tilgang. Empirisk er denne afhandling baseret på fire separate casestudier præsenteret i individuelle artikler. En kortlægning af frivillige CO2-offset projekter i regionen syd for Sahara og deres konceptualiseringer af bæredygtighed for at fremhæve ideerne bag de kommercielle løsninger til begrænsning af klimaændringerne er undersøgt. Ved at undersøge grønne vækststrategier i Vietnam blev det påvist, hvordan den nuværende institutionelle kontekst er linket til programmatiske ideer om, hvordan man opnår langsigtet transformation. I tilfælde af etableringen af baseline til udvikling af nationale klima projekter (NAMA'er) i byggesektoren i Vietnam blev spørgsmålet om international videnspraksis rolle i udvikling af nationale love undersøgt. Endelig præsenteres udviklingen af elektricitetsinfrastruktur, hvordan CO2 venlige energisystemsreformer viser sig at være berettiget inden for to forskellige socio-teknologiske rammer: Mexico og Vietnam. På den ene side konstaterede resultaterne, at de over tid ved at påberåbe og appellerer til argumenter i forbindelse med neoliberalismens ideer og principper - såsom liberalisering af elektricitetssektoren, modernisering og grøn miljømæssig udvikling - begrænsning af klimaforandringer og CO2 venlig udvikling mere acceptabelt inden for sektorpolitikker. På den anden side viste analysen, hvordan politikeksperter og teknokrater bruger deres epistemiske magt og evner til at begrænse debattens omfang, hvilket begrænser omfanget af politiske reaktioner. Når der ikke er nogen grundlæggende transformationsskift i baggrunden og programmatiske ideer om udvikling, legitimerer aktører, der rammer den institutionelle kontekst inden for en rådende ramme, de konservative ideer i klimaforvaltningen yderligere. For eksempel bliver løsninger, der normaliserer nødvendigheden af fossile brændstoffer i el-produktion, samtidig med at den grønne vækst motiverer økonomisk vækst, dybere indlejret i udviklingssporerne. Konceptualisering af politiske problemer og løsninger i de fremlagte sager har resulteret i, at de etablerede aktører anvender ganske konventionelle instrumenter i den teknologiske markedsbaserede løsning i mangel af alternative og/eller mere transformative visioner om udvikling. Samlet set bidrager denne afhandling til igangværende debatter om indenrigspolitik og politikformulering af "grønne transformationer" og tilføjer udviklingslandenes kontekst. Dette arbejde hævder, at der er behov for at stimulere en kritisk refleksion overfor eksisterende klimavenlige løsninger. Den hævder ydermere, at styringsvalg, f.eks. ved udvikling af el-infrastruktur eller energieffektivitet i bygninger eller af en bredere vifte af CO2 reducerende tiltag, ikke kun skal defineres ved teknologiske løsninger. Lige så vigtigt er vedholdenheden af ideer, der bruges til at retfærdiggøre og legitimere reformer ved at mobilisere diskurser om energiforsyning og sikkerhed som en del af bredere mål for at opretholde socioøkonomisk stabilitet og forfølge strategier for udvikling af grøn vækst. Denne afhandling illustrerer, at klimavenlig udvikling ikke kun skal være teknisk, institutionelt eller økonomisk gennemførlig, men også muligt politisk at omsætte til handling. Foranstaltninger til institutionalisering af langsigtet transformation vil næppe være effektive, hvis ideerne om transformation mangler evnen til at udfolde sig inden for de parametre, som styringsregimer fastsætter. ; Securing a low-carbon future will require a multitude of 'low-carbon transformations'. The issues are how such transformations are imagined and framed, along which pathways and who steers them, including the very basic question of what decisions are made to transform the present challenges to climate change governance. Understanding of the politics of these governance challenges is important in explaining which pathways are supported or delegitimised and which are ignored and fail to get off the ground. This dissertation focuses on the role of institutions and ideas in the multilevel, multi-actor and multi-factor governance of climate-compatible development. It aims to improve our understanding of potential endogenous sources of transformation by asking how ideas of sustainability influence the governance of a low-carbon society. It investigates the construction of policy problems, the content of policy proposals and the political agenda of present policies and reform imperatives around climate change mitigation and lowcarbon development. The question is addressed using a combination of perspectives, including governance theory and the constructivist institutional approach. Empirically, this dissertation is based on four separate case studies presented in individual articles. The study of voluntary carbon market mitigation projects in the Sub-Saharan region maps out the market actors and their conceptualisations of sustainability to highlight the ideas behind marketbased solutions to climate change mitigation. In examining national climate change mitigation and green growth strategies in Vietnam, it was demonstrated how the current institutional context relates to the background to long-term transformation and programmatic ideas about how to achieve it. In the study of baseline setting in developing Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in the building sector in Vietnam, the role of international knowledge practices in national policy-making was questioned. Finally, the examination of electricity infrastructure development showed how reforms to low-carbon energy systems are justified in two different sociotechnological settings: Mexico and Vietnam. On the one hand, the findings indicated that over time, by invoking and appealing to arguments associated with the ideas and principles of ix neoliberalism climate change mitigation and low-carbon development, agendas have become more acceptable in the formation of sectoral policies. On the other hand, the analysis shows how policy experts and technocrats use their epistemic power and ideational abilities to limit the scope of debate, thus constraining the range of policy responses. When there are no fundamental transformational shifts in the background and in programmatic ideas about development, the actors that frame the institutional context within a prevailing framework further legitimise conservative ideas about climate governance. For instance, solutions normalising the temporal necessity of fossil fuels in electricity generation while justifying economic growth by means of green growth arguments become more deeply embedded in development trajectories. Narrow conceptualisations of policy problems and solutions in the cases presented here have resulted in incumbent actors resorting to quite conventional instruments of technological market-based fixes in the absence of alternative and/or more transformational visions of development. Overall, this dissertation contributes to on-going debates over domestic politics and policy-making regarding 'green transformations' and adds to the emerging policy field in developing countries contexts. It argues that there is a need to stimulate critical reflection on the existing assumptions regarding mitigation actions. It argues that governance choices, for example, in electricity infrastructure development or energy efficiency in buildings, or a broader range of mitigation actions, are not only defined by technological lockins. Equally important is the persistence of ideas that are used to justify and legitimise reforms by mobilising discourses on energy supply and security and framing energy transitions as part of wider goals to maintain socio-economic stability and pursue green growth development strategies. This dissertation shows that low-carbon development should not only be technically, institutionally and economically feasible, but also politically and ideationally feasible, to translate into action. Measures for institutionalising long-term transformation are unlikely to be effective if ideas about transformation cannot be developed within the parameters set by governance regimes. The key argument of this dissertation is that, for the governance of low-carbon societies, it is crucial to recognise that climate change mitigation actions are more than economic or technological challenges – they are politically charged. Paying attention to problem framings and to the diversity of multi-actor perspectives could facilitate novel responses to climate change and enable more inclusive forms of governance, as well as throwing light on the x fundamental incompatibility between and limited reach of generalised policy solutions and technological fixes.

Last year's Hamas-led incursion into southern Israel and the subsequent Israeli war on Gaza, which has killed roughly 35,000 Palestinians, have impacted relationships within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) — members appear to be moving closer together. As the Gaza war expands into Lebanon, Yemen, the Red Sea, and elsewhere, and while Iran and Israel's hostilities brought the region into uncharted waters earlier this month, the monarchies on the Arabian Peninsula are strengthening ties within the larger Gulf Arab family.In a historical context, this makes complete sense. To understand why, it is useful to first go back to the chaotic period of the late 1970s and early 1980s.For the Persian Gulf's Arab monarchies, 1979 was a terrifying year. To varying degrees, the Western-backed Gulf Arab leaders saw both Iran's Islamic revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan as dangerous developments. By 1981, the six conservative Gulf Arab states — Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) — came together to bolster their collective security by establishing the GCC.Over the decades, the GCC states have put their ideological and geopolitical differences aside in the interest of growing Gulf Arab unity, particularly during periods of increased instability. Cases include the 1990/91 Kuwaiti crisis, the 2010/11 Arab Spring uprisings, the meteoric rise of Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in mid-2014, and the Taliban's return to power in 2021. By the same token, at times of greater stability in the region and fewer threats to the Gulf Arab monarchies, internal divisions and differences between the GCC members have tended to elevate to the surface.It was no coincidence that the first GCC crisis broke out in March 2014. At that time, the revolutionary tide of the Arab Spring had largely dissipated and the counter-revolutionary Gulf Arab states — Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Bahrain — felt the need to pressure Qatar into abandoning the pro-revolutionary and Islamist-friendly policies that shaped Doha's approach to many of the 2010/11 uprisings which shook the Arab world. Yet, that GCC spat ended later that year after ISIL had usurped large portions of Iraq and Syria. Then, the second GCC crisis, which was an outcome of basically the exact same issues that led to the first GCC crisis, erupted in mid-2017 when ISIL was significantly less powerful.Although the Gulf Arab states — unlike Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria — do not share land borders with Israel-Palestine, all six GCC members are extremely worried about the situation in Gaza and its ramifications for the wider region, including the Persian Gulf. Among the Gulf Arab monarchies, there is much common cause and shared concerns about further regionalization of the Gaza war. These concerns have led to Gulf Arab officials becoming increasingly frustrated with U.S. leadership in the region and the Biden administration's refusal to pressure Israel into agreeing to a ceasefire."[The] war in Gaza has unified GCC [states] in terms of moral, political, and diplomatic solidarity with Gaza and the Palestinians," said Abdulkhaleq Abdulla, a Dubai-based Emirati political scientist, in an interview with RS. "Israel has become a killer machine in Gaza for the past 200 days and this is to nobody's liking in the Arab Gulf states," he added.There are important domestic ramifications to consider too. Officials in the Gulf Arab monarchies fear the potential for the Palestinian cause to mobilize and/or radicalize their own citizens in ways that could upset the status quo in GCC states and the wider region. Palestine-related protests in Egypt and Jordan have potential to fuel significant unrest in those two countries, whose stability is vitally important to the Gulf Arabs.Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince and Prime Minister Mohammed bin Salman (MbS) recently spoke by phone with the president of the UAE Mohammed bin Zayed (MbZ) and the emir of Qatar Sheikh Tamim. In these two conversations, the Gulf Arab leaders discussed the heightening of regional tensions and threats to stability and security in the Middle East. MbS, MbZ, and Emir Tamim all agreed on the need to mitigate security risks and take measures to prevent the region's crises from spiraling out of control.On April 22, Oman's Sultan Haitham paid his first visit to the UAE since he became his country's head of state in January 2020. While in Abu Dhabi, Sultan Haitham and MbZ discussed a host of issues at the bilateral, regional, and global levels. During Sultan Haitham's visit, companies from Oman and the UAE signed $35.12 billion worth of deals in various sectors such as transport and energy. The Omanis and Emiratis are focused on advancing their countries' economic integration through various projects and initiatives, most notably the Etihad Rail which links Oman's Sohar port to Abu Dhabi.The GCC states have come a long way in terms of mending fences since the historic al-Ula summit of January 2021 officially ended the Emirati- and Saudi-led blockade of Qatar. Indeed, it was not long ago when a phone call between MbS and Emir Tamim, or between MbZ and the Qatari emir, would have created many headlines given the extent to which Saudi-Qatari and Emirati-Qatari relations had deteriorated. "The Gaza war has brought Qatar and the UAE closer," Abdulla told RS.These past rifts within the GCC were not only about Qatar. The UAE and Oman were having their share of problems in bilateral affairs throughout Sultan Qaboos's final decade on the throne. Yet, Sultan Haitham's recent visit to the UAE underscored how the leadership in both Muscat and Abu Dhabi are focused on both playing their diplomatic cards to try to bring regional crises under control while also pushing ahead with their economic transformations at home through ambitious visions aimed at eliminating their economic dependence on hydrocarbons.In all GCC states, there is an understanding that more discussions between their leaders and growing levels of inter-GCC cooperation across a host of domains is necessary to achieve progress on both fronts. The Gulf Arab monarchies realize that this is not a time for internal divisions and friction between the different royal families to prevent the six GCC members from reaching their potential through greater Gulf Arab unity.GCC states have strengthened their relationships with each other since October 7 because "there needed to be coordination given that Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and the UAE are playing leadership roles in this conflict," said Aziz Alghashian, a fellow with the Sectarianism, Proxies & De-sectarianisation project at Lancaster University.Nonetheless, while the GCC members are bolstering their cooperation as Israel's war on Gaza rages, some experts believe that competition between the Gulf Arab states vis-à-vis Gaza might emerge after the dust settles and the post-war phase begins in the Palestinian enclave."There is potential that it could be turbulent in the future once there is a real process of addressing the day after in Gaza and that could [relate to] aspects of burden sharing [and] aspects of competition," Alghashian said. "So, there is that to look out for in the future. Maybe it's speculative for now, but I don't think we should count it out."

У примороженому м'ясі забійних тварин на 21–22 добу за температури від -2 до -3 °С за оброблення дезінфікуючими лужними засобами було встановлено вірогідне зменшення вмісту мікроорганізмів у поверхневих шарах: у яловичині – у 2,25 рази (p < 0,001), свинині – у 2,0 (p < 0,001), баранині – у 2,5 (p < 0,001) і козлятині – у 1,8 рази (p < 0,01), а у глибоких шарах цей показник не мав вірогідної різниці у збільшенні показників; висока вірогідність (p < 0,001) до збільшення показника величини рН у яловичині та баранині – у 1,06 рази, у свинині – у 1,07 і козлятині – у 1,13 рази; вірогідне (p < 0,001) зниження вмісту МАФАнМ: у яловичині – у 1,19 рази, свинині – у 1,18, баранині – у 1,11 і козлятині – у 1,15 рази порівняно до показників сумнівної свіжості м'яса не обробленого.У замороженому м'ясі, обробленому дезінфікуючими лужними засобами, за зберігання-12 °С яловичини на 9 місяць, свинини – на 4 місяць, баранини і козлятини – на 7 місяць було встановлено вірогідне (p < 0,001) зниження вмісту мікроорганізмів у поверхневих шарах: у яловичині – у 3,0 рази, свинині – у 2,5, баранині – у 2,0, а у козлятині – у 2,75 рази (р < 0,05), у глибоких шарах – незначне підвищення відповідно до виду тварин – у свинині і козлятині – у 1,08, у баранині – у 1,07 рази; вірогідне (p < 0,001) підвищення величини рН у обробленому м'ясі порівняно до показників сумнівної свіжості м'яса не обробленого: у яловичині, свинині, баранині – у 1,05 рази, козлятині – у 1,07 рази; незначне зниження вмісту МАФАнМ порівняно до показників не обробленого м'яса дезінфікуючими лужними засобами: у яловичині – у 1,06 рази, свинині – у 1,03 (р < 0,01), баранині – у 1,04, козлятині – у 1,08 рази.Вірогідність показників інтенсивності кольору (світло-фіолетового) за фальсифікації м'яса забійних тварин дезінфікуючими лужними засобами становила 99,9 %. ; In Ukraine, one of the main tasks of state monitoring at the meat and meat production facilities is to collect data on the national status of contaminants, pesticide residues and veterinary preparations in sanitary facilities for decision-making and taking measures to increase the level of consumer health protection. The prevention of the occurrence of a chemical hazard makes it impossible to allow the transfer of chemical concentrates through production facilities during the production, storage and sale of meat and meat products. Therefore, it is important to develop simple, express methods of determining adulteration when performing risk-based controls on the production, storage and sale of frozen and frozen slaughtered meat at the facilities. Frozen meat of slaughtered animals at temperatures from minus 2 to minus 3 ° C for 20 days according to the organoleptic evaluation corresponded to a fresh degree: the surface is dry, the consistency is elastic, the smell is specific to this species of animals, the brewing sample is transparent, a pleasant specific smell, without foreign odors. And organoleptic assessment of doubtful degree of freshness was in frozen meat of slaughtered animals at temperatures from minus 2 to minus 3 ° C for 21-22 days: the surface of the muscle tissue is barely sticky, the smell is slightly acidic, the texture is less elastic, the color is dull, dark-red and pork gray-pink; for cooking samples - turbidity of the broth, unpleasant smell.The frozen meat of slaughtered animals suspended in storage cells at minus 12 ° C according to the organoleptic assessment corresponded to a fresh degree: beef (for 8 months) dark red, consistency elastic, meat after defrostation moistened; pork (3 months) pink, consistency elastic, meat after defrostation moistened; mutton and goat (6 months), respectively, dark red and bright red, consistency elastic, meat after defrostation moistened. The smell on the surface of carcasses of all kinds of slaughtered animal meat is specific to this animal species, with no odors; for cooking samples - the broth is transparent, the smell is pleasant, specific to this species of animals.Falsification of disinfectant alkaline solutions (positive reaction): frozen meat of slaughtered animals suspended for 21-22 days in storage cells at temperatures from minus 2 to minus 3 ° C at a relative humidity of 90%; frozen meat suspended in storage chambers at minus 12 ° C at 95% relative humidity - beef for 9 months; pork - for 4 months; mutton and meat of goat - for 7 months.The technique of establishing the falsification was based on the use of an alcoholic solution of chrome dark blue with a mass concentration of 0.3%, which was added to the filtered meat-water extract in the amount of 2.0-2.5 cm3 and after 1-2 seconds established the presence of light- pink in the absence of meat treatment with disinfectants or light purple in the presence of meat processing. Research has found that the color intensity of falsification of meat of slaughtered animals by treatment with disinfectants was 99.9%.In frozen meat of slaughtered animals for 21–22 days at temperatures from minus 2 to minus 3, a significant (p <0.001, p <0.01) reduction of the content of microorganisms in the surface layers was found in pellets: in beef - in 2, 25 times, pork - in 2,0, mutton - in 2,5 and meat of goat - in 1,8 times, and in deep layers this indicator had no significant difference in increase of indicators; high probability (p <0.001) for increase of pH value in beef and mutton - by 1.06 times, in pork - by 1.07 and in meat of goat - by 1.13 times; a significant (p <0.001) decrease in NMAOAM content: in beef - by 1.19 times, pork - by 1.18, mutton - by 1.11 and meat of goat - by 1.15 times compared to indicators of doubtful freshness of meat not processed.In frozen meat treated with disinfectants, when stored minus 12 ° C beef for 9 months; pork - for 4 months; mutton and meat of goat - for 7 months, it was found likely (p <0.001) decrease in the content of microorganisms in the surface layers was found during treatment with disinfectant solutions: in beef - by 3.0 times, pork - by 2.5, lamb - by 2.0, and in meat of goat - 2.75 times (p <0.05), in the deep layers - a slight increase according to the species of animals - in pork and goat - by 1.08, in lamb - by 1.07 times; significant (p <0.001) increase in pH in processed meat compared to indicators of doubtful freshness of meat not processed: in beef, pork, lamb - 1.05 times, meat of goat - 1.07 times; a slight decrease in NMAOAM content compared to the indices of unprocessed meat by disinfectants: in beef - by 1.06 times, pork - by 1.03 (p <0.01), mutton - by 1.04, meat of goat - by 1, 08 times. In case of substantiated and confirmed checks of consumer complaints about non-compliance with the veterinary medicine legislation on food safety for fraud detection, such products are seized and the degree of offenses is established.

Start-up incentives targeted at unemployed individuals have become an important tool of the Active Labor Market Policy (ALMP) to fight unemployment in many countries in recent years. In contrast to traditional ALMP instruments like training measures, wage subsidies, or job creation schemes, which are aimed at reintegrating unemployed individuals into dependent employment, start-up incentives are a fundamentally different approach to ALMP, in that they intend to encourage and help unemployed individuals to exit unemployment by entering self-employment and, thus, by creating their own jobs. In this sense, start-up incentives for unemployed individuals serve not only as employment and social policy to activate job seekers and combat unemployment but also as business policy to promote entrepreneurship. The corresponding empirical literature on this topic so far has been mainly focused on the individual labor market perspective, however. The main part of the thesis at hand examines the new start-up subsidy ("Gründungszuschuss") in Germany and consists of four empirical analyses that extend the existing evidence on start-up incentives for unemployed individuals from multiple perspectives and in the following directions: First, it provides the first impact evaluation of the new start-up subsidy in Germany. The results indicate that participation in the new start-up subsidy has significant positive and persistent effects on both reintegration into the labor market as well as the income profiles of participants, in line with previous evidence on comparable German and international programs, which emphasizes the general potential of start-up incentives as part of the broader ALMP toolset. Furthermore, a new innovative sensitivity analysis of the applied propensity score matching approach integrates findings from entrepreneurship and labor market research about the key role of an individual's personality on start-up decision, business performance, as well as general labor market outcomes, into the impact evaluation of start-up incentives. The sensitivity analysis with regard to the inclusion and exclusion of usually unobserved personality variables reveals that differences in the estimated treatment effects are small in magnitude and mostly insignificant. Consequently, concerns about potential overestimation of treatment effects in previous evaluation studies of similar start-up incentives due to usually unobservable personality variables are less justified, as long as the set of observed control variables is sufficiently informative (Chapter 2). Second, the thesis expands our knowledge about the longer-term business performance and potential of subsidized businesses arising from the start-up subsidy program. In absolute terms, the analysis shows that a relatively high share of subsidized founders successfully survives in the market with their original businesses in the medium to long run. The subsidy also yields a "double dividend" to a certain extent in terms of additional job creation. Compared to "regular", i.e., non-subsidized new businesses founded by non-unemployed individuals in the same quarter, however, the economic and growth-related impulses set by participants of the subsidy program are only limited with regard to employment growth, innovation activity, or investment. Further investigations of possible reasons for these differences show that differential business growth paths of subsidized founders in the longer run seem to be mainly limited by higher restrictions to access capital and by unobserved factors, such as less growth-oriented business strategies and intentions, as well as lower (subjective) entrepreneurial persistence. Taken together, the program has only limited potential as a business and entrepreneurship policy intended to induce innovation and economic growth (Chapters 3 and 4). And third, an empirical analysis on the level of German regional labor markets yields that there is a high regional variation in subsidized start-up activity relative to overall new business formation. The positive correlation between regular start-up intensity and the share among all unemployed individuals who participate in the start-up subsidy program suggests that (nascent) unemployed founders also profit from the beneficial effects of regional entrepreneurship capital. Moreover, the analysis of potential deadweight and displacement effects from an aggregated regional perspective emphasizes that the start-up subsidy for unemployed individuals represents a market intervention into existing markets, which affects incumbents and potentially produces inefficiencies and market distortions. This macro perspective deserves more attention and research in the future (Chapter 5). ; Die Gründungsförderung für Arbeitslose ist inzwischen in vielen Ländern fester Bestandteil der Aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik (ALMP) zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit. Im Gegensatz zu traditionellen ALMP-Instrumenten wie Fortbildungs- und Qualifikationsmaßnahmen, Lohnsubventionen oder Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen ist das Ziel der Gründungsförderung keine Wiedereingliederung der Arbeitslosen in eine abhängige Beschäftigung, sondern ein Arbeitsmarktwiedereintritt in Selbständigkeit. Somit verfolgt dieses Instrument als ALMP-Maßnahme grundsätzlich nicht nur arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitische Ziele, sondern stellt indirekt auch eine Politik zur allgemeinen Förderung von Entrepreneurship und Existenzgründungen dar. Die zugehörige empirische Literatur war in der Vergangenheit jedoch hauptsächlich auf individuelle Arbeitsmarkteffekte dieser Programme konzentriert. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich eingehend mit dem deutschen Gründungszuschuss und besteht aus vier eigenständigen empirischen Studien, die die bestehende Evidenz zu Gründungsförderprogrammen für Arbeitslose durch folgende neue Erkenntnisse aus verschiedenen Perspektiven ergänzen und erweitern: Erstens zeigt die erstmalige kausale Wirkungsanalyse des Gründungszuschusses, dass das untersuchte Programm positive und langfristig anhaltende individuelle Fördereffekte auf Arbeitsmarktreintegration und Erwerbseinkommen für teilnehmende Arbeitslose aufweist. Die sehr vorteilhaften empirischen Befunde bestätigen ähnliche nationale und internationale Ergebnisse zu vergleichbaren Programmen und setzen sich damit von den insgesamt durchwachsenen Evaluationsergebnissen traditioneller ALMP-Maßnahmen ab. Dies unterstreicht das grundsätzliche Potential der Gründungsförderung von Arbeitslosen im Rahmen des ALMP-Instrumentariums. Eine innovative Sensitivitätsanalyse des verwendeten Propensity Score Matching Ansatzes ergibt zudem, dass die Ergebnisse der Programmevaluation nur geringfügig auf die (Nicht-)Berücksichtigung von üblicherweise unbeobachteten Persönlichkeitsvariablen reagieren, deren starker Einfluss auf Gründungsentscheidungen, Unternehmensentwicklungen und Arbeitsmarkterfolge in der Literatur breit dokumentiert ist. Die Gefahr und das Ausmaß einer potentiellen Verzerrung der Ergebnisse durch das Auslassen dieser Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen ist somit bei vergleichbaren Studien grundsätzlich als eher gering einzustufen, sofern die Liste der übrigen Kontrollvariablen informativ genug ist (Kapitel 2). Zweitens zeigt die empirische Analyse der Entrepreneurship-Perspektive, dass ein hoher Anteil an den durch den Gründungszuschuss geförderten Gründungen aus Arbeitslosigkeit auch mittel- bis langfristig erfolgreich im Markt etabliert ist und eine "doppelte Dividende" der Förderung in Form von zusätzlicher Beschäftigung in den Unternehmen in begrenztem Umfang erzielt wird. Allerdings sind die geförderten Unternehmungen im Vergleich zu "regulären" Gründungen, die von nicht-arbeitslosen Gründerpersonen im gleichen Quartal gegründet wurden, unterdurchschnittlich innovativ, investieren weniger und setzen geringere Impulse für Wachstum. Weiterführende Untersuchungen zeigen auf, dass mögliche Gründe dafür Restriktionen bei der Kapitalbeschaffung, weniger wachstums- und innovationsorientierte Unternehmensvorhaben und -strategien, sowie eine weniger stark ausgeprägte unternehmerische (subjektive) Persistenz bei einem Teil der arbeitslosen Gründer sind. Dies impliziert, dass sich die Gründungsförderung von Arbeitslosen nur in bedingtem Maße als Entrepreneurship-Maßnahme im engeren Sinne eignet, die Wachstums- und Innovationspotenziale freisetzt (Kapitel 3 und 4). Drittens lässt sich anhand einer empirischen Analyse auf Ebene regionaler Arbeitsmärkte feststellen, dass eine hohe regionale Variation in der relativen Bedeutung der Gründungsförderung am gesamten Gründungsgeschehen besteht. Die positive Korrelation zwischen regulärer Gründungsaktivität und dem Anteil arbeitsloser Gründerpersonen an allen potentiell teilnahmeberechtigten Arbeitslosen deutet darauf hin, dass positive Effekte von regionalem Entrepreneurshipkapital auch für arbeitslose Gründerpersonen wirksam sind. Zudem zeigt die empirische Analyse potentieller Mitnahme- und Verdrängungseffekte, dass Gründungsförderungen für Arbeitslose immer auch Eingriffe in bestehende Märkte sind, die direkte Auswirkungen auf existierende Unternehmen haben. Diese Makro-Ebene insbesondere ist noch untererforscht und verdient weitere Aufmerksamkeit (Kapitel 5).