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Throughout American history, some social movements, such as organized labor and the Christian Right, have forged influential alliances with political parties, while others, such as the antiwar movement, have not. When Movements Anchor Parties provides a bold new interpretation of American electoral history by examining five prominent movements and their relationships with political parties. Taking readers from the Civil War to today, Daniel Schlozman shows how two powerful alliances-those of organized labor and Democrats in the New Deal, and the Christian Right and Republicans since the 1970.

Declines in biodiversity have caused concern because of ethical and aesthetic reasons, but also because of the consequences for the goods and services provided by natural ecosystems. Consequently, ecologists have focused for decades on testing the idea that systems with more species are more stable. The results, however, have been complex and inconsistent. In particular, it is still unclear whether high stability in species-rich communities is due to the number of species per se (species richness) or to the increased likelihood of including particular species or functional types (species composition). In this thesis, I evaluated the contribution of species richness and species identity to the stability of marine hard-bottom communities. Combining observational and manipulative experimental methods, I conducted three field studies in intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats of Helgoland Island, NE Atlantic. First, I conducted an observational study to test whether intertidal communities containing many species are more stable (i.e. do vary less over time) than communities containing fewer species. Species covers were estimated every 6 months for 24 months and an index of stability was calculated for total community cover across time (S = mean SD-1). Second, I conducted a synthetic-assemblage experimentin which I increased the diversity of field-grown sessile suspension-feeding invertebratesto determinate whether assemblages containing several functional groups consume a greater fraction of resources than is caught by any of the functional types grown alone...

Parties vary substantially in the proportion of women they send to Parliament. We examine how party characteristics affect women's representation in the parliamentary parties of twelve advanced industrial nations at three time points-- 1975, 1985, and 1989. Four party-level factors have some explanatory power: 1) organizational structure, 2) ideology, 3) women party activists, and 4) gender related candidate rules. Leftist and New Left ideologies, high levels of women activists within the party and gender related candidate rules all enable parties to increase the descriptive representation of women. We propose a temporal sequence in which the four factors and electoral rules work both directly and indirectly to affect women's representation. Women party activists and gender related rules are the more direct mechanisms which affect women's legislative representation. Further, New Left values and high levels of women activists within the party both enhance the likelihood that gender-related candidate rules will be implemented.