by Georges Langrod « Maître de recherches », French National Centre for Scientific Research, Full Professor at the University of the Saar The legal aspect of administrative procedure is traditionally neglected by the Science of administrative Law. Considered as a technical problem, it is left to administrative scientists only. The whole legal operation preceding the administrative decision remains outside the sphere of scientific analysis, thereby impoverishing our knowledge of the administrative phenomenon. On the one hand the specialist in administrative law respects to a surprising degree the tradition that administrative law regulates the aims of administrative action, but leaves the ways leading to accomplishment of these aims solely to administrative technicians. On the other hand, the specialist in Public Administration sees only the essential contradiction between the strict bounds of restrictive legal precept and the necessary elasticity of administrative action. He defends the latter and is therefore prima facie opposed to the former. Although the Administration should be as unhampered as possible in order to be effective in everyday life, the « Rechtsstaat » — with its characteristic curtailment of « Le Roy le veult » — is founded also on the active participation of cujus res agitur in administrative disputes. This participation assures at the same time an important control of administrative action by the citizen. It constitutes one of the victories of political democracy over the unbridled licence of « royal pleasure ». Political expediency can no longer be considered as the only motivation of all administrative action. Nevertheless it should not be undervalued: a balance must be sought between the legal, technical and political aspects of this action, the political aspect being accepted in its widest sence. The process of « juridicalisation » of Administration through administrative Law — extended even to administrative procedure — must be constantly scrutinized with a view to controlling the effects of old mental habits and conservative approach to Public Administration and to administrative management. Professor Langrod examines, in all its aspects, the generally underestimated but important problem of « purely administrative » procedure, i.e. of non-contentious disputes within the frame of administrative action. He discusses the different approaches of the traditional doctrine to this problem and its frequent lack of comprehension in this field. Having weighed the consequences of the traditional application of procedural theory and process rules to justice alone, the author goes on to examine — by methods of comparison — the present-day solutions to the problem. These solutions are grouped under three principal headings: — administrative systems with well-developed administrative Law but without any « processual » approach, such as those existing in France and Germany. This approach is reserved only for the administrative courts («juridiction administrative», «Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit»). Everything which happens within the framework of « pure » Administration is left, almost entirely, to the discretion of internal rules, under the subsequent judicial control of legality; — « mixed » systems, or half-way solutions, i.e. mainly the Anglo-Saxon doctrine of « quasi-judicial » functions, presupposing the existence of a dispute between equal parties, before the Administration. The procedural rights of these parties, accorded by law or by practice, differentiate this type of procedure from the « purely » administrative activity. Thus appear in England the so-called « administrative tribunals » which are not judicial courts, but administrative authorities with a particular process, resulting from the fundamentals of fair play in administrative action. To this group belong also the administrative systems of Spain, Portugal, Latin America, Italy and Sweden, where — if not always the legislature and practice — at least the doctrine of administrative Law and the jurisprudence in administrative matters frequently accept a procedural point of view for the administrative action; — systems comprising a complete « processual » sector of administrative Law doctrine and a legislative codification of legal procedure of Public Administration. This is the case in Austria and three other countries of Central-Eastern Europe where in the years 1925-1930 « codes of administrative procedure » appeared, and are still obligatory. In spite of changes after 1945 in countries now under Communist regime, in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, the great Austrian model remains unchanged. The United States of America, owing to the A.P.A. 1946, are found in the same group, because of their global approach to this problem of administrative dispute, based on the classical « due process » doctrine and on the application of the « audi alteram partem » formula (through adjudication, hearing, notice, examiners corps, etc.). Professor Langrod's study comprises administrative dispute considered as an integral part of a « general legal procedure », constituting in theory a « processual » uniformity, regardless of the sector of Law to which it applies. Thus procedural approach ceases to be a monopoly of justice as it was for centuries, and has to be extended to all official actions concerning parties' interests or rights. The author endeavours finally to formulate some general principles of administrative legal procedure, based on empirical comparative experience. After having examined and summarized these principles, he concludes that the great process of « juridicalization » of Public Administration has generally desirable effects. It brings about more social outlook, the true democratization of Administration owing to the active and « organized » co-operation between authorities and parties) and the fact that — if well conceived and balanced — legal rules tend not to hamper, but rather to guide the processes of litigation, to the true interests of legal security and administrative efficiency.
Telegrams exchanged between Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles and the following people: private citizens, governors, military people, the Association of students of the Chemistry Department from the Federal District, Congressmen, a former president, the Organizing Commission of the Peninsular Expo in Campeche, the President of the National Chamber of Irapuato, Mayors, the League of Agrarian Communities from Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, the Acción Poblana Great Revolutionary Party and the Peasant and Workers party, the Revolutionary Parties from Sinaloa, the National Confederation of Electricians and the Regional Confederation of Cooperatives of the Federal District. The aforementioned telegrams concern replies of acknowledgement, instructions to rush the plowing work in el Mante, report on the advance of works of the International Road in Tapachula, Chiapas, a notice indicating that they have not shipped horses to Tlaxcala, thanking for the appointment of Roberto Medellín as president of the University, notice on the smear campaign against the governor of Durango, a request for supporting Tomás Garido Canabal's attendance to the Peninsular Expo, requests for appointments, reports on the peaceful situation in the various states, confirming the inauguration of Arturo M. Elías as Governor of Baja California, confirming B.A. López Lira's appointment, congratulations to Gen. Agustín Olachea on his appointment in Baja California, a request to support the import of American wheat in Irapuato, scheduling appointments, a request for returning documents that were seized from the Agrarian Committee of Arcelia, Guerrero, Congratulatory greetings and endorsement of Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles on the designation of Abelardo Rodríguez as President of the Republic, report on the guarantees granted to Chauffeurs and car owners from Tampico, a request for shipping fertilizer to Villa Juárez, Tamaulipas, the Governor of Sonora Rodolfo Elías Calles informs of the revenues gained in a year of his administration, a request to support the prosecution of civilian murderers in Acapulco, Guerrero, a report by the Governor of Guanajuato José, J. Reinoso on respecting the individual rights in his state, a request for intervention in the election process in favor of Col. Miguel Armienta in Culiacán, Sinaloa, a report on the granting of guarantees to chauffeurs from Tampico, an invitation to the inauguration of the pavement works of the Tijuana-Ensenada road, reports on proselytism campaigns in favor of Gen. Mijares Palencia in Puebla, a report of the cultivated area on the Mayo and Yaqui Rivers, a request to not rescind the contract signed with the Former Racetrack Cooperative of Peralvillo, shipping of furniture, confirmation of the appointment of Dr. Castillo Nájera as Minister in Sweden, declining an invitation due to health issues. / Telegramas entre el Gral. PEC, particulares, Gobernadores, Militares, Sociedad de Alumnos de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas del Distrito Federal, Diputados, Ex-Presidente, Comisión Organizadora de la Exposición Peninsular en Campeche, Presidente de la Cámara Nacional de Comercio de Irapuato, Presidentes Municipales, Liga de Comunidades Agrarias de Ciudad Victoria, Tamps.; Gran Partido Revolucionario Acción Poblana y Partido Campesino y Obrero, Partidos Revolucionarios de Sinaloa, Confederación Nacional de Electricistas, Federación Regional de Cooperativas del Distrito Federal, acerca de: respuestas de enterado, instrucciones para que se agilicen los trabajos de barbecho en El Mante, informe sobre avance en la Carretera Internacional en Tapachula, Chis., notificación de que no se ha enviado caballada a Tlaxcala, agradecimiento por designación de Roberto Medellín como Rector de la Universidad, notificación de campaña de descrédito contra Gobernador de Durango, solicitud de intervención para que Tomás Garrido Canabal asista a Exposición Peninsular, solicitudes de audiencia, partes sobre tranquilidad en los estados, notificación sobre toma de posesión como Gobernador de Baja California de Arturo M. Elías, notificación de ratificación del nombramiento del Lic. López Lira, felicitaciones al Gral. Agustín Olachea por designación de cargo en Baja California, solicitud de intervención para que no se importe trigo americano en Irapuato, concesión de audiencias, solicitud de que se devuelva documentación arrebatada al Comité Agrario de Arcelia, Gro.; felicitaciones y adhesiones al Gral. PEC con motivo de la designación de Abelardo Rodríguez como Presidente de la República, informe de garantías otorgadas a la Liga de Choferes y Propietarios de Automóviles de Tampico, solicitud de envío de abono a Villa Juárez, Tamps.; informe del Gobernador de Sonora, Rodolfo Elías Calles, sobre los ingresos obtenidos en un año de gestión, solicitud de ayuda para que se enjuicie a asesinos civiles en Acapulco, Gro.; informe del Gobernador de Guanajuato José J. Reynoso sobre el respeto a las garantías individuales en su estado, solicitud de intervención en proceso electoral a favor del Corl. Miguel Armienta en Culiacán, Sin., informe de impartición de garantías a choferes de Tampico, invitación a inauguración de trabajos de pavimentación en el camino Tijuana-Ensenada, informes sobre campaña de proselitismo a favor del Gral. Mijares Palencia en Puebla, informe de superficie sembrada en ríos Mayo y Yaqui, solicitud de intervención para que no se rescinda el contrato a la Cooperativa Ex-Hipódromo de Peralvillo, envío de muebles, notificación de nombramiento de Ministro en Suecia a favor del Dr. Castillo Nájera, declinación de invitación por cuestiones de salud.
Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu politischen Einstellungen und der Rolle der Regierung.
Diese Studie kann nur vor Ort in unserem Secure Data Center in Köln bearbeitet werden! (Für ehemalige Mitglieder des KASS Forschungsteams gibt es eine eigene Regelung.)
Familienformen, Verwandtschaftsnetzwerke. Allgemeine Lebensumstände und Muster der gegenseitigen Unterstützung. Einkommen; Innerfamiliäre Transferleistungen. Praktische Unterstützung von staatlichen und offiziel anerkannten Versicherungen.
Themen: Erfassung von genealogischen Verbindungen von allen Verwandten durch Abstammung oder Heirat, darunter nicht mehr lebende Vorfahren und entfernte Verbindungen durch Abstammung oder Heirat. Für jedes Mitglied in diesem Netzwerk wurde erfragt: Geburtsort und derzeitiger Wohnort, wirtschaftliche Lage, Bildungsniveau, allgemeiner Gesundheitszustand, Indikator des Lebensstandards. Ähnliche Informationen über die Befragten selbst, einschließlich der eigenen wirtschaftlichen und gesundheitlichen Umstände, Informationen über die Häufigkeit und Art der sozialen Kontakte mit jedem Mitglied des Netzes der bekannten Verwandten (darunter rituelle Beziehungen wie Patenschaften).
Informationen über Umfang und Geflecht helfender Beziehungen, Hilfe für Dritte oder selbst empfangene Hilfe von Mitgliedern des Netzwerks von Bekannten und Verwandten; konkrete Angabe der Arten von Hilfe, z.B. Hilfe beim Einkaufen, Kinderbetreuung, Hinterlassen eines Vermächtnisses, die Zahlung von Gesundheitskosten oder Bildungskosten. Vergleichbare Informationen wurden erfragt über Nachbarn und Freunde, mit denen der Befragte helfende Beziehungen hat. Bei wesentlichen Unterstützungsleistungen wurde das Muster der Hilfe über das ganze Leben erfasst. Die Rolle der Eltern und von Verwandten und Freunden bei Entscheidungen über die Auswahl der Partner und die Planung der Familiengröße.
Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu Staatsbürgerschaft und Gesellschaft.
Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://Eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/60272, https://core.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.uwo.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf , http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf . ; International audience ; In this article, as a basic mathematical approach to the origin of the laws of nature, using a new algebraic axiomatic (matrix) formalism based on the ring theory and Clifford algebras (presented in Sec.2), " it is shown that certain mathematical forms of the fundamental laws of nature, including laws governing the fundamental forces of nature (represented by set of two definite classes of general covariant massive field equations, with new matrix formalisms), are derived uniquely from only a very few axioms "; where in agreement with the rational Lorentz group, it is also basically assumed that the components of relativistic energy-momentum can only take rational values. In essence, the main scheme of this new mathematical axiomatic approach to fundamental laws of nature is as follows. First based on the assumption of rationality of D-momentum, by linearization (along with a parameterization procedure) of the Lorentz invariant energy-momentum quadratic relation, a unique set of Lorentz invariant systems of homogeneous linear equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and symmetric algebras) is derived. By first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of these determined systems of linear equations, a set of two classes of general covariant massive (tensor) field equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and Weyl algebras) is derived uniquely as well. Moreover, each derived field equation also includes a definite form of torsion field appeared naturally as the generator of the field's invariant mass. In addition, it is shown that (1+3)-dimensional cases of the derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-2, and spin-1 particles, respectively. These uniquely determined new bispinor fields by this axiomatic approach, in fact, represent a unique set of generalized massive forms of the laws governing the fundamental forces of nature, including the Einstein (gravitational), Maxwell (electromagnetic) and Yang-Mills (nuclear) field equations. Furthermore, it is also shown that the (1+2)-dimensional cases of derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 particles, respectively, corresponding to the Dirac and Rarita-Schwinger equations. As a particular consequence, it is shown that a certain massive formalism of general relativity – with a definite form of torsion field appeared originally as the generator of the gravitational field's invariant mass – is obtained only by first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of a certain set of special relativistic algebraic matrix equations. It has been also proved that the Lagrangian densities specified for directly derived new massive forms of the Maxwell, Yang-Mills and Dirac field equations, are gauge invariant, where the invariant mass of each field is generated solely by a certain torsion field. In addition, in agreement with recent astronomical data, a new form of massive particle has been also identified (as gauge boson of the U(1) symmetry group) with invariant mass: " m γ ≈ 4.90571×10 –50 kg ", generated by a definite coupled torsion field of the background space-time geometry. Moreover, based on the definite mathematical formalism of this axiomatic approach, along with the C, P and T symmetries (represented basically by the corresponding quantum operators) of the fundamentally derived field equations, it has been concluded that the universe could be realized solely with the (1+2) and (1+3)-dimensional space-times (where this conclusion, in particular, is based on the T-symmetry). It is proved that CPT is the only (unique) combination of C, P, and T symmetries that could be defined as a symmetry for interacting fields. In addition, on the basis of these discrete symmetries of derived field equations, it has been also shown that only left-handed particle fields (along with their complementary right-handed fields) could be coupled to the corresponding (any) source currents. Furthermore, it has been shown that the metric of background space-time is diagonalized for the uniquely derived fermion field equations (defined and expressed solely in (1+2)-dimensional space-time), where this property generates a certain set of additional symmetries corresponding uniquely to the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R symmetry group for spin-1/2 fermion fields (representing "1+3" generations of four fermions, including a group of eight leptons and a group of eight quarks), and also the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R and SU(3) gauge symmetry groups for spin-1 boson fields coupled to the spin-1/2 fermionic source currents. Hence, along with the known elementary particles, eight new elementary particles, including four new charge-less right-handed spin-1/2 fermions (two leptons and two quarks, where the predicted two quarks "z u and z d ", specifically emerged in two subgroups with ordinary anti-quarks such that: (s̄, ū, b̄, z u ) and (c̄, d̄, t̄, z d ); there are also a similar group representation for two predicted new leptons: (ν̄ μ , e + , ν̄ τ , z e ) and (μ + , ν̄ e , τ + , z n )), a spin-3/2 fermion, and also three new spin-1 (massive) bosons (represented by W' + , W' – , Z', with properties similar to ordinary (massive) bosons W – , W + , Z, where in particular the new boson Z' is the complementary right-handed particle of ordinary Z boson) are predicted uniquely by this new axiomatic mathematical formalism. As a particular result, based on the definite matrix formalism of the derived general covariant Maxwell (and Yang-Mills) field equations, it has been also concluded that magnetic monopoles could not exist in nature. Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.NII.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://CORE.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.PITT.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.UWO.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf , https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf .
Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://Eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/60272, https://core.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.uwo.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf , http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf . ; International audience ; In this article, as a basic mathematical approach to the origin of the laws of nature, using a new algebraic axiomatic (matrix) formalism based on the ring theory and Clifford algebras (presented in Sec.2), " it is shown that certain mathematical forms of the fundamental laws of nature, including laws governing the fundamental forces of nature (represented by set of two definite classes of general covariant massive field equations, with new matrix formalisms), are derived uniquely from only a very few axioms "; where in agreement with the rational Lorentz group, it is also basically assumed that the components of relativistic energy-momentum can only take rational values. In essence, the main scheme of this new mathematical axiomatic approach to fundamental laws of nature is as follows. First based on the assumption of rationality of D-momentum, by linearization (along with a parameterization procedure) of the Lorentz invariant energy-momentum quadratic relation, a unique set of Lorentz invariant systems of homogeneous linear equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and symmetric algebras) is derived. By first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of these determined systems of linear equations, a set of two classes of general covariant massive (tensor) field equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and Weyl algebras) is derived uniquely as well. Moreover, each derived field equation also includes a definite form of torsion field appeared naturally as the generator of the field's invariant mass. In addition, it is shown that (1+3)-dimensional cases of the derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-2, and spin-1 particles, respectively. These uniquely determined new bispinor fields by this axiomatic approach, in fact, represent a unique set of generalized massive forms of the laws governing the fundamental forces of nature, including the Einstein (gravitational), Maxwell (electromagnetic) and Yang-Mills (nuclear) field equations. Furthermore, it is also shown that the (1+2)-dimensional cases of derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 particles, respectively, corresponding to the Dirac and Rarita-Schwinger equations. As a particular consequence, it is shown that a certain massive formalism of general relativity – with a definite form of torsion field appeared originally as the generator of the gravitational field's invariant mass – is obtained only by first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of a certain set of special relativistic algebraic matrix equations. It has been also proved that the Lagrangian densities specified for directly derived new massive forms of the Maxwell, Yang-Mills and Dirac field equations, are gauge invariant, where the invariant mass of each field is generated solely by a certain torsion field. In addition, in agreement with recent astronomical data, a new form of massive particle has been also identified (as gauge boson of the U(1) symmetry group) with invariant mass: " m γ ≈ 4.90571×10 –50 kg ", generated by a definite coupled torsion field of the background space-time geometry. Moreover, based on the definite mathematical formalism of this axiomatic approach, along with the C, P and T symmetries (represented basically by the corresponding quantum operators) of the fundamentally derived field equations, it has been concluded that the universe could be realized solely with the (1+2) and (1+3)-dimensional space-times (where this conclusion, in particular, is based on the T-symmetry). It is proved that CPT is the only (unique) combination of C, P, and T symmetries that could be defined as a symmetry for interacting fields. In addition, on the basis of these discrete symmetries of derived field equations, it has been also shown that only left-handed particle fields (along with their complementary right-handed fields) could be coupled to the corresponding (any) source currents. Furthermore, it has been shown that the metric of background space-time is diagonalized for the uniquely derived fermion field equations (defined and expressed solely in (1+2)-dimensional space-time), where this property generates a certain set of additional symmetries corresponding uniquely to the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R symmetry group for spin-1/2 fermion fields (representing "1+3" generations of four fermions, including a group of eight leptons and a group of eight quarks), and also the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R and SU(3) gauge symmetry groups for spin-1 boson fields coupled to the spin-1/2 fermionic source currents. Hence, along with the known elementary particles, eight new elementary particles, including four new charge-less right-handed spin-1/2 fermions (two leptons and two quarks, where the predicted two quarks "z u and z d ", specifically emerged in two subgroups with ordinary anti-quarks such that: (s̄, ū, b̄, z u ) and (c̄, d̄, t̄, z d ); there are also a similar group representation for two predicted new leptons: (ν̄ μ , e + , ν̄ τ , z e ) and (μ + , ν̄ e , τ + , z n )), a spin-3/2 fermion, and also three new spin-1 (massive) bosons (represented by W' + , W' – , Z', with properties similar to ordinary (massive) bosons W – , W + , Z, where in particular the new boson Z' is the complementary right-handed particle of ordinary Z boson) are predicted uniquely by this new axiomatic mathematical formalism. As a particular result, based on the definite matrix formalism of the derived general covariant Maxwell (and Yang-Mills) field equations, it has been also concluded that magnetic monopoles could not exist in nature. Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.NII.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://CORE.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.PITT.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.UWO.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf , https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf .
In this work the management effectiveness of a Cuban MPA is assessed using an interdisciplinary approach. A series of three hypotheses are tested to determine how effective the Punta Frances Marine Protected Area (PFMPA) has been in meeting the multiple objectives of conserving biological diversity and ecological integrity, while allowing for the development of economic opportunities for tourism, and satisfying the needs of local and distant human populations. A new typology of benefits derived from MPAs was produced to provide managers with a practical tool that enable them to: 1) identify the benefits at the early stages of MPA creation, 2) state MPA objectives in a clear and measurable way, 3) assess the effectiveness of their MPA in meeting their management objectives. A new methodology was also developed to assess MPA effectiveness. This methodology constitutes an advancement from previous work, and it is based on qualitative and quantitative measurements of benefits depicted in the proposed typology. It has several advantages over previous methods. One of the main advantages is that it can be applied to assess one single MPA or a group of MPAs in a comparative fashion. The case study analyzed showed that to date, the PFMPA shows little signs of being negatively affected by the recreational SCUBA diving activities for which it was intended, given that no significant differences were found between intensively used diving areas and unused diving areas in terms of fish abundance, coral cover and macroalgae cover. Despite this, the PFMPA is not currently providing the full set of benefits to humans and the rest of nature, due mainly to administrative issues. If the PFMPA eventually becomes a National Marine Park (i.e. is fully protected from extractive activities), and management is correctly implemented, an annual economic value of almost USD $127,164,116.37 is forecast. At present the PFMPA does not provide any social or economic benefit to the nearby coastal community of Cocodrilo, thereby maintaining a divorce between local people and the users and managers of the MPA. Conversely, foreigners are receiving most of the benefits associated with recreation in a pristine tropical coastal ecosystem situated on the edge of the Caribbean Sea basin. The interdisciplinary methodologies for assessing effectiveness of MPAs developed in this study provided quantitative and qualitative evidence of a poor level of success in meeting the multiple management objectives of the PFMPA. 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The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.
CSES Variable Table The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.
Themes:
MICRO-LEVEL DATA:
Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire.
Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country.
Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month.
DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district.
MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
Human rights have become an increasingly important factor in bilateral foreign policy. In particular, a growing number of donor countries have started to link human rights with development cooperation. This yearbook documents and assesses the actual situation of civil, political and cultural rights in selected developing countries which receive aid from Denmark, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands and Canada. (DÜI-Hff)
Die Erhebung konzentriert sich auf die COVID-19-Krise und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in Bezug auf die Arbeitsmarktsituation, die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie und die Rolle, die Konjunkturmaßnahmen und öffentliche Politiken bei der Unterstützung von Frauen und Männern gespielt haben könnten. Die Umfrage liefert neue Erkenntnisse über die vielschichtigen Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie aus sozioökonomischer Sicht. Die Umfrage umfasste die folgenden Hauptforschungsthemen: Veränderungen in den Haushaltsvereinbarungen in Bezug auf bezahlte Arbeit und unbezahlte Betreuung Veränderungen in der Arbeitsorganisation seit dem Beginn der Pandemie, Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie (einschließlich der Nutzung verfügbarer institutioneller Instrumente zur Bewältigung der Herausforderungen bei der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie seit Beginn der Pandemie). Die Befragten wurden anhand einer Quotenstichprobe aus einem Online-Access-Panel (hauptsächlich Cint) ausgewählt. Im Erhebungszeitraum vom 28.06.2021 bis zum 25.07.2021 wurden 42300 Personen im Alter zwischen 20 und 64 Jahren, die in den 27 EU-Mitgliedstaaten leben, in Online-Interviews (CAWI) befragt.
Seit den frühen 1970er Jahren beobachten die Standard & Spezial Eurobarometer der Europäischen Kommission regelmäßig die öffentliche Meinung in den Mitgliedsländern der Europäischen Union. Primärforscher sind die Generaldirektion Kommunikation und bei Spezialthemen weitere Direktionen sowie das Europäische Parlament. Im Laufe der Zeit wurden Kandidaten- und Beitrittsländer in die Standard Eurobarometer-Reihe aufgenommen. Ausgewählte Fragen oder Module können in einigen Samples nicht erhoben worden sein. Bitte ziehen Sie für weitere Informationen bezüglich Länderfilter oder anderer Filterführungen den Basisfragebogen heran. In dieser Studie beziehen sich alle Fragemodule auf den Standard Eurobarometer Kontext: 1. Standard EU- und Trendfragen, 2. Die EU und der Coronavirus-Ausbruch, 3. Prioritäten der Europäer, 4. Unionsbürgerschaft, 5. EU-Haushalt.
Seit den frühen 1970er Jahren beobachten die Standard & Spezial Eurobarometer der Europäischen Kommission regelmäßig die öffentliche Meinung in den Mitgliedsländern der Europäischen Union. Primärforscher sind die Generaldirektion Kommunikation und bei Spezialthemen weitere Direktionen sowie das Europäische Parlament. Im Laufe der Zeit wurden Kandidaten- und Beitrittsländer in die Standard Eurobarometer-Reihe aufgenommen. Ausgewählte Fragen oder Module können in einigen Samples nicht erhoben worden sein. Bitte ziehen Sie für weitere Informationen bezüglich Länderfilter oder anderer Filterführungen den Basisfragebogen heran. In dieser Studie beziehen sich alle Fragemodule auf den Standard Eurobarometer Kontext: 1. Standard EU- und Trendfragen, 2. Europa 2020-Strategie und politische Prioritäten, 3. Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise und dazugehörige EU-Strategien, 4. Unionsbürgerschaft, 5. Mediennutzung und politische Information.
Seit den frühen 1970er Jahren beobachten die Standard & Spezial Eurobarometer der Europäischen Kommission regelmäßig die öffentliche Meinung in den Mitgliedsländern der Europäischen Union. Primärforscher sind die Generaldirektion Kommunikation und bei Spezialthemen weitere Direktionen sowie das Europäische Parlament. Im Laufe der Zeit wurden Kandidaten- und Beitrittsländer in die Standard Eurobarometer-Reihe aufgenommen. Ausgewählte Fragen oder Module können in einigen Samples nicht erhoben worden sein. Bitte ziehen Sie für weitere Informationen bezüglich Länderfilter oder anderer Filterführungen den Basisfragebogen heran. In dieser Studie beziehen sich alle Fragemodule auf den Standard Eurobarometer Kontext: 1. Standard EU- und Trendfragen, 2. Europa 2020-Strategie und politische Prioritäten, 3. Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise und dazugehörige EU-Strategien, 4. Unionsbürgerschaft, 5. Mediennutzung und politische Information.