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ABSTRAKTesis ini meneliti tentang bagaimana penyelesaian terhadap larangan penggunaan alat penangkap ikan cantrang khususnya di wilayah kerja Stasiun Pengawas Sumber Daya Kelautan dan Perikanan (PSDKP) Cilacap serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Normatif-Empiris berupa penelitian lapangan (field research) dan penelitian normatif yuridis dimana peneliti mengkaji ketentuan hukum yang berlaku serta apa yang terjadi dalam kenyataannya di masyarakat. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara wawancara dan studi dokumentasi dan melibatkan beberapa narasumber dari Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, khususnya di wilayah kerja PSDKP Cilacap serta Nelayan dan Himpunan Nelayan Seluruh Indonesia / HNSI. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui bahwa persoalan mengenai cantrang yang pada mulanya diatur melalui Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia No. 2/PERMEN-KP/2015 tanggal 9 Januari 2015 hingga saat ini penerapan dan penindakan hukumnya masih belum berjalan dengan semestinya. Tarik ulur pemberlakuan tentang pelarangan penggunaan alat tangkap ikan di perairan Indonesia membuat peraturan menteri ini masih belum maksimal dapat diterapkan. Terdapat beberapa faktor penyebab, mengapa hal ini bisa terjadi, yaitu karena ketidak tegasan dalam penerapan larangan penggunaan alat tangkap ikan cantrang, persepsi daya rusak cantrang yang masih belum teruji, banyak dampak negatif jika penggunaan cantrang dilarang serta peralihan alat tangkap yang belum terealisasi dengan baik. Untuk menangani kasus ini, ada beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan, yaitu Pemerintah harus secara tegas melakukan penegakan hukum terhadap larangan penggunaan cantrang, Adanya kajian yang komprehensif tentang Cantrang dengan melibatkan semua unsur, baik dari unsur pemerintah, dari pusat sampai ke daerah-daerah, nelayan, akademisi, pakar di bidang kelautan dan perikanan, serta pihak-pihak lain yang terkait dengan cantrang, mensosialisasikan dan melakukan peralihan alat tangkap dari cantrang ke alat tangkap yang ramah lingkungan. Dan dengan mengedepankan prinsip equality before the law dan supremacy of law diharapkan upaya-upaya untuk menyelesaikan kasus ini dapat teratasi dengan baik.Keyword : penyelesaian, cantrang, nelayan ABSTRACTThis thesis examines how to resolve the ban on the use of cantrang fishing equipment, especially at the Cilacap Maritime and Fisheries Resources Supervision Station (PSDKP) and the factors that influence it. The type of research used is Normative-Empirical in the form of field research and juridical normative research where the researcher examines the applicable legal provisions and what happens in reality in the community. The data collection method was carried out by interviewing and documenting the study and involving several speakers from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, especially in the Cilacap PSDKP area as well as fishermen and the All-Indonesian Fishermen Association. Based on the research results, it is known that the issue of cantrang which was originally regulated through the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 2/PERMEN-KP/2015 dated January 9, 2015 until now the application and legal action is still not running properly. Tug-of-war on the prohibition of the use of fishing gear in Indonesian waters makes this ministerial regulation still not optimally applicable. There are several factors causing why this can happen, namely because of the indecisiveness in the Implementation of the Prohibition on the use of cantrang fishing gear, the perception of cantrang damage that has not been tested, many negative impacts if the use of cantrang is prohibited and the shifting of fishing gear has not been realized properly. To handle this case, there are several things that can be done, namely the Government must strictly enforce the law against the prohibition of using cantrang. There is a comprehensive study of Cantrang involving all elements, both from government elements, from the central to the regions, fishermen , academics, experts in the field of maritime affairs and fisheries, as well as other parties related to cantrang, Disseminating and Carrying Out Fishing Gear from Cantrang to Environmentally Friendly Fishing Equipment. And by promoting the principle of equality before the law and the supremacy of law, it is hoped that efforts to resolve this case can be resolved properly.Keywords: Solution, Cantrang, Fisherman

To tackle the study in the sense to approximate the concept of genocide in Colombia, we must indicate that a Penal International Court does not exist in Latin America and either in Colombia, which judges and condemns war crimes, lesa humanity and genocide, it doesn't want to say that in these stages there should not have appeared across his history, social, political and cultural phenomena that commit an outrage against the right of peoples and that are constitutive of crimes of genocide, in spite of the ratification of the Convention to prepare and sanction Genocide, and the commitment of the States to adapt his legislation interns in this sense. We are opposite to a concept which reason of being is the protection of the existence of human groups, which suggests that every human group must be thought under his own characteristics making possible the construction itself of the concept genocide. This one has relevancy in the measurement in which on the subyacen criteria that under the look of proper contexts dinamizan his application bringing the concept near to proper social, political, cultural, religious and national phenomena of our reality as people inside a multicultural vision. There is necessary an analysis of the criterion with which the national doctrine has tackled the concept of genocide opposite to the diversity and multiculturalidad of the proper conditions of occurring historical of the Colombian people, which they contribute to the same one, conceptual criteria beyond this one, allowing to identify phenomena that attempt directly the human dignity and the existence of human groups.bThe present investigation is an effort to establish, in the national doctrine, the absence of criteria and conceptual constructions on the passive subjects of genocide, which have instituted an inapplicable paradigm in Colombia because they don't correspond their lineaments. The concept loses his content in front of our reality, establishing a containment block with the doctrine, approaching to the concept of genocide in Colombia. ; Para abordar el estudio en el sentido de aproximar el concepto de genocidio en Colombia debemos señalar que, si bien es cierto no existe un Tribunal Penal Internacional en Latinoamérica, y mucho menos en Colombia, que juzgue y condene crímenes de guerra, lesa humanidad y genocidio, ello no quiere decir que en estos escenarios no se hayan presentado a través de su historia fenómenos sociales, políticos y culturales que atenten contra el derecho de gentes y que sean constitutivos de crímenes de genocidio, a pesar de la ratificación de la Convención para Prevenir y Sancionar el Genocidio, y el compromiso de los Estados de adecuar su legislación interna en este sentido.Estamos frente a un concepto cuya razón de ser es la protección de la existencia de grupos humanos, lo cual sugiere que cada grupo humano debe ser pensado bajo sus propias características haciendo posible la construcción misma del concepto genocidio. Este tiene relevancia en la medida en que sobre él subyacen criterios que bajo la mirada de contextos propios dinamizan su aplicación aproximando el concepto a fenómenos sociales, políticos, culturales, religiosos y nacionales propios de nuestra realidad como pueblo dentro de un visión multicultural. Es necesario un análisis del criterio con el cual la doctrina nacional ha abordado el concepto de genocidio frente a la diversidad y multiculturalidad de las condiciones propias del devenir histórico del pueblo colombiano, que aporten al mismo criterios conceptuales más allá de este, permitiendo identificar fenómenos que atentan directamente la dignidad humana y la existencia de grupos humanos.La presente investigación es un esfuerzo por establecer, en la doctrina nacional, la ausencia de criterios y construcciones conceptuales sobre los sujetos pasivos de genocidio que han instituido un paradigma inaplicable en Colombia por no corresponder a dichos lineamientos, por lo que el concepto pierde su contenido frente a nuestra realidad, estableciendo un bloque de contención por parte de la doctrina, en la aproximación del concepto de genocidio en Colombia.

The article aims to define the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) system management in entrepreneurial activity; it analyzes the main directions and levels of corporate social responsibility and proposes measures for the phased implementation of CSR and ways to increase the level of corporate social responsibility of Ukrainian enterprises. It is proved that the state of development of corporate social responsibility has a direct influence on the efficiency of functioning of business processes of the enterprise and the level of staff satisfaction with work in the organization. As a result, it was determined that the prerequisite for creating an effective system of implementation of corporate social responsibility in Ukraine is to create the conditions for effective communication between government, society and business, to develop a national overall strategy for the development of corporate social responsibility, to create common information resource to ensure awareness of business entities in the field of practical issues of corporate social responsibility. The practical value of implementing a corporate social responsibility strategy in Ukraine lies in its resource potential, which, in the context of the domestic business environment, is a significant reserve for ensuring the functioning of the entire social sphere. As the experience of domestic entrepreneurship shows, organizations are ready to take part in solving social problems if the state directs its efforts and resources to create a system of support for social activity of business and appropriate infrastructure. JEL Classification: A14, D64, D71 ; В статье определены роль управления системой корпоративной социальной ответственности (КСО) в предпринимательской деятельности, рассмотрены основные направления и уровни корпоративной социальной ответственности и предложены меры по поэтапному внедрению корпоративной социальной ответственности в систему управления предприятием и пути повышения уровня корпоративной социальной ответственности отечественных компаний. Доказано, что состояние развития корпоративной социальной ответственности имеет прямое влияние на эффективность функционирования бизнес-процессов предприятия и уровень удовлетворенности персонала работой в организации. В результате установлено, что необходимым условием для создания эффективной системы внедрения корпоративной социальной ответственности в Украине, прежде всего, необходимо создать условия для эффективной коммуникации между правительством, обществом и бизнесом, разработать национальную общую стратегию развития корпоративной социальной ответственности, создать единый информационный ресурс для обеспечения осведомленности субъектов бизнеса в сфере практических вопросов корпоративной социальной ответственности. Практическая ценность введения стратегии корпоративной социальной ответственности в Украине заключается в ее ресурсном потенциале, который в условиях отечественной бизнес среды представляет собой значительный резерв для обеспечения функционирования всего комплекса социальной сферы. Как показывает практика отечественного предпринимательства, организации готовы принять участие в решении социальных проблем, если государство направит свои усилия и ресурсы на создание системы поддержки социальной активности бизнеса и соответствующей инфраструктуры. JEL Classification: A14, D64, D71 ; У статті визначено роль управління системою корпоративної соціальної відповідальності (КСВ) у підприємницькій діяльності, розглянуто основні напрями та рівні корпоративної соціальної відповідальності і запропоновано заходи щодо поетапного впровадження корпоративної соціальної відповідальності в систему управління підприємством та шляхи підвищення рівня корпоративної соціальної відповідальності вітчизняних підприємств. Доведено, що стан розвитку корпоративної соціальної відповідальності має прямий вплив на ефективність функціонування бізнес-процесів підприємства та рівень задоволеності персоналу роботою в організації. В результаті визначено, що необхідною умовою для створення ефективної системи впровадження корпоративної соціальної відповідальності в Україні, перш за все, необхідно створити умови для ефективної комунікації між урядом, суспільством і бізнесом, розробити національну загальну стратегію розвитку корпоративної соціальної відповідальності, створити єдиний інформаційний ресурс для забезпечення обізнаності суб'єктів бізнесу у сфері практичних питань корпоративної соціальної відповідальності. Практична цінність запровадження стратегії корпоративної соціальної відповідальності в Україні полягає у її ресурсному потенціалі, який в умовах вітчизняного бізнес середовища являє собою значний резерв для забезпечення функціонування всього комплексу соціальної сфери. Як свідчить практика вітчизняного підприємництва, організації готові прийняти участь у вирішенні соціальних проблем, якщо держава спрямує свої зусилля та ресурси на створення системи підтримки соціальної активності бізнесу та відповідної інфраструктури. JEL Classification: A14, D64, D71

The Arctic Mediterranean (AM) is the collective name for the Arctic Ocean, the Nordic Seas, and their adjacent shelf seas. Water enters into this region through the Bering Strait (Pacific inflow) and through the passages across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge (Atlantic inflow) and is modified within the AM. The modified waters leave the AM in several flow branches which are grouped into two different categories: (1) overflow of dense water through the deep passages across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge, and (2) outflow of light water – here termed surface outflow – on both sides of Greenland. These exchanges transport heat and salt into and out of the AM and are important for conditions in the AM. They are also part of the global ocean circulation and climate system. Attempts to quantify the transports by various methods have been made for many years, but only recently the observational coverage has become sufficiently complete to allow an integrated assessment of the AM exchanges based solely on observations. In this study, we focus on the transport of water and have collected data on volume transport for as many AM-exchange branches as possible between 1993 and 2015. The total AM import (oceanic inflows plus freshwater) is found to be 9.1 Sv (sverdrup, 1 Sv =106 m3 s−1) with an estimated uncertainty of 0.7 Sv and has the amplitude of the seasonal variation close to 1 Sv and maximum import in October. Roughly one-third of the imported water leaves the AM as surface outflow with the remaining two-thirds leaving as overflow. The overflow water is mainly produced from modified Atlantic inflow and around 70 % of the total Atlantic inflow is converted into overflow, indicating a strong coupling between these two exchanges. The surface outflow is fed from the Pacific inflow and freshwater (runoff and precipitation), but is still approximately two-thirds of modified Atlantic water. For the inflow branches and the two main overflow branches (Denmark Strait and Faroe Bank Channel), systematic monitoring of volume transport has been established since the mid-1990s, and this enables us to estimate trends for the AM exchanges as a whole. At the 95 % confidence level, only the inflow of Pacific water through the Bering Strait showed a statistically significant trend, which was positive. Both the total AM inflow and the combined transport of the two main overflow branches also showed trends consistent with strengthening, but they were not statistically significant. They do suggest, however, that any significant weakening of these flows during the last two decades is unlikely and the overall message is that the AM exchanges remained remarkably stable in the period from the mid-1990s to the mid-2010s. The overflows are the densest source water for the deep limb of the North Atlantic part of the meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and this conclusion argues that the reported weakening of the AMOC was not due to overflow weakening or reduced overturning in the AM. Although the combined data set has made it possible to establish a consistent budget for the AM exchanges, the observational coverage for some of the branches is limited, which introduces considerable uncertainty. This lack of coverage is especially extreme for the surface outflow through the Denmark Strait, the overflow across the Iceland–Faroe Ridge, and the inflow over the Scottish shelf. We recommend that more effort is put into observing these flows as well as maintaining the monitoring systems established for the other exchange branches. ; This study was supported by European Framework Programmes under grant agreement no. GA212643 (THOR) and grant agreement no. 308299 (NACLIM), and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 727852 (Blue-Action). Bering Strait data and analysis were supported by NSF-Office of Polar Programs Arctic Observing Network grants PLR-1304052 & PLR1758565. The Davis Strait program (CML and BC) was supported by the US National Science Foundation under grants OPP0230381, ARC0632231, and ARC1022472, with additional support from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada. We thank WilkenJon von Appen and an anonymous referee for very constructive comments. ; Peer reviewed

Abstract - The research raises about the Education Curiculum Development in the Education Center of the Army Engineers Kodiklat to Support Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW). It is based on the phenomena of persistence of the lack of knowledge and skills of the soldiers Engineers either individually or in association units associated with the main task the Education Center of the Army Engineers as institutions that educate and train the soldiers of Engineers and is still taking place obstacles in the field whether they are administrative, technical and operational in support of the task MOOTW. Research questions, namely: How can Curiculum Development and how efforts to realize development of Curiculum Development in institutions of Engineers Education Centre Kodiklat Army so that soldiers and units of Engineers to support the task of Military Operations Other Than War optimally.Theories and concepts used to analyze the research problem, namely the theory of Strategy, Organization, Synergy, Human Resources, Curriculum Development and MOOTW. The research method uses a qualitative method of collecting data through observation, interviews, and literature.The results showed that the Education Center of the Army Engineers Kodiklat Army has been carrying out educational programs in accordance with the current curriculum. In general, the curriculum used today is more oriented to the tasks of Military Operations To War (OMP), while oriented curriculum MOOTW tasks are still very limited. By looking at phenomena and task demands today and in the future, it is expected that their addition and refinement of the subject matter that relates specifically to the tasks MOOTW so as to address issues faced by soldiers and units of Engineers in the field ,Conclusions from this research is the need for curriculum development in the Education Center of the Army Engineers which is implemented in the form of revising the existing curriculum by adding and refining the material Engineers branches directly related to the duties MOOTW at various levels of existing relevant and continuous with the task at hand or by making courses specifically related to the tasks MOOTW so as to improve the knowledge and skills of soldiers and units of Engineers in support MOOTW task.Keywords: Strategy, Curriculum Development, Synergy Abstrak - Penelitian ini mengangkat tentang Pengembangan Kurikulum Pendidikan di Pusat Pendidikan Kodiklat Angkatan Darat untuk Mendukung Operasi Militer selain Perang (MOOTW). Hal ini didasarkan pada fenomena ketekunan kurangnya pengetahuan dan keterampilan para Insinyur tentara baik secara individu maupun dalam unit asosiasi yang terkait dengan tugas pokok Pusat Pendidikan Insinyur Angkatan Darat sebagai institusi yang mendidik dan melatih para prajurit Insinyur dan masih terdapat hambatan di lapangan apakah mereka bersifat administratif, teknis dan operasional dalam mendukung tugas MOOTW. Pertanyaan penelitian, yaitu: Bagaimana Pengembangan Kurikulum dan bagaimana upaya mewujudkan pengembangan Kurikulum Pembangunan di instansi Pusat Pendidikan Insinyur Angkatan Kodiklat sehingga tentara dan satuan Insinyur mendukung tugas Operasi Militer selain perang secara optimal. Teori dan konsep yang digunakan untuk menganalisa masalah penelitian, yaitu teori Strategi, Organisasi, Sinergi, Sumber Daya Manusia, Pengembangan Kurikulum dan MOOTW. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk mengumpulkan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan literatur.Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa Pusat Pendidikan Angkatan Darat Angkatan Darat Kodiklat Angkatan Darat telah melaksanakan program pendidikan sesuai dengan kurikulum saat ini. Secara umum, kurikulum yang digunakan saat ini lebih berorientasi pada tugas Operasi Militer Untuk Perang (OMP), sedangkan kurikulum yang berorientasi pada tugas MOOTW masih sangat terbatas. Dengan melihat fenomena dan tuntutan tugas hari ini dan ke depan, diharapkan penambahan dan penyempurnaan materi pokok yang terkait secara khusus dengan tugas MOOTW sehingga bisa mengatasi permasalahan yang dihadapi tentara dan satuan Insinyur di lapangan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah perlunya pengembangan kurikulum di Pusat Pendidikan Insinyur Angkatan Darat yang diimplementasikan dalam bentuk merevisi kurikulum yang ada dengan menambahkan dan menyempurnakan materi cabang Insinyur yang terkait langsung dengan tugas MOOTW pada berbagai tingkatan yang ada terkait dan berkesinambungan atau dengan membuat kursus yang secara khusus terkait dengan tugas MOOTW, sehingga bisa meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan tentara dan satuan Insinyur dalam mendukung tugas MOOTW.Kata kunci: Strategi, Pengembangan Kurikulum, Sinergi

Purpose
Most of the research on children's consumer behavior focuses on pre-purchase processes, with brand choice typically being the last stage investigated. This paper aims to examine the outcome of children's purchase decisions, with an emphasis on dissatisfaction and outcome resolution. Of particular interest was the comprehension level of the corporate communication and the extent to which clear, understandable communication influenced children's ultimate satisfaction.


Design/methodology/approach
Eighty-seven children wrote authentic letters of complaint to manufacturers about a recent product purchase. The study examined what happened after the children complained – i.e. how companies responded to children, and how satisfied children were with the resolution and the overall complaint handling process. Two widely regarded readability formulas were used to measure the complexity of the written correspondence.


Findings
The present study suggests that child complainants are the most concerned with the bottom-line results of their communication efforts. Like adults, they want the problem corrected. Unfortunately, the majority of children did not feel fully satisfied with the corporate complaint handling process. Over one-third of the companies in the sample did not even bother to respond to children's legitimate complaints, despite the fact that each child specifically asked the company to write back. Those firms which did were more likely to respond with a letter only than with a letter plus add-on. And the corporate letters, by and large, were written at an educational level which would preclude full understanding by the child.


Research limitations/implications
Because consumer complaint behavior is not randomly distributed in the population, the use of probability sampling was precluded. Published studies which have used consumer complaint letters as the data collection method have relied primarily on convenience sampling. In the present study, judgmental sampling was used to select children participants. Three criteria were applied. Children had to be aged between 10 and 13 years. Children had to have experienced dissatisfaction with a product purchase made over the previous six months. Children could not have taken any public action to resolve their dissatisfaction. But they had to be willing to write a letter of complaint at this point. It was considered of utmost importance that the letters used in this study be authentic. They had to be composed and penned by the children themselves. This criterion, coupled with the fact that the complaints were legitimate, avoided the obvious ethical dilemma associated with the use of fabricated letters.


Practical implications
It seems ironic that in the present era of consumer consciousness, corporations do not place greater emphasis on truly communicating with their customers, where communication is viewed as a process of establishing shared meaning. How can there be shared meaning when the message sender fails to consider the characteristics of the receiver – characteristics such as age and cognitive development? Businesses may argue that their corporate communication policies and practices are based on a concern for cost efficiency. This argument carries little merit, unfortunately. Even the federal government, through the Plain Writing Act of 2010, acknowledges the importance of using common, everyday words and plain English in all written documents.


Social implications
On the surface, American businesses state that they welcome customer feedback. The comments of children are more sought after now than ever before, particularly in the area of advertising and new product development. But the results of this study show that companies have a long way to go before they can claim to be truly receiver-oriented in their managerial communication policies. Perhaps this is why consumers – certainly child consumers – are only beginning to believe that when kids complain, companies will respond.


Originality/value
The vast body of complaint research focuses almost exclusively on adults. Despite their sophistication and marketing literacy, children are not miniature adults. It is not known whether the same models and findings with respect to adult complaint behavior apply to children. Unfortunately, there are very few studies of children's complaint behavior and corporate responses.

This article describes an approach to development of interagency statistical resources with regard to support program for children and families with children - «Children of Russia» - based on the best foreign practices. In other countries these types of statistical resources are created by cooperative efforts of government agencies (that are responsible for implementation of support 'programs for children and families with children) and research centers (universities). Program of development of a specialized unit of interagency information resources dedicated to the problems of children and families with children is put together to investigate the wellbeing of target groups, to work out a program for supporting children and families with children, to monitor program's performance (stages and results). This resource is to be multifunctional; it may serve research and education interests of universities and raise public awareness and knowledge about this vital and socially significant sphere. Official statistics forms the basis for data array; functionality is amplified by analytical services with regard to needs of all interested parties (agencies, researchers and general public). The paper discusses an approach to creating an interagency resource with information on children and families with children in Russia. Despite the fact that several national ministries in line with their activity areas practice and keep statistical records on these topics, the data resources are not integrated for system analysis of problems of children and families with children. Therefore, in order to standardize the terminology and concepts in this field of statistical observation the authors propose developing a unified subject classification and integrating data in the resources' multifunctional information framework. Such resource may provide means for integrated assessment of the general subject area and specific target groups. According to the authors, this resource may serve as a foundation for elaborating documents for strategic planning of effective family, maternity and childhood support policies at a new level of quality. The article proposes an approach to the development of statistical information resource based on Rosstat data with advanced interface and a set of analytical services, which include access to the methodology of statistical monitoring and access to thematic publications on the problems of children and families with children in regions of the country. ; Авторы с учетом практики развитых стран обосновывают подходы к формированию межведомственных статистических ресурсов применительно к программе помощи детям и семьям с детьми «Дети России». Отмечается, что такого рода статистические ресурсы в зарубежных странах создаются совместными усилиями государственных структур, в сферу ответственности которых входит реализация программ помощи семьям с детьми, и исследовательских центров (университетов). Программа разработки специализированного блока межведомственных информационных ресурсов, посвященных проблемам детей и семей с детьми, составляется исходя из задач исследования положения целевых групп, разработки и мониторинга этапов и результатов программ поддержки детей и семей с детьми, для научных проектов и просвещения общества в этой важной и социально значимой сфере. Основу информационного массива ресурсов составляет официальная статистика; функциональность дополнена аналитическими сервисами с учетом потребностей всех заинтересованных ведомств, исследователей и граждан страны. В статье обсуждается подход к созданию межведомственного ресурса, содержащего информацию о детях и семьях России. Несмотря на то, что ряд отечественных министерств по направлениям своей деятельности ведут статистический учет, связанный с указанной проблематикой, данные разных ведомств не интегрированы для системного анализа проблем детей и семей с детьми. Поэтому на основе унификации терминологии и понятий рассматриваемой области статистического наблюдения предлагается разработать единый тематический классификатор и интегрировать данные в рамках многофункционального информационного ресурса, на основе которого возможна комплексная характеристика как предметной области в целом, так и ее отдельных целевых групп. По мнению авторов, на базе такого ресурса возможна разработка на новом качественном уровне документов стратегического планирования для целей эффективной политики поддержки семьи, материнства и детства. Предложен подход к разработке информационного статистического ресурса на базе данных Росстата с развитым интерфейсом и комплексом аналитических сервисов, включая доступ к методологии статистического наблюдения и доступ к тематическим публикациям по проблемам детей и семей с детьми в регионах страны.

The Patagonian Toothfish in the waters surrounding the Kerguelen, Crozet, Heard and MacDonald Islands are under serious threat by the continued exploitation of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing vessels. The high value of these fish, coupled with difficulties faced by Australia and France in policing their waters makes illegal fishing an enticing prospect. This research paper examines the scope of the threat, the underlying factors contributing to its development and the strategic enforcement operations between Australia and France to combat the practice in their claimed maritime zones of jurisdiction. After assessing the respective countries operational responses and legal developments, a range of conclusions were drawn. With dockside prices ranging as high as $A40 to $A100 per kilogram, toothfish has rapidly become one of the most lucrative, illegal fishing species globally: a good haul can bring in $4 million. The perpetrators of IUU fishing are highly elaborate transnational crime operations that use front companies, fraudulent documentation, and corrupt port officials to smuggle illegal toothfish into ports around the world. The vessels often use active intelligence methods to obtain information about a State's enforcement efforts and exploit weaknesses in national and international fisheries law. To protect this rapidly declining resource, countries such as France and Australia that have Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) surrounding sub-Antarctic islands, have tightened controls over their domestic fisheries laws whilst simultaneously strengthened their operational enforcement capabilities. Both Governments employ armed patrol vessels to provide surveillance and apprehend vessels operating illegally. The French also utilise Envisat and Radarsat-1 satellite surveillance imagery to provide round the clock tracking capability. To reinforce these measures, Australia and France adopted a coordinated approach to surveillance and law enforcement operations by signing a bilateral treaty in late 2003 and again in 2007. Under the 2003 Agreement, Australian officers on French patrol vessels can apprehend illegal fishing vessels in Australian waters. Likewise French officers on board Australian patrol vessels can apprehend illegal fishing vessels operating in French waters. Cooperative activities include the exchange of information concerning the movements and related details of fishing vessels, cooperative surveillance activities and the establishment of a shared register of fishing vessels licensed to operate in French and Australian waters. The 2007 Treaty formalises the cooperative enforcements of the two states fishing laws, as set out in the 2003 Treaty. These measures demonstrate the evolution of state practice in response to IUU fishing. Since the initiation of these measures, France and Australia has witnessed a significant decline in the estimate of IUU catches being taken from within the claimed EEZs. However, IUU fishing remains far from being eradicated and unprecedented destruction has already been observed. CCAMLR estimates that some populations of toothfish are already commercially extinct. The dynamic nature of the problem necessitates a multi-pronged approach to be adopted to control the international trade in toothfish and make the activity less attractive to those involved. Domestic actions to implement rules and regulations that go above and beyond CCAMLR provisions need to be adopted by both Australia and France. Additional action also needs to be taken by CCAMLR and the Convention on the Internationals Trade of Endangered Species to close the remaining loopholes in regional policies. The key findings and recommendations in this report are: 1) Strengthen the international monitoring, control and surveillance network through the introduction of an electronic Catch Documentation Scheme. 2) Establish a transparent and non-discriminatory enforcement regime that holds flag states accountable for implementing CCAMLR Conservation Measures 3) Use trade sanctions to force compliance with the CCAMLR regime against those parties repeatedly involved in IUU fishing. 4) Develop minimum guidelines for port state controls and actions against IUU fishers - including pre-notification of intent to offload. 5) Strengthen RFMO action through the publication of a centrally managed IUU Vessel List 6) Strengthen bilateral actions between CCAMLR member states through cooperative arrangements. 7) List tooth.fish in the Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species to expand the levels of compliance and enforcement.

China's energy security has become increasingly important in the 21st century. The growth of China's thriving economy and global standing are of central concern to the establishment of a viable energy security policy. Contextually, China's energy insecurity stems from its shift from major exporter, to major importer of oil in 1993. This marked a serious break from China's traditional energy procurement and China has subsequently remained a net importer in the new millennium. Energy security is therefore defined in this paper as China's ability to obtain an adequate physical supply of energy at a reasonable cost. However, increasingly, wider ramifications apply, including environmental and institutional insecurity as well as China's international relations. China's need for energy security in the 21st century is directly linked to its rapid economic growth and the shift in its demand /supply at the end of the last century. There are two main arguments surrounding China's energy security policy. The first involves securing China's energy supply through traditional means, focusing on strategic oil reserves and developing a strong military force. The converse argument asserts that China's energy demand must be tackled through non- traditional means. China' s energy security depends on the country's ability to minimise energy demand and focus on energy conservation and efficiency. These arguments appear to present competing priorities. However, in response, the Chinese government's policy framework appears to have combined these two approaches. In the draft of China's Medium and Long - term Energy Development Program outline 2004 - 2020, strategic reserves, energy conservation, diversification, security, further exploration and environmental preservation are all on the agenda. On the domestic front, China has developed strategic oil reserves. The continued tradition of utilising coal as a main source of energy is also reinforced as one of the main objectives stated in China's Eleventh Five Year Plan (2006- 2010). In addition, China has embarked upon a major expansion of its natural gas infrastructure and its hydro - electrical capacity in the 21st century. Other active steps by China are represented in the Renewable Energy Law passed in February 2005 by the National People's Congress. These strategies reflect a more environmentally conscious concentration on energy efficiency and alleviating shortages of domestic oil supply. As part of its diversification drive, China's energy security strategy aims to elevate nuclear power as one of China's main energy sources. In contrast, China's 'going - abroad' strategy has focused on acquiring energy resources from a plethora of countries and regions. Since September 11 2001, there has been a deliberate shift by China to dilute its oil dependence from the Middle East. Energy diplomacy has therefore become a top priority within China' s new energy agreements, the most notable partners being Canada, Africa, Central Asia and Russia. In addition to securing its oil demands, China's 'going - abroad' policy embodies pipeline politics and strategic undertones. Not far from the surface of these developments is the tension in US- Sino relations. China's energy security strategy in the 21 st century has officially been perceived by the US leadership as a threat to America's national security. Another feature of China's energy security strategy has been the marketisation of China's energy sector. The objectives of this approach have most importantly included the development of market oriented pricing mechanisms. Through this framework, China's domestic energy prices have risen closer to global market levels. Progress in the marketisation of China's energy economy has largely strengthened China's energy security. Overall, China has taken positive steps toward bridging the gap in its current energy predicament. This paper argues against the analysis of China's policies as strictly strategic. State - centred, strategic energy diplomacy has increasingly become less prevalent and has been overshadowed by China' s efforts to open, deregulate and decentralise its energy sector. However, certain problems and vulnerabilities still exist within China's energy security strategy. This paper notes the need for further development in the marketisation and liberalisation of China's energy sector. Within a global context, this paper proposes China' s participation in the International Energy Agency (lEA). Cooperation between China and other lEA countries is vital to China's energy security in the 21 st century.

Jaminan kesehatan nasional (JKN) mulai beroperasi sejak 1 Januari 2014. Pelaksanaan jaminan kesehatan di Kabupaten Tabalong, masih mengalami beberapa permasalahan seperti SDM pelaksana pelayanan kesehatan yang masih belum mencukupi baik dari segi kuantitas, distribusi dan kualitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan evaluasi program JKN dari aspek SDM pelaksana pelayanan kesehatan di Kabupaten Tabalong periode Januari-Juni 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan mix method dengan desain urutan pembuktian sequential explanatory. Subjek penelitian berasal dari Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Tabalong, RSUD H. Badaruddin, Puskesmas Kelua dan BPJS Kesehatan. Hasil evaluasi konteks, informan memahami mengenai batasan JKN, roadmap dan hambatan program. Hasil evaluasi input SDM pelaksana pelayanan kesehatan, kuantitas masih mengalami kekurangan 136 orang. Distribusi di Puskesmas Kelua sudah sesuai dengan standar ketenagaan di puskesmas tetapi kuantitasnya masih belum sesuai standar rasio per 100.000 jumlah penduduk. Distribusi di RSUD H. Badaruddin berdasarkan standar ketenagaan kesehatan di rumah sakit sudah sesuai, kecuali untuk dokter spesialis. Penilaian kualitas SDM di Puskesmas Kelua belum menggunakan standar Kepmenkes Nomor 857 Tahun 2009. Sedangkan di RSUD H. Badaruddin masih menggunakan penilaian Daftar Penilaian Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan (DP3). Hasil evaluasi proses, kuantitas sudah meningkat tetapi masih mengalami kekurangan 82 orang. Distribusi di Puskesmas Kelua tidak ada perubahan. Distribusi di RSUD H. Badaruddin mengalami penambahan tenaga keperawatan. Penilaian kualitas SDM di Puskesmas Kelua tidak ada perubahan. Penilaian SDM di RSUD H. Badaruddin menggunakan Penilaian Prestasi Kerja Pegawai (PKP). Evaluasi output menunjukkan belum ada perubahan kuantitas, distribusi dan kualitas dari hasil evaluasi proses. Pelaksanaan JKN di Kabupaten Tabalong sudah berjalan, baik dari aspek peraturan perundangan, kepesertaan, pelayanan kesehatan, keuangan dan tata kelola organisasi. Ada beberapa hambatan seperti peraturan daerah masih kurang dan kurangnya jumlah SDM pelaksana pelayanan kesehatan. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya upaya penambahan kuantitas dan pemerataan distribusi SDM pelaksana pelayanan kesehatan oleh Pemerintah Daerah dan upaya memaksimalkan jumlah dan kualitas SDM pelaksana pelayanan kesehatan yang tersedia. National health insurance (JKN) started operating on January 1, 2014. The implementation of health insurance in Tabalong, still have some problems such as health services workforce are still not enough in terms of quantity, distribution and quality. This study aims to evaluate the JKN program of health services workforce aspects in Tabalong period January to June 2014. This study used a mixed method design with sequential explanatory. Study subjects were from the Department of Health Tabalong, H. Badaruddin Hospital, Kelua Health Center and BPJS Health. The results of the evaluation context, informants understand the JKN restrictions, roadmap and program obstacles. The results of the evaluation of health services workforce inputs, the quantity is still deficient 136 people. Distribution in Kelua Health Center is appropriate with the standard for personnel in health centers but the quantity is still not appropriate with the ratio per 100,000 of population standard. Distribution in H. Badaruddin hospital based health workforce standards in hospitals is appropriate, except to specialists. Assessment of the quality of human resources in Kelua Health Center not using Kepmenkes No. 857 of 2009 standard. While in H. Badaruddin hospital still use assessment Implementation Assessment Work List (DP3). The results of the evaluation process, the quantity has increased but is still deficient 82 people. Distribution in Kelua Health Center no change. Distribution in H. Badaruddin hospital have additional for nursing staff. Assessment of the quality of human resources in the Kelua Health Center no change. Assessment of human resources in H. Badaruddin hospital using Employee Job Performance Assessment (PKP). Evaluation of the output shows no change in the quantity, distribution and quality of the results of the evaluation process. Implementation JKN in Tabalong already running, both from the aspect of legislation, participation, health care, financial and organizational governance. There are several obstacles such as local regulation are still lacking and the lack of workforce for the services of health. Therefore, efforts are needed to increase the quantity and distribution of health workforce by local government and maximizing the amount and quality of available health workforce.

This research intends to investigate obstacles to moral education in a private school in Brazil, based on teachers' views, which were gathered through interviews, questionnaires and discussions during workshops. It is a qualitative case study conducted in a country where neoliberal values increasingly influence education, and where high rates of socio economic inequalities are easily observed. Similarly to other emerging economies, Brazil faces increasing privatisation in education, mainly in higher education but also in basic education levels. Although the majority of students attend public schools, the relevance and representativeness of private schools in the country go beyond these numbers. Historical and political circumstances have favoured their establishment, expansion and influence in the Brazilian society. As a general rule, private schools tend to work under little scrutiny of the Ministry of Education, and little attention is given to the values they promote. Concern for moral education and collective wellbeing, although part of national education policies, still need great efforts to be included in school practices on a daily basis in Brazil. Moral education holds potential to raise awareness of social injustices and to improve concern for collective wellbeing. Its relevance seems even stronger in the so-called developing countries, such as Brazil, where high rates of corruption and little concern for the common good reinforce existing inequalities in society. In this thesis, moral education is disconnected from more traditional or religious practices, while progressive approaches, such as values clarification (VC), are understood as an important contribution to the practice of moral education in schools. The main argument underpinning this research is the need to recognise education as a moral enterprise, and to develop moral education in schools as a response to contemporary challenges and the need for justice in society. In this sense, this thesis supports moral education and concern for collective wellbeing as essential components of schooling — which is increasingly viewed as a synonym of education — as well as their potential to assist in developing a more holistic conception of education, and deemphasising its instrumental value, which is dominant nowadays. This qualitative case study was developed with five teachers working in a private school in Brazil, and qualitative content analysis was applied to analyse the primary set of data (interviews). The results derived from the combination of this analysis and the secondary set of data (questionnaires and notes from a research diary from observations made during the workshops with teachers). They indicate that teachers consider students' parents as the main obstacle to moral education in the school, particularly the conflict of values between teachers and parents. Teachers also mentioned neoliberal influences as an obstacle to moral education, e.g. overloaded school curriculum and little time for extra initiatives, great pressure and concern from parents and school administration in relation to the use of books and students' performance. The school conduct, interests and decisions were pointed out as an obstacle to moral education as well, with emphasis on the lack of support for teachers on conflict situations with parents. Results suggest that teachers view moral education as an essential part of their job but also as a burden when developed without support from parents and school administration. Additionally, the study identified that teachers lack knowledge and practical training in moral education during their studies to become teachers, which could also constitute an obstacle to its development in the school. Finally, the suggestions mentioned to improve moral education in the school included more support for teachers, more communication between teachers, parents and school administration, and real engagement from the institution on matters of moral education. Although a qualitative case study without aims of generalisation, this research offers data and results relevant to numerous cases in Brazil and in other countries facing similar challenges, particularly in contexts of increasing privatisation in education and neoliberal values in society. It offers contributions to comparative studies in education, and it provides empirical data that could contribute to restrain existing hindrances to the inclusion of moral education in school practices in Brazil.

Measurements of event shapes and azimuthal correlations are presented for events where a Z boson is produced in association with jets in proton-proton collisions. The data collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC at s=7 TeV correspond to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb-1. The analysis provides a test of predictions from perturbative QCD for a process that represents a substantial background to many physics channels. Results are presented as a function of jet multiplicity, for inclusive Z boson production and for Z bosons with transverse momenta greater than 150 GeV, and compared to predictions from Monte Carlo event generators that include leading-order multiparton matrix-element (with up to four hard partons in the final state) and next-to-leading-order simulations of Z+1-jet events. The experimental results are corrected for detector effects, and can be compared directly with other QCD models. © 2013 CERN ; California Earthquake Authority Serbia Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Fuel Cell Technologies Program, FCT Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, JINR: Ukraine Marketing Science Institute Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, BMWF Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission: Pakistan Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología National Science and Technology Development Agency: Thailand Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences Hispanics in Philanthropy California Department of Fish and Game National Research Foundation Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services U.S. Department of Energy Academy of Finland Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu Ministerio de Educación y Cultura Taipei Research Promotion Foundation: Cyprus, SF0690030s09 National Science Foundation Science and Technology Facilities Council Human Growth Foundation Croatia Austrian Science Fund Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo Secretaría de Educación Pública Western Carolina University Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung National Natural Science Foundation of China Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Hungarian Scientific Research Fund Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India Rochester Academy of Science Department of Science and Technology, Government of Rajasthan Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ???????????? (????) Center for African Studies Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, COLCIENCIAS Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeze a Telovychovy, Not Available Nemzeti Kutatási és Technológiai Hivatal, NKTH: Hungary European Regional Development Fund CERN NSC General Secretariat for Research and Technology, GSRT Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Santa Fe Institute Louisiana Academy of Sciences ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWF and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq , CAPES , FAPERJ , and FAPESP (Brazil); MEYS (Bulgaria); CERN ; CAS , MoST , and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); MoER , SF0690030s09 and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland , MEC , and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF , DFG , and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV , CONACYT , SEP , and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MSI (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MON , RosAtom , RAS and RFBR (Russia); MSTD (Serbia); SEIDI and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); ThEPCenter , IPST and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). --

The efforts of the formal system of government to achieve social reintegration of chronic offenders is reflected, inter alia, through the application of a large number of educational and training retrain and therapeutic treatment in penal institutions. However, they still do not give the desired results. So, in this paper we analyze the results of studies that investigate effects of various forms of forensic treatment on the criminal re-offend. It was found that, in this context, it is important to determine whether the offender has a psychological predisposition toward antisocial behaviour, and whether deviations are present which do not have the character of mental illness, but have the impact on stubbornly chronically maintaining delinquency. Based on the results of empirical data from the relevant studies and practical experiences of forensic therapeutic experts, it was found that some forms of treatment, including training for development social skills, life skills, and empathy, for certain categories of violent offenders, not only does not lead to the expected reduction of violence, but even at first glance, paradoxical result, as many as five times more frequent criminal recovery, compared to the same category of offenders who are not covered by treatment. When this tendency is particularly worrying that in these cases the victims are subjected to insidious attacks against and become more vulnerable because they are representatives of the criminal justice system misled the attackers to make treatment safer. The paper points out the possible reasons for such negative outcomes of treatment and is located contraindicated category form of forensic psychotherapy to the riskiest psychological profile. It was estimated that the usual methods of psychotherapy and mental needs advisory applied in clinical trials in patients unsuitable for delinquent population. It was concluded that any rehabilitation treatment must be designed in accordance with psychological characteristics of the target group and each individual delinquents. Beside that, it is necessary to ensure the continued education of representatives of the judiciary in this area, as order to prevent damage due to indiscriminate referral of offenders to treatment contraindicated. ; Nastojanja formalnog sistema države da ostvari socijalnu reintegraciju hroničnih delinkvenata očituje se između ostalog i kroz primenu velikog broja edukativno-prevaspitnih treninga i terapijskih tretmana u penalnim ustanovama. Oni, međutim, još uvek ne daju željene rezultate, te su u ovom radu analizirani nalazi studija koje su se bavile istraživanjima efekata različitih vidova tretmana na kriminalni povrat. Utvrđeno je da je u tom kontekstu važno ustanoviti da li postoji psihološka predispozicija delinkventa ka antisocijalnom ponašanju, kao i to da li su prisutne devijacije koje nemaju karakter duševnog oboljenja, a utiču na to da se delinkvencija tvrdokorno održava. Na bazi rezultata empirijske građe iz relevantnih studija i iskustava stručnjaka u praktičnom forenzičkom terapijskom radu, ustanovljeno je da neki vidovi tretmana, uključujući i treninge za razvoj socijalnih i životnih veština i za razvijanje empatičnosti, kod pojedinih kategorija violentnih prestupnika, ne samo da ne dovode do očekivane redukcije nasilja, nego pak,na prvi pogled, paradoksalno rezultuju, čak pet puta češćim kriminalnim povratom, u poređenju sa istom kategorijom delinkvenata koji nisu obuhvaćeni tretmanom. Pri tom posebno zabrinjava tendencija da su u tim slučajevima žrtve izložene još podmuklijim atacima i da postaju vulnerabilnije jer su od strane predstavnika krivično-pravnog sistema dovedene u zabludu da će napadače tretman učiniti bezopasnijim. U radu je ukazano na moguće razloge ovakvih negativnih ishoda tretmana i locirana je kategorija kontraindikovanih formi forenzičkih psihoterapija za najrizičnije psihološke profile. Ocenjeno je da su uobičajene metode psihoterapijskog i savetodavno pedagoškog rada koje se primenjuju u kliničkim uslovima na pacijentima, neprikladne za delinkventnu populaciju. Zaključeno je da svaki rehabilitacioni tretman mora biti koncipiran u skladu sa psihološkim karakteristikama ciljne grupe i svakog pojedinačnog delinkvanta. Takođe je potrebno obezbediti kontinuiranu edukaciju predstavnika pravosudnih funkcija u ovom području, kako bi se prevenirale štete zbog neselektivnog upućivanja prestupnika na kontraindikovan tretman.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Aktivierung der Fassade zur Einsparung von elektrischer Energie und zur aktiven Nutzung von Solarenergie. Sie soll als Beitrag zur Ressourcenschonung und aktiver Nutzung erneuerbaren Energien dienen und das Interesse von Industrie und Architekten für die Nutzung der Fassadenflächen vorallem von Bürogebäuden wecken. Neben den Bemühungen der Architekten und Energieplaner den Energieverbrauch von Gebäuden, hier im Speziellen von Verwaltungsgebäuden, durch eine konsequente Dämmung der Gebäudehüllen und den Einsatz von geeigneten Sonnenschutzmaßnahmen zu minimieren, gibt es die parallele Entwicklung von verschiedenen Systemen zur Tageslichtnutzung. Diese sollen einerseits den Verbrauch an elektrischer Energie reduzieren und andererseits die Behaglichkeit der Nutzer erhöhen. Die Reduzierung von elektrischer Energie wird in dieser Arbeit durch die Nutzung des Tageslichts mit Hilfe von Glasprofilen und -rohren erfolgen. Zur aktiven Solarenergienutzung werden Vakuumröhren in die Fassade integriert. Es gibt die Vision einer transparenten Fassade, die Energie spart, nutzt und sammelt. Hierbei werden die Glasprofile und -rohre, die sich auf der Grundlage der Untersuchungen als funktionsfähige Profile zur Tageslichtnutzung herausgestellt haben, mit auf dem Markt erhältlichen Vakuumröhren zu einem Fassadensystem gefügt und in Fassadenkonstruktionen integriert. Es wird ein Fassadensystem entwickelt, das jeder Büroeinheit ermöglicht ihre Fassade solartechnisch zu aktivieren bei gleichzeitigem Prestigegewinn für den Nutzer. Die Ergebnisse im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass hinsichtlich Nutzung des Tageslichts der Einsatz der Glasprofile als transparenter Sonnenschutz bei gleichzeitiger Diffuslichtlenkung am sinnvollsten ist. Diffuses Licht steht im Gegensatz zur direkten Strahlung auch bei bewölktem bzw. bedecktem Himmel zur Verfügung. Systeme, die mit direktem Licht arbeiten funktionieren gerade dann, wenn der Bedarf am größten ist, nicht. In Zukunft wird die aktive Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien in Gebäuden eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Die Diskrepanz zwischen dem weltweiten Bedarf an Energie und den Vorkommen der fossilen Rohstoffe wird in den nächsten Jahren immer größer werden. Diese Lücke muss durch die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien geschlossen werden. Für Solarthermie ist eine ähnliche Entwicklung wie bei Photovoltaikanlagen zu erwarten. Die Photovoltaik betreffend wurden auf politischer Ebene deutliche Signale gesetzt, die eine aktive Solarenergienutzung in der Gebäudehülle unterstützen. So bringt der im Moment vorliegende Entwurf zum EEG (Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz) zum Ausdruck, dass gebäudeintegrierte Anlagen eine erhöhte Vergütung und die fassadenintegrierten Systeme den Höchstsatz bekommen. Ein Entwurf für das EEG die Solarthermie betreffend ist in Arbeit. ; The present work is about utilizing the building façade in order to reduce the consumption of electricity by actively using solar energy. This work aims to contribute to the conservation of scarce resources and to be proactive in the use of renewable energies. Hopefully this initiative will awaken the interest of both industry and architects for the energy efficient use of building facades. This initiative is particularly relevant to office buildings. Besides the efforts of architects and energy-planners to minimize the energy consumption of buildings with the insulation of building surfaces along with adequate sun protection measures, there is a parallel development of alternative systems aiming to utilize the daylight. These systems have the dual benefit of a reduction in the consumption of electric energy as well as an increase in the comfort of the users. The added benefits from the active use of solar energy are achieved by incorporating both glass sections and glass pipes into the façade. Glass profiles and pipes have already proved themselves as well-working profiles for the exploitation of daylight. This technology combined with vacuum-tubes that are already on the market, creates an integrated façade system that gives the impression of a transparent surface while it actively saves, uses and collects energy. Thus a system is being developed that makes it possible for each office unit to activate their façade solar-technically. As well as increasing the utility of the individual user, the system offers added prestige. The results within the framework of this work show that with regard to the utilization of daylight, the use of glass profiles as transparent sun protection with simultaneous steering of diffuse light is the most sensible. Unlike direct radiation, diffuse light is available also when the sky is clouded. Systems working with direct light are least efficient when they are be most needed. In future the active use of renewable energies in buildings will have a central role. The discrepancy between the worldwide need of energy and the existing fossil energies will continue to broaden in the next years. This gap must be closed by using more renewable energies. As for solar thermal energy one has to expect a similar development as with photovoltaic installations. Concerning the photovoltaic, on a political level, photovoltaic technologies have been given clear signals supporting the active use of solar energy for building-surfaces. The current existing draft for the EEG (law concerning renewable energies) shows that installations integrated into the building are sponsored by a higher reimbursement and the systems integrated into the facades receive the maximum rate. The draft for the EEG concerning solar thermal energy is currently in preparation.

To tackle the study in the sense to approximate the concept of genocide in Colombia, we must indicate that a Penal International Court does not exist in Latin America and either in Colombia, which judges and condemns war crimes, lesa humanity and genocide, it doesn't want to say that in these stages there should not have appeared across his history, social, political and cultural phenomena that commit an outrage against the right of peoples and that are constitutive of crimes of genocide, in spite of the ratification of the Convention to prepare and sanction Genocide, and the commitment of the States to adapt his legislation interns in this sense. We are opposite to a concept which reason of being is the protection of the existence of human groups, which suggests that every human group must be thought under his own characteristics making possible the construction itself of the concept genocide. This one has relevancy in the measurement in which on the subyacen criteria that under the look of proper contexts dinamizan his application bringing the concept near to proper social, political, cultural, religious and national phenomena of our reality as people inside a multicultural vision. There is necessary an analysis of the criterion with which the national doctrine has tackled the concept of genocide opposite to the diversity and multiculturalidad of the proper conditions of occurring historical of the Colombian people, which they contribute to the same one, conceptual criteria beyond this one, allowing to identify phenomena that attempt directly the human dignity and the existence of human groups.bThe present investigation is an effort to establish, in the national doctrine, the absence of criteria and conceptual constructions on the passive subjects of genocide, which have instituted an inapplicable paradigm in Colombia because they don't correspond their lineaments. The concept loses his content in front of our reality, establishing a containment block with the doctrine, approaching to the concept of genocide in Colombia. ; Para abordar el estudio en el sentido de aproximar el concepto de genocidio en Colombia debemos señalar que, si bien es cierto no existe un Tribunal Penal Internacional en Latinoamérica, y mucho menos en Colombia, que juzgue y condene crímenes de guerra, lesa humanidad y genocidio, ello no quiere decir que en estos escenarios no se hayan presentado a través de su historia fenómenos sociales, políticos y culturales que atenten contra el derecho de gentes y que sean constitutivos de crímenes de genocidio, a pesar de la ratificación de la Convención para Prevenir y Sancionar el Genocidio, y el compromiso de los Estados de adecuar su legislación interna en este sentido.Estamos frente a un concepto cuya razón de ser es la protección de la existencia de grupos humanos, lo cual sugiere que cada grupo humano debe ser pensado bajo sus propias características haciendo posible la construcción misma del concepto genocidio. Este tiene relevancia en la medida en que sobre él subyacen criterios que bajo la mirada de contextos propios dinamizan su aplicación aproximando el concepto a fenómenos sociales, políticos, culturales, religiosos y nacionales propios de nuestra realidad como pueblo dentro de un visión multicultural. Es necesario un análisis del criterio con el cual la doctrina nacional ha abordado el concepto de genocidio frente a la diversidad y multiculturalidad de las condiciones propias del devenir histórico del pueblo colombiano, que aporten al mismo criterios conceptuales más allá de este, permitiendo identificar fenómenos que atentan directamente la dignidad humana y la existencia de grupos humanos.La presente investigación es un esfuerzo por establecer, en la doctrina nacional, la ausencia de criterios y construcciones conceptuales sobre los sujetos pasivos de genocidio que han instituido un paradigma inaplicable en Colombia por no corresponder a dichos lineamientos, por lo que el concepto pierde su contenido frente a nuestra realidad, estableciendo un bloque de contención por parte de la doctrina, en la aproximación del concepto de genocidio en Colombia.