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Dans la foulée de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme et l'adoption du Civil Rights Act aux États-Unis, une tradition de recherche originale s'est construite autour de la méthode du testing. Combinant offres d'emploi réelles et CV fictifs construits par les chercheurs, celle-ci permet de mesurer précisément l'ampleur de la discrimination survenant à l'étape du tri des CV. Affectant autant les immigrants que leurs descendants, l'ethnicité en soi serait le principal facteur à l'origine de ce fait social qui est désormais largement documenté dans les sociétés occidentales. Malgré l'adoption d'une pluralité de lois, de chartes, de politiques et de programmes d'accès à l'égalité pour contrer cette discrimination structurelle, les auteurs des méta-analyses estiment que les candidats minoritaires doivent envoyer 50% plus de CV afin d'accéder à autant d'entrevues que les postulants majoritaires. Cet enjeu serait d'une moindre ampleur au Canada. Selon la première enquête par testing menée à Montréal par la Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (CDPDJ), un majoritaire dénommé Tremblay avait un avantage à l'embauche de plus de 60% sur les Québécois arabes, latino-américains et noirs. Cela confirme les conclusions d'autres études ayant montré que certaines personnes nées, entièrement socialisées et scolarisées au Québec subissent souvent du profilage, des actes haineux, de la discrimination ou du racisme. En ce sens, l'hypothèse du caractère systémique de ces traitements inégaux – partiellement confirmée par les résultats et les analyses de cette enquête – est vivement débattue sur la place publique et divise la population québécoise. Inscrits malgré eux dans un rapport social leur assignant le statut de minoritaire en raison de la consonance de leur nom rappelant une origine ethnique autre que celle du groupe majoritaire, ces personnes peinent à se trouver un emploi décent. Leurs compétences sont souvent occultées par les préjugés, les stéréotypes et les biais inconscients. Qui plus est, les femmes des groupes racisés seraient davantage préjudiciables en raison des effets croisés négatifs de leur genre, leur origine nationale et leur appartenance ethnique qui contribueraient à les invisibiliser. Malgré l'évidence apportée par les récents tests de correspondance menés au Québec, ayant montré que le phénomène est omniprésent et persistant, il demeure ardu de cerner si le fondement de la discrimination à l'embauche est rationnel ou implicite, universaliste ou particulariste. Nuisant à l'intégration socioprofessionnelle des minorités, cette barrière symbolique et structurelle interroge l'effectivité du principe de l'égalité des chances sur les marchés de l'emploi. Or, dans la région métropolitaine de Québec, depuis longtemps caractérisée par une faible diversité ethnique et plus récemment par une rareté de la main-d'œuvre, qu'en est-il de la discrimination à l'embauche des minorités ethnoraciales? Est-ce un fait social plus substantiel que dans la métropole québécoise? Avec une méthodologie novatrice inspirée de l'approche intersectionnelle, nous avons effectué un test de correspondance à Québec. Si l'objectif de cette enquête était davantage empirique - soit de colliger un large échantillon de données afin d'analyser l'impact croisé du genre et de l'ethnicité à l'embauche, l'insertion de cette étude dans les débats théoriques représentait également un objectif essentiel de cette thèse. Avec un échantillon totalisant près de 2 000 CV et plus de 700 offres d'emploi en administration et en informatique, les résultats ont montré que la discrimination est marquée par une hiérarchie ethnique affectant particulièrement certaines minorités. Ainsi, la discrimination ethnoraciale à l'embauche est dorénavant documentée tant à Montréal qu'à Québec et, fait étonnant, elle est globalement d'une ampleur équivalente dans ces deux régions métropolitaines. Si la situation est préoccupante pour les Arabo- et les Afro-Québécois, elle semble favorable pour les Latinos-Québécois qui ne sont pas discriminés significativement. Pour toutes les minoritaires féminines, la compétition contre l'unique candidat majoritaire – aussi dénommé Tremblay – s'est soldée par une discrimination moins substantielle que prévue. Lueur d'espoir s'il en est, l'effet modérateur du genre confère un avantage relatif aux femmes racisées, lesquelles sont souvent traitées plus inégalement que leurs confrères au Québec. Néanmoins, la persistance de la discrimination systémique à l'égard des minorités québécoises, soit-elle rationnelle ou implicite, demeure un enjeu d'actualité complexe. Avec la rareté de la main-d'œuvre, les employeurs s'ouvriront-ils davantage aux Québécoises et Québécois dont le nom signale une ethnicité autre que celle du groupe majoritaire? ; Following the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations and Civil Rights Act in the United States, a tradition of research was built around the testing method. Combining real job offers and fictitious resumes made by the researchers, the original device allows to measure precisely the extent of employment discrimination at the CV screening stage. Affecting both immigrants and their descendants, ethnicity per se is seen as the main factor driving such unequal treatment, a social fact that is now well-documented in most of western societies. Nonetheless the adoption of laws, charts, public policies and affirmative action programs to counteract this structural discrimination, authors of metaanalyses estimate that minority applicants need to send 50% more resume in order to access equal amount of job interview than majority candidate. This specific issue appears to be smaller in Canada. Inquiry presented below aims to expand the analysis of this issue by providing empirical insights about how ethnic minorities face varying degrees of employment discrimination in Quebec City. In this metropolitan area, a cultural context characterized by low ethnic diversity and a large French-Canadian majority, issue is assumed larger than in cosmopolitan Montreal. Also, in an unorthodox approach, the intersection of ethnic minority and Female gender is being explored. The inquiry is based on a correspondence test including almost 2 000 resumes and more than 700 job offers. Comprising mostly business administration jobs of various qualification levels, sample also contains a proportion of computer science jobs. On a positive note, results suggest Latin-American Female and Male are not significantly discriminated. In contrast, Arab and African minorities endure a persisting and high level of unequal treatment, especially Males. Research results show various barriers in the hiring process and an ethnic hierarchy appearing to be moderated by Female gender. To deepen further this analysis, researchers are encouraged to replicate similar audit study with a White Female majority candidate. This thesis fulfils three identified gaps in the literature. First, by studying employment discrimination of the three largest ethnic minorities in Quebec metropolitan area. Second, inspired by the intersectional approach, by implementing an audit study for analysing the intersection of Female gender with ethnic minority origin. Last, by targeting computer science jobs. The enduring systemic discrimination hampering Quebec's minorities in their access to decent jobs, be it rational or implicit, remains a complex and an urgent issue. Yet, minority applicants used in this testing – possibly born, entirely raised and schooled in Quebec society – are often subject to profiling, heinous acts, discrimination and racism. Because of the persistent scarcity of human resources, will employers get more engaged toward qualified Quebecers which names are signalling an origin different from the French-Canadian majority?

La loi confère aux municipalités locales québécoises des pouvoirs d'adopter des règlements pour régir divers aspects de la vie citoyenne dans les limites de leur territoire, notamment la sécurité, l'approvisionnement en eau potable, la gestion des déchets et des matières recyclables de même que la construction d'immeubles. Bien que ces différentes matières constituent des préoccupations communes à la plupart des municipalités locales québécoises, celles-ci en traitent par un exercice très largement autonome de leurs pouvoirs réglementaires. Cette autonomie réglementaire s'accompagne parfois d'un manque de concertation entre elles, susceptible de faire naître des difficultés pour les autorités locales, leurs agents et les citoyens. En butte aux inconvénients qui peuvent découler de la divergence entre réglementations locales sur un même objet, notamment en raison de difficultés d'application, des gestionnaires de municipalités locales voisines ont été amenés à envisager et promouvoir l'harmonisation de ces réglementations dans différentes régions et à différentes échelles : de quelques municipalités limitrophes à un territoire comprenant plusieurs municipalités régionales de comté. Cette harmonisation normative laisse cependant place à l'adoption de règles uniques à une municipalité en présence de particularité locale dont la source peut être, notamment, son caractère rural ou urbain. Cette thèse présente les pratiques d'harmonisation des réglementations locales qui ont cours sur le territoire québécois en matière de paix, d'ordre et de sécurité publique. En effet, dans plusieurs régions de la province, les législateurs locaux ont exercé leurs pouvoirs de façon concertée à l'échelle d'une municipalité régionale de comté pour l'adoption de règlements dont la mise en œuvre est confiée à des agents d'application dans le cadre d'ententes de services. L'analyse de ce phénomène est effectuée selon les connaissances de la légistique, discipline au service de la création de la législation. Il en ressort que ces pratiques reflètent, dans une large mesure, le modèle théorique de la iii communication législative, laquelle prend appui sur le processus de production normative en quatre phases que préconise la légistique. La faisabilité d'une concertation entre différents législateurs locaux exprime une dynamique collaborative alors qu'une cohérence de leur action publique est utile, voire nécessaire pour l'atteinte d'un objectif commun. La thèse conclut donc en proposant l'optimisation des pratiques d'harmonisation normative observées à la lumière des préceptes de la légistique. Parmi les outils d'action publique dont dispose le palier municipal, l'harmonisation des réglementations locales offre d'intéressantes perspectives. Cette façon de créer le droit positif dans le domaine de la sécurité, de la paix et de l'ordre a fait ses preuves quant à la capacité des administrateurs locaux de différentes municipalités à devenir de véritables partenaires. L'harmonisation réglementaire peut ainsi s'ajouter aux autres instruments d'action publique à la disposition des municipalités locales. En somme, compte tenu du fait que les municipalités locales ont un accès très variable à des ressources pour rendre les services publics à leurs citoyens et régir les enjeux complexes auxquels elles peuvent être confrontées, l'harmonisation normative paraît créer un environnement propice à leur partage. Une mutualisation de l'activité normative résulte de l'exercice concerté des pouvoirs réglementaires alors que plusieurs municipalités locales se voient impliquées dans la production d'une solution normative à une problématique commune. Exercée dans l'intérêt public et sensible aux préoccupations de bonne gestion, l'autonomie réglementaire locale pourrait commander, dans certains domaines au moins, l'exercice concerté des pouvoirs réglementaires comme une façon de rendre les normes locales à la fois mieux adaptées au cadre plus large dans lequel évoluent la municipalité locale et ses citoyens et plus susceptibles d'une mise en œuvre efficace. L'harmonisation des règlements municipaux apparaît ainsi comme un alliage pragmatique d'autonomie et d'interdépendance. ; The laws of the province of Québec grant powers to municipalities that enable them to make regulations governing many aspects of citizen's lives within their boundaries including: public safety, potable water supply, management of waste disposal and recycling, as well as building construction. Even if these matters are of common concern to most Québec municipalities, they are dealt with through an autonomous exercise of local regulatory powers. This regulatory autonomy sometimes leads to a lack of consistency between municipalities which could give rise to challenges for local authorities, their agents and populations. In order to circumvent the inconvenients resulting from the discrepancies between municipal regulations governing the same subject-matter, such as enforcement difficulties, local authorities of neighbouring municipalities have considered the harmonization of their by-laws in different regions and at different scales: from a few municipalities up to a territory including several regional county municipalities. However, this normative harmonization leaves space for the creation of rules that are unique to a single municipality when there is a distinctive feature that could be linked to the its rural or urban character, among other things. This thesis presents the harmonization of municipal by-laws practices that are ongoing on territory of the province of Quebec with respect to peace, order and public safety. In several regions of the province, local legislators, comprised in the territory of a regional county municipality, have exercised their powers in a coordinated manner in order to make by-laws which are to be implemented by enforcement officers through a service agreement. The analysis of this phenomenon is carried out using the knowledge of legistics, a discipline aimed at better law-making. It reveals that these practices reflect to a large extent the theoretical model of legislative communication which is based on a 4-phase process for normative production, as recommended by legistics. v The feasibility of coordinating many different local regulations-makers shows that a collaborative dynamic is emerging as coherence in public action is not only useful, but instrumental to achieve common goals. This thesis concludes by suggesting that the current normative harmonization practices be optimized in light of the methods and knowledge of legistics. Amongst all of the means for public action that are available to municipal authorities, the harmonization of bylaws shows interesting potential. This method of creating regulations governing peace, order and public safety has demonstrated the ability of local authorities from different municipalities to become true partners. Municipal by-laws harmonization could be added to other policy instruments at the disposal of municipalities in implementing their public policies. In essence, since municipalities have an uneven access to resources in providing public services to their population and in dealing with complex challenges, regulatory harmonization seems to be creating an environment conducive to the sharing of all available resources. There is a mutualization of the normative activity resulting from the coordinated exercise of regulatory powers as several municipalities are involved in the production of a regulatory answer to a common issue. Carried out in the public interest and sensitive to sound management, municipal regulatory autonomy might require, at least in some areas, the coordinated exercise of regulation-making powers as a way to make local rules more coherent with the broader environment in which municipalities and their citizens evolve, while potentially contributing to a more effective enforcement. The harmonization of municipal by-laws appears to be a pragmatic combination of autonomy and interdependence.

Poor reporting of biomedical research has been a persistent and prominent problem throughout modern history. In many different scientific fields, study results have failed to be reproduced and replicated, oftentimes due to incomplete reporting. When information is missing about how a study was designed, conducted, and analyzed, researchers and clinicians are unable to use results to inform health policies and clinical care. To address this issue, reporting guidelines (RG) were created to establish the minimum criteria that authors need to disclose when discussing study results. A reporting guideline for observational studies was published in 2007 which contains 22-items and guidance for authors of case-control, cohort, and crosssectional studies. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement is supported by many journals and editorial groups, however, at quite low rates. Lack of awareness is widespread and it is unclear what authors think about STROBE.Furthermore, while STROBE been expanded upon for specific fields and methodologies through the creation of "extensions" – little is known about perceptions towards these documents, their content, or usefulness. In order to better implement STROBE and reporting guidelines like it, research is needed into current processes by authors and how their environment affects their work.The work in this dissertation was guided by the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) knowledge translation strategy. This approach looks at the 1) evidence, 2) context, and 3) facilitators in order to implement research successfully. Transforming STROBE from simply a reporting guideline into an educational tool required investigation into these three facets.I began by investigating the content in the STROBE extensions to identify strengths and weaknesses in the checklist items. Results found that the content in the STROBE extensions is problematic as it is sometimes redundant – potentially indicating a poor understanding of the concepts within STROBE or issues with its content. Concurrently, I determined the endorsement rates of the extensions to establish the publishing context in which authors are working. I found that journals are largely not endorsing STROBE and the language that they use is ambiguous and vague. The STROBE extensions are endorsed at extremely low rates or not at all.Next, I assessed researcher's awareness of, experiences with, and attitudes towards the STROBE checklist. This established the facilitators, timing and motivators (context), and perceptions (evidence) of use. The second project found that there is a large disagreement regarding the level of specificity desired in STROBE and its usefulness. Generally, authors are not opposed to using it but there is often no strong motivating force. Their coauthors do not use it and journals are not requiring it. Authors also hold some internal views that are detrimental to the promotion of STROBE, such as the over-confidence in one's abilities.The work from the first two projects provided the content and support for an educational intervention that is integrated within the writing process, accessible by a worldwide audience, and open-source and editable. It is built using R and is open-source and editable via GitHub and the repository is publicly launched alongside this dissertation. ; Les publications dans le domaine de la recherche biomédicale qui rapportent les méthodes et les résultats de façon incomplète sont un problème connu qui persiste tout au long de l'histoire moderne. Dans de nombreux domaines scientifiques les résultats des études n'ont pas pu être reproduits et répliqués, souvent en raison de rapports incomplets. Lorsqu'il n'y a pas suffisamment d'information sur la façon dont une étude a été conçue, réalisée et analysée, les chercheurs et les cliniciens sont incapables d'utiliser les résultats pour informer les politiques de santé et les soins cliniques. Pour faire face à ce problème, des lignes directrices pour la rédaction des rapports ont été élaborées afin d'établir les éléments essentiels que les auteurs doivent rapporter lors de la discussion des résultats d'une étude. La ligne directrice pour la rédaction des rapports d'études observationnelles a été crée en 2007 : STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology), qui contient 22 éléments et des lignes directrices à l'intention des auteurs d'études cas-témoin, de cohortes et d'études transversales, est soutenue par de nombreuses revues et de nombreux groupes éditoriaux, mais à des taux assez faibles. Le manque de sensibilisation est répandu et on ne sait pas très bien ce que les auteurs pensent de STROBE. En outre, bien queSTROBE ait été développé pour des domaines et des méthodologies spécifiques par la création de "extensions", on ne connait pas bien les perceptions de ces documents, leur contenu ou leur utilité. Afin de mieux mettre en oeuvre STROBE ses lignes directrices, il est nécessaire de mener des recherches sur la façon de faire des auteurs et sur la façon dont leur environnement affecte leur travail.Le travail de cette thèse a été guidé par la stratégie d'application des connaissances de -Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS). Cette approche tient compte 1) des données probantes, 2) du contexte et 3) des facilitateurs afin de mener à bien la recherche. La transformation de STROBE, qui n'était qu'une simple ligne directrice, en un outil éducatif a nécessité de recherches sur ces trois axes.J'ai commencé par examiner le contenu des extensions STROBE pour identifier les forces et les faiblesses des éléments de la liste de contrôle. Les résultats ont révélé que le contenu des extensions STROBE est problématique, car il est parfois redondant, ce qui pourrait indiquer une mauvaise compréhension des concepts au sein de STROBE ou des problèmes liés à son contenu. Parallèlement, j'ai déterminé les taux d'approbation de ces extensions afin d'établir le contexte de publication dans lequel les auteurs travaillent. J'ai constaté que les revues ne promeuventgénéralement pas STROBE et que le langage qu'elles utilisent est ambigu et vague. Les extensions STROBE sont approuvées à des taux extrêmement bas, ou ne sont pas approuvé du tout.Ensuite, j'ai évalué la connaissance, les expériences et les attitudes des chercheurs à l'égard de la liste de vérification STROBE. Cela a permis d'établir les facilitateurs, le timing et les facteurs de motivation (contexte) et les perceptions (preuves) de son utilisation. Le deuxième projet a révélé qu'il existe un grand désaccord quant au niveau de spécificité souhaité du STROBE et à son utilité. En général, les auteurs ne s'opposent pas à son utilisation, mais souvent il n'y a pas une forte motivation. Leurs coauteurs ne l'utilisent pas et les journaux n'en ont pas besoin. Les auteurs peuvent également avoir des perceptions qui nuisent à la promotion du STROBE, comme la confiance excessive dans leurs capacités.Les travaux des deux premiers projets ont fourni le contenu et le soutien à la creéation d'une intervention éducative intégrée dans le processus d'écriture, accessible à un public mondial, open-source et éditable.

Стаття присвячена аналізу основних напрямків освітньої політики Фінляндії, яка відображає взаємовідносини людини і суспільства в сучасних соціально-економічних умовах і спрямовує систему освіти на зміну самої людини, на революцію в самій людині. Фінляндія зі своєю системою освіти вже давно потурбувалася про підготовку людей майбутнього, реформувавши підходи до навчання в школах і закладах вищої освіти, а результатом цього стали всесвітнє визнання та найвищі позиції у різних рейтингах. Звертається увага на основні документи та концептуальні положення, на яких ґрунтується і розбудовується система освіти Фінляндії. Описана структура освіти у цій країні, розкриті питання організації та функціонування системи освіти, виявлено її характерні риси, чинники успіху та ефективності. Зроблена спроба розкрити ідеї й практичні підходи, які свідчать про те, що держава, вчителі і громадськість прагнуть зробити заклади освіти більш демократичними за змістом навчання, за організацією навчального процесу і результати їх діяльності, а всю систему освіти перетворити на один із важливих чинників соціальних перетворень у майбутньому. Окреслюються умови і називаються аргументи на користь практичного застосування в Україні позитивних здобутків фінської системи освіти. ; The article deals with analyzing the main streams of the education policy in Finland, which reflect the relationship between a person and society in modern socio–economic conditions. Such policy directs the system of education to change the person and his mind himself. Finland using its education system, has long before been concerned about preparing people for the future by reforming approaches to teaching in schools and higher education institutions. As a result, it has achieved world–wide recognition and top positions in various ratings have resulted. Therefore, today there is a great interest of scientists in certain issues of education functioning in Finland. Thus, G. Androshchuk, V. Butova. I. Zhernokleeva, T. Pushkareva and others study in their works the purpose and decisive role of Finland's education policy in the development of the education system. S. Grinyuk and V. Zagvozdkin pay attention to the practical the steps of reforming the Finnish system of education. T. Drobyshevsk investigates the system of providing educational services in Finland as a sector of knowledge production. L. Volynets, P. Kukharchuk consider the principles of the state education policy of Finland. L. Smolskaya examines the role of the state policy in implementing the "Finnish phenomenon"; P. Basyliuk and Yu. Kulykova, focus attention on the study of the evolution of the system of higher education in Finland; O. Scherbak reveals peculiarities of vocational education and training. This paper describes the principles of Finnish education policy. Attention is drawn to the fact that in this country citizens are given equal opportunities in obtaining education. It also shows that the education system of Finland is based on the needs of the society, taking into account the Constitution of the country, the provisions of the UN, UNESCO, PACE and other international organizations on such conceptual principles.:They are the principle of bilingualism, the principle of universal compulsory education, the principle of gender equality, according to territorial and socio–economic aspects; the principle of providing pedagogical autonomy; supporting the high level of pedagogical development science, school practical activity and Finnish culture; granting parents the right to choose freely a school according to their own pedagogical and didactic principles; the availability of inclusive education and education for children with special needs; encouraging the evolution at the national and international levels; close cooperation and partnership at all levels of the education process; the principle of individualization; the principle of lifelong learning, the principle of practicality, trust, voluntariness, independence and the principle of free–of–charge. The article presents the studying state management of the education branch in Finland. Today it includes the system of central administrative bodies – the Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland and the Finnish State Council for Education and non–state–owned educational structures as the Finnish Department of ENIC / NARIC, the Finnish Council for the Evaluation of Higher Education, the National Academy of Finland, the International Mobility Center of the SIMO. Their cooperation is aimed at developing educational, scientific, cultural, sports and youth policies and international cooperation, the "equalization" of the education system and the search for new models of the development of national education in the context of a worldwide education space. The Principles of education management are determined by the Parliament of Finland, and the government, represented by the Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland, formulates and implements educational policy and outlines the plan of education development. This paper also describes the structure of education in this country. It reveals organizing and functioning and shows some differences are shown in comparison with other European educational systems, including the educational system of Ukraine. The structure of the education system in Finland includes: lower education (alakoulu), 1–6 grades (6–12 years); high school (vlakoulu) 7–9 grades (13–15 years); additional class 10 class (16 years old); Lyceum (lukio) 11–12 grades (17–18 years old); professional college 11–13 grades (17–19 years). It is emphasized that in the Finnish system of education, teachers are granted a high degree of freedom guaranteed by the law and the state inspection is canceled. This is the main factor that has raised the effectiveness of the school system in Finland. The attention is paid on the fact that the need to ensure the adaptation of Finnish youth in the modern globalized world and Finland's domestic policy is consistent with the general European principles and recommendations on language education in the European space. Finland uses all its capabilities to create the most comfortable conditions for learning a foreign language and introduce foreign language education through the national language projects: KIEPO (purpose – studying the basics and implementation of language policy in the field of education), KIELO (meta – description, analysis and explanation of what today is teaching and learning foreign languages in Finnish classes) and CLIL (language learning in terms of this project is conducted in such a way that all or some of the school subjects are taught in a foreign language) moreover is now widely it is promoted by various forms of distance learning, combined and web–based training. An attempt is made to reveal ideas and practical approaches that indicate that the state, teachers and the public are eager to make education institutions more democratic in terms of learning, the organization of the education process and the results of their activities, and the whole system of education into one of the important factors of social transformation in the future. It is also outlines conditions and the arguments called in favor of the practical applying in Ukraine positive achievements of the Finnish system education.

Poor reporting of biomedical research has been a persistent and prominent problem throughout modern history. In many different scientific fields, study results have failed to be reproduced and replicated, oftentimes due to incomplete reporting. When information is missing about how a study was designed, conducted, and analyzed, researchers and clinicians are unable to use results to inform health policies and clinical care. To address this issue, reporting guidelines (RG) were created to establish the minimum criteria that authors need to disclose when discussing study results. A reporting guideline for observational studies was published in 2007 which contains 22-items and guidance for authors of case-control, cohort, and cross-sectional studies. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement is supported by many journals and editorial groups, however, at quite low rates. Lack of awareness is widespread and it is unclear what authors think about STROBE. Furthermore, while STROBE been expanded upon for specific fields and methodologies through the creation of "extensions" – little is known about perceptions towards these documents, their content, or usefulness. In order to better implement STROBE and reporting guidelines like it, research is needed into current processes by authors and how their environment affects their work. The work in this dissertation was guided by the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) knowledge translation strategy. This approach looks at the 1) evidence, 2) context, and 3) facilitators in order to implement research successfully. Transforming STROBE from simply a reporting guideline into an educational tool required investigation into these three facets. I began by investigating the content in the STROBE extensions to identify strengths and weaknesses in the checklist items. Results found that the content in the STROBE extensions is problematic as it is sometimes redundant – potentially indicating a poor understanding of the concepts within STROBE or issues with its content. Concurrently, I determined the endorsement rates of the extensions to establish the publishing context in which authors are working. I found that journals are largely not endorsing STROBE and the language that they use is ambiguous and vague. The STROBE extensions are endorsed at extremely low rates or not at all. Next, I assessed researcher's awareness of, experiences with, and attitudes towards the STROBE checklist. This established the facilitators, timing and motivators (context), and perceptions (evidence) of use. The second project found that there is a large disagreement regarding the level of specificity desired in STROBE and its usefulness. Generally, authors are not opposed to using it but there is often no strong motivating force. Their coauthors do not use it and journals are not requiring it. Authors also hold some internal views that are detrimental to the promotion of STROBE, such as the over-confidence in one's abilities. The work from the first two projects provided the content and support for an educational intervention that is integrated within the writing process, accessible by a worldwide audience, and open-source and editable. It is built using R and is open-source and editable via GitHub and the repository is publicly launched alongside this dissertation. ; Les publications dans le domaine de la recherche biomédicale qui rapportent les méthodes et les résultats de façon incomplète sont un problème connu qui persiste tout au long de l'histoire moderne. Dans de nombreux domaines scientifiques les résultats des études n'ont pas pu être reproduits et répliqués, souvent en raison de rapports incomplets. Lorsqu'il n'y a pas suffisamment d'information sur la façon dont une étude a été conçue, réalisée et analysée, les chercheurs et les cliniciens sont incapables d'utiliser les résultats pour informer les politiques de santé et les soins cliniques. Pour faire face à ce problème, des lignes directrices pour la rédaction des rapports ont été élaborées afin d'établir les éléments essentiels que les auteurs doivent rapporter lors de la discussion des résultats d'une étude. La ligne directrice pour la rédaction des rapports d'études observationnelles a été crée en 2007 : STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology), qui contient 22 éléments et des lignes directrices à l'intention des auteurs d'études cas-témoin, de cohortes et d'études transversales, est soutenue par de nombreuses revues et de nombreux groupes éditoriaux, mais à des taux assez faibles. Le manque de sensibilisation est répandu et on ne sait pas très bien ce que les auteurs pensent de STROBE. En outre, bien que STROBE ait été développé pour des domaines et des méthodologies spécifiques par la création de "extensions", on ne connait pas bien les perceptions de ces documents, leur contenu ou leur utilité. Afin de mieux mettre en oeuvre STROBE ses lignes directrices, il est nécessaire de mener des recherches sur la façon de faire des auteurs et sur la façon dont leur environnement affecte leur travail. Le travail de cette thèse a été guidé par la stratégie d'application des connaissances de Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS). Cette approche tient compte 1) des données probantes, 2) du contexte et 3) des facilitateurs afin de mener à bien la recherche. La transformation de STROBE, qui n'était qu'une simple ligne directrice, en un outil éducatif a nécessité de recherches sur ces trois axes. J'ai commencé par examiner le contenu des extensions STROBE pour identifier les forces et les faiblesses des éléments de la liste de contrôle. Les résultats ont révélé que le contenu des extensions STROBE est problématique, car il est parfois redondant, ce qui pourrait indiquer une mauvaise compréhension des concepts au sein de STROBE ou des problèmes liés à son contenu. Parallèlement, j'ai déterminé les taux d'approbation de ces extensions afin d'établir le contexte de publication dans lequel les auteurs travaillent. J'ai constaté que les revues ne promeuvent généralement pas STROBE et que le langage qu'elles utilisent est ambigu et vague. Les extensions STROBE sont approuvées à des taux extrêmement bas, ou ne sont pas approuvé du tout. Ensuite, j'ai évalué la connaissance, les expériences et les attitudes des chercheurs à l'égard de la liste de vérification STROBE. Cela a permis d'établir les facilitateurs, le timing et les facteurs de motivation (contexte) et les perceptions (preuves) de son utilisation. Le deuxième projet a révélé qu'il existe un grand désaccord quant au niveau de spécificité souhaité du STROBE et à son utilité. En général, les auteurs ne s'opposent pas à son utilisation, mais souvent il n'y a pas une forte motivation. Leurs coauteurs ne l'utilisent pas et les journaux n'en ont pas besoin. Les auteurs peuvent également avoir des perceptions qui nuisent à la promotion du STROBE, comme la confiance excessive dans leurs capacités. Les travaux des deux premiers projets ont fourni le contenu et le soutien à la creéation d'une intervention éducative intégrée dans le processus d'écriture, accessible à un public mondial, open-source et éditable.

ÖZETGİRİŞİMCİLİK YÖNELİMİNİ ETKİLEYEN BİR ARAŞTIRMA:TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİSon yüzyıllarda, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde girişimciliğe verilen önem giderek artmaktadır. Bu durumun temel nedeni ise, girişimciliğin ekonomik kalkınma ve gelişime olan büyük katkısının ve işsizlik sorununa önemli ölçüde çözüm oluşunun fark edilmesidir. Bu doğrultuda, devletler ekonomik kalkınmayı arttırmak ve devam ettirmek, var olan işsizlik sorununu çözmek amacıyla girişimcileri destekleme ve potansiyel girişimcileri ortaya çıkarma politikaları ve programları geliştirmektedirler. Türkiye'de girişimciliğe verilen önemle birlikte girişimcilik eğitimi son dönemlerde artarak özellikle üniversitelerin ilgili bölümlerinde ders olarak okutulmaya başlanmıştır ve verilen derslerin öğrencilerin girişimcilik niyetine olan etkisi önemli ölçüde araştırma konusu olmuştur. Ancak yalnızca, girişimcilik dersi alan üniversite öğrencileri değil her yaştan, her meslekten, her gruptan kişilerin çeşitli alanlarda girişimciliğe olan yönelimini görmekteyiz. Bu kişiler ailemizden, akrabalarımızdan, yakın arkadaşlarımızdan ve ya yakın çevremizden birileri olabilir. Bu sebeple bu araştırmada, sadece öğrenciler değil, Türkiye'de +18 yaş ve üzeri her kesimden 403 kişinin girişimcilik yönelimini etkileyen faktörler ve bu faktörlerin arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Araştırmamızda, Shapero ve Sokol'un (1982) Girişimcilik Olayı Modeli ve bu modelin daha kapsamlı hali olarak görülen Ajzen'in (1991) Planlanmış Davranışlar Teorisi birleştirilmiş ve girişimcilik eğitimi unsuru da dahil edilerek girişimcilik yönelimini etkileyen faktörlerin regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, Ajzen'in Planlanmış Davranışlar Teorisine göre kişisel tutum bağlamında girişimci olma cazibesi, sosyal norm bağlamında girişimcilik kariyerine bakış, girişimci olmanın onaylanması ve girişimcilik kültürü, algılanan davranış kontrolü bağlamında kişisel yeterlilik faktörleri girişimcilik yönelimi ile anlamlı ve ilişkili bulunmuştur. Girişimcilik eğitimi faktörlerinin ise girişimcilik yönelimi ile doğrusal regresyonda ilişkisi bulunurken çoklu regresyonda ilişkisi bulunamamıştır. Bu sebeple, eğitimin ayrıca kişisel tutum ve algılanan davranış kontrolü, ve sosyal normlar ile ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara gore gririşimcilik eğitiminin kişisel tutum bağlamında girişimci olma cazibesi ile ilişkisi ve çalışan olma cazibesi ile yüksek oranda ilişkisi, sosyal norm bağlamında girişimcilik kariyerine bakış ve girişimci olmanın onaylanması ile ilişkisi, algılanan davranış kontrolü bağlamında kişisel yeterlilik ve kişisel beceri ile ilişkisi bulunmuştur.TABLE OF CONTENTSÖZETiABSTRACTiiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSvLIST OF TABLESviiiLIST OF FIGURESxiABBREVATIONSxii1. INTRODUCTION11.1. Definition of Core Concept11.2. The Importance of Entrepreneurship21.3. Need for Research21.4. The Purpose of The Study31.5. Organization of Dissertation32. LITERATURE REVIEW42.1. The Definitions and Historical Development of Entrepreneurship42.2. Entrepreneurship in Turkey72.3. Entrepreneurial Intention92.4. Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention102.4.1. Demographic Factors102.4.2. Psychological Characteristics132.4.3. Entrepreneurship Education152.4.4. Entrepreneurial Intention Models172.5. Research on Entrepreneurial Intention233. METHODOLOGY AND RESEARH DESIGN323.1. The Scope of The Research323.2 The Proposed Theoretical Research Model333.3. Research Questions343.4. Sample and Data Collection344. RESEARCH AND FINDINGS374.1. Reliability and Factor Analyses374.1.1. Reliability and Factor Analysis of Attitude Toward Behavior384.1.2. Reliability and Factor Analysis of Subjective Norms414.1.3. Reliability and Factor Analysis of Perceived Behavioral Control434.1.4. Reliability and Factor Analysis of Entrepreneurship Education464.1.5. Reliability and Factor Analysis of Entrepreneurial Intention484.2. Revised Model and Hypotheses After the Reliability and Factor Analyses514.3. Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Analyses534.4. Correlations and Multiple Regression Analyses644.5. Independent t-Test Analyses of Demographic Data694.6. ANOVA Analyses of Demographic Data724.7. Results834.7.1. Results of Factor and Reliability Analyses834.7.2. Results of The Simple Linear Regression for Entrepreneurial Intention844.7.3. Results of The Simple Linear Regression for The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education854.7.4. Results of Multiple Linear Regression for Entrepreneurial Intention864.7.5. Results of Independent t-Tests for Entrepreneurial Intention864.7.6. Results of ANOVA Tests for Entrepreneurial Intention875. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS885.1. Discussions and Implications885.2. Conclusion935.3. Limitations935.4. Recommendations946. REFERENCES95APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRE104 --- In recent centuries, the importance given to entrepreneurship is increasing in developed and developing countries. The main reason for this situation is the realization of the great contribution of entrepreneurship to economic development and a significant solution to the unemployment problem. In this direction, states develop policies and programs to support entrepreneurs and unearth potential entrepreneurs in order to increase and maintain economic development and solve the existing unemployment problem.Turkey has also started to be given in the relevant section of entrepreneurship education courses in universities. The effect of courses on entrepreneurship education on students' entrepreneurial intention has been a significant research topic. However, we see not only university students taking entrepreneurship courses, but also people of all ages, professions and groups towards entrepreneurship in various fields. These people may be members of our family, relatives, close friends or our immediate environment. For this reason, not only the entrepreneurial intention of the students was investigated in this study. In our research data, not just students, were obtained from people who are over the age of +18 in Turkey. Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention were investigated with the obtained data and the relationship between these factors was examined.In our analysis, the Entrepreneurship Event Model of Shapero and Sokol (1982) and Ajzen's (1991) Planned Behavior Theory, which is seen as a more comprehensive version of this model, were combined and regression analysis of the factors affecting entrepreneurship intention was made by including the entrepreneurial education element.According to the findings of the research, according to Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behaviors, the attraction to be an entrepreneur in the context of personal attitude, the approach to the entrepreneurial career, the approval of being an entrepreneur and entrepreneurial culture the context of social norms, and the personal competence factors in the context of perceived behavior control were found to be meaningful and associated with entrepreneurship intention. On the other hand, entrepreneurship education factors were found to be related to entrepreneurship intention in linear regression, but not in multiple regression. For this reason, the relationship of education with attitude toward behavior, perceived behavior control, and subjective norms was also investigated. According to the results, entrepreneurship education was found to be correlated with the attraction to be an employee and the attraction to be an entrepreneur in the context of personal attitude. The relationship with perception of entrepreneurial career and approval of being an entrepreneur is found in the context of subjective norm. In the context of perceived behavior control, it has been found to be related to personal competence and personal skill.TABLE OF CONTENTSÖZETiABSTRACTiiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTSvLIST OF TABLESviiiLIST OF FIGURESxiABBREVATIONSxii1. INTRODUCTION11.1. Definition of Core Concept11.2. The Importance of Entrepreneurship21.3. Need for Research21.4. The Purpose of The Study31.5. Organization of Dissertation32. LITERATURE REVIEW42.1. The Definitions and Historical Development of Entrepreneurship42.2. Entrepreneurship in Turkey72.3. Entrepreneurial Intention92.4. Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intention102.4.1. Demographic Factors102.4.2. Psychological Characteristics132.4.3. Entrepreneurship Education152.4.4. Entrepreneurial Intention Models172.5. Research on Entrepreneurial Intention233. METHODOLOGY AND RESEARH DESIGN323.1. The Scope of The Research323.2 The Proposed Theoretical Research Model333.3. Research Questions343.4. Sample and Data Collection344. RESEARCH AND FINDINGS374.1. Reliability and Factor Analyses374.1.1. Reliability and Factor Analysis of Attitude Toward Behavior384.1.2. Reliability and Factor Analysis of Subjective Norms414.1.3. Reliability and Factor Analysis of Perceived Behavioral Control434.1.4. Reliability and Factor Analysis of Entrepreneurship Education464.1.5. Reliability and Factor Analysis of Entrepreneurial Intention484.2. Revised Model and Hypotheses After the Reliability and Factor Analyses514.3. Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Analyses534.4. Correlations and Multiple Regression Analyses644.5. Independent t-Test Analyses of Demographic Data694.6. ANOVA Analyses of Demographic Data724.7. Results834.7.1. Results of Factor and Reliability Analyses834.7.2. Results of The Simple Linear Regression for Entrepreneurial Intention844.7.3. Results of The Simple Linear Regression for The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education854.7.4. Results of Multiple Linear Regression for Entrepreneurial Intention864.7.5. Results of Independent t-Tests for Entrepreneurial Intention864.7.6. Results of ANOVA Tests for Entrepreneurial Intention875. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS885.1. Discussions and Implications885.2. Conclusion935.3. Limitations935.4. Recommendations946. REFERENCES95APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRE104

The article deals with the process of initiation and implementation of the idea of creating the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the social and political discourse of the USSR in the late 1980s – early 1990s. The positions of key pro-Ukrainian public associations and movements, their programs, and statements concerning the "Ukrainianization" of the military forces that were located in the USSR are explored. An estimation of the position of these forces on public policy in the military sphere is given. It has been found out that the majority of the public associations and movements created under the conditions of "restructuring" insisted on the need for de-ideologization and demilitarization of social and political life. In most cases, members of such organizations required on the need to form military units based on the existing USSR armed forces exclusively from residents of the republic, who would report directly to the leadership of the USSR. Besides, the demand for military service by USSR citizens only within the republic remained one of the principal in the speech of Ukrainian associations and movements. The main proposals for possible reform of the military sphere on the territory of the republic are outlined. The author points out that among the Ukrainian intelligentsia, there were different visions regarding the ways of creating such forces. One part insisted on the creation of armed forces subordinated to the government based on and in the composition of the armed forces of the USSR. The other required a complete reboot of the military sphere, the introduction of a new approach to the army formation, and, ultimately, the creation of an army of an independent Ukraine. Much attention is given to the youth's opinion about the ideologization and militarization of the Soviet high school. Representatives of the student youth were much more active than other social groups, expressing their dissatisfaction with the current situation, which resulted in spontaneous protests against the authorities. It was concluded that, at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, the issue of military development was one of the key issues in the activities of Ukrainian unions, movements, and the first political parties. The members of these organizations were aware of the need to create an armed force in Ukraine that could counteract potential threats to state sovereignty. Such policies have resulted in numerous political actions, strikes, and demonstrations, which have been used as a mechanism to put pressure on the authorities to achieve individual political goals. In the end, under public pressure, as well as in the context of disintegration processes in the USSR, these requirements were fulfilled, which created the necessary basis for the creation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. ; В статье рассмотрен процесс зарождения и реализации идеи создания Вооруженных Сил Украины в общественно-политическом дискурсе УССР в конце 1980 – начале 1990-х гг. Исследованы позиции ключевых проукраинских общественных объединений и движений, их программы и заявления, касающиеся «украинизации» военных сил, которые были расположены на территории УССР. Дана оценка позиции этих сил относительно государственной политики в военной сфере. Установлено, что в своем большинстве созданные в условиях «перестройки» общественные объединения и движения настаивали на необходимости деидеологизации и демилитаризации общественно-политической жизни. В большинстве случаев члены таких организаций настаивали на необходимости формирования на базе существующих вооруженных сил СССР военных подразделений исключительно из жителей республики, которые подчинялись непосредственно руководству УССР. Кроме того, требование прохождения военной службы гражданами УССР только в пределах республики оставалось одним из основных в риторике участников украинских объединений и движений. Определены основные предложения по возможному реформированию военной сферы на территории республики. Указано на то, что среди представителей украинской интеллигенции существовали различные видения относительно путей создания таких военизированных формирований: часть из них настаивали на создании вооруженных сил, подчиненных центральной власти УССР на базе и в составе вооруженных сил СССР. Другая часть требовала полной перезагрузки военной сферы, внедрения полностью нового подхода к формированию армии и, наконец, создания армии независимого Украинского государства. Особый акцент в статье сделан на позиции молодежной среды относительно идеологизации и милитаризации советской высшей школы. Обращено внимание на то, что представители студенческой молодежи значительно активнее других социальных слоев населения выражали свое недовольство существующим положением вещей, вливался в стихийные акции протеста против действующей власти. Сделаны выводы о том, что на рубеже 1980–1990-х гг. В деятельности украинских объединений, движений и первых политических партий вопросы военного строительства было одним из ключевых в деятельности. Члены этих организаций четко осознавали необходимость создания вооруженных сил Украины, которые могли бы нейтрализовать потенциальные угрозы для государственного суверенитета. Такая политика вылилась в проведение многочисленных политических акций, забастовок и митингов, которые использовались как механизм давления на власть для достижения отдельных политических целей. В конце концов, под давлением общественности, а также в условиях дезинтеграционных процессов в СССР эти требования были выполнены, что создало необходимую основу для создания Вооруженных Сил Украины. ; У статті розглянуто процес зародження та реалізації ідеї створення Збройних Сил України у суспільно-політичному дискурсі УРСР наприкінці 1980 – початку 1990-х рр. Досліджено позиції ключових проукраїнських громадських об'єднань та рухів, їхні програми та заяви, що стосувалися «українізації» військових сил, які були розташовані на території УРСР. Надана оцінка позиції цих сил стосовно державної політики у військовій сфері. З'ясовано, що в своїй більшості створені в умовах «перебудови» громадські об'єднання та рухи наполягали на необхідності деідеологізації та демілітаризації суспільно-політичного життя. У більшості випадків члени таких організацій наполягали на необхідності формування на базі наявних збройних сил СРСР військових підрозділів винятково з мешканців республіки, які б підпорядковувались безпосередньо керівництву УРСР. Крім того, вимога проходження військової служби громадянами УРСР лише в межах республіки залишалась однією із основних у риториці учасників українських об'єднань та рухів. Окреслено основні пропозиції щодо можливого реформування військової сфери на території республіки. Вказано на те, що серед представників української інтелігенції існували різні візії стосовно шляхів створення таких воєнізованих формувань: частина з них наполягали на створенні збройних сил, підпорядкованих центральній владі УРСР на базі та в складі збройних сил СРСР. Інша ж частина вимагала цілковитого перезавантаження військової сфери, запровадження цілковито нового підходу до формування армії і, зрештою, створення армії незалежної Української держави. Особливий акцент у статті зроблено на позиції молодіжного середовища стосовно ідеологізації та мілітаризації радянської вищої школи. Звернена увага на те, що представники студентської молоді значно активніше від інших соціальних верств населення висловлювали своє невдоволення існуючим станом речей, що вливалось в стихійні акції протесту проти чинної влади. Зроблено висновки про те, що на зламі 1980–1990-х рр. у діяльності українських об'єднань, рухів та перших політичних партій питання військового будівництва було одним із ключових у діяльності. Члени цих організацій чітко усвідомлювали необхідність створення збройних сил України, які б могли нейтралізувати потенційні загрози для державного суверенітету. Така політика вилилась у проведення численних політичних акцій, страйків та мітингів, які використовувались як механізм тиску на владу задля досягнення окремих політичних цілей. Зрештою, під тиском громадськості, а також в умовах дезінтеграційних процесів у СРСР ці вимоги були виконані, що створило необхідну основу для створення Збройних Сил України.

The research is based on the features of the influence of interethnic relations on the development of cross-border cooperation. It is noted that, provided effective ethno-national policies are implemented, multi-ethnic border regions have the advantage that national communities facilitate cross-border cooperation, and they often act as intermediaries in inter-regional relations. It has been proven that interethnic relations have a significant impact on the development of cross-border cooperation, in particular the importance of local authorities and national governments, which have a significant role to play in the issues of inter-ethnic relations in the region. It is argued that in the development of cross-border cooperation, greater emphasis should be placed on programs and projects aimed at improving the coexistence and development of national minorities in the border regions where they are most often living compactly, in particular representatives of national minorities; as a factor of European integration. For the successful development of cross-border cooperation, it is important to understand the needs and interests of the ethnic communities of a particular region, and to take into account historical, cultural factors. It is noted that the integration model is effective in the development of cross-border cooperation, since it enables different ethnic groups and national minorities to maintain their national identity, as well as to participate in regional and inter-state cooperation. Each interethnic community in Europe has its own peculiarities, and therefore the general list of recommendations included in the European Charter does not list the granting of large permits to municipal regions. However, these documents formed the basis for cross-border cooperation in European regions, and the provisions contained therein strengthened activities in this field. An important fact is that most inter-ethnic cooperation activities are within the structures of the European Union. The most common term is "territorial cooperation" or "cross-border cooperation", which are understood as different types of cooperation programs. These programs support the promotion and implementation of joint projects of an international nature throughout the European Union and its neighbors. A specific form of cross-border cooperation is Euroregional. Its characteristic feature is the institutionalization of cross-border cooperation structures. These structures may be: interethnic associations, councils, secretariats, committees, working groups, etc. Euroregional cooperation is carried out within the Euroregion. The Euroregion can be seen as a formal structure of cooperation, adopted on the basis of agreements between interethnic local and regional authorities in order to deepen economic and social cooperation. It is emphasized that the European experience of using the opportunities of cooperation with national minorities in multiethnic regions is of great importance for Ukraine, in particular, the work of the Council of Europe, the EU Strategy for the Danube Region (EUSDR), the Association of European Border Regions, which receive considerable attention, is useful. national minorities in the development of cross-border cooperation. European experience demonstrates that, with proper organization of state policy and historical experience, the involvement of ethnic groups in cross-border cooperation can have a positive impact. Interethnic cooperation promotes political stability and reduces tensions in border areas, and has a positive impact on economic cooperation, development of education, science and culture. It is proved that cross-border cooperation must take into account the nature of ethno-political relations in the border regions, promote the provision of conditions for the development of ethno-cultural characteristics of national minorities and develop mechanisms of interethnic interaction, cooperation of local authorities and public organizations of national minorities. ; Исследованы особенности влияния межэтнических отношений на развитие трансграничного сотрудничества. Отмечается, что при реализации эффективной этнонациональной политики полиэтнические приграничные регионы имеют преимущество в том, что национальные общины способствуют налаживанию трансграничного сотрудничества, они часто выполняют роль посредников в межрегиональных отношениях. Доказано, что межэтнические отношения оказывают значительное влияние на развитие трансграничного сотрудничества, в частности, важная роль отводится местным органам власти. Утверждается, что в развитии трансграничного сотрудничества стоит больше внимания уделять программам и проектам, которые направлены на улучшение сосуществования и развитие национальных меньшинств в приграничных регионах, где они чаще всего проживают компактно, в частности, представителей национальных меньшинств, национальные общества следует рассматривать как партнеров в развитии межгосударственного диалога как фактор европейской интеграции. Для успешного развития трансграничного сотрудничества важно понимание потребностей и интересов этнических сообществ того или иного региона, учета исторических, культурных факторов. Отмечается, что именно интеграционная модель является эффективной в развитии трансграничного сотрудничества, поскольку дает возможность различным этническим группам и национальным меньшинствам сохранить свою национальную идентичность. Отмечается, что для Украины важным является европейский опыт использования возможностей сотрудничества с национальными меньшинствами в полиэтнических регионах, в частности, полезны наработки в этом вопросе Совета Европы, Стратегии ЕС для Дунайского региона (EUSDR), Ассоциации европейских приграничных регионов, значительное внимание уделяют исследованию возможностей национальных меньшинств в развитии трансграничного сотрудничества. Межэтническое сотрудничество способствует политической стабильности и уменьшает напряженность в приграничных зонах, а также положительно влияет на экономическое сотрудничество, развитие образования, науки и культуры. Доказано, что для трансграничного сотрудничества важно учитывать характер этнополитических отношений в приграничных регионах, способствовать обеспечению условий для развития национальных меньшинств и выработки механизмов межэтнического взаимодействия, сотрудничества органов местной власти и общественных организаций национальных меньшинств. ; Досліджено особливості впливу міжетнічних відносин на розвиток транскордонної співпраці. Зазначається, що за умови реалізації ефективної етнонаціональної політики поліетнічні прикордонні регіони мають перевагу в тому, що національні громади сприяють налагодженню транскордонної співпраці, вони часто виконують роль посередників у міжрегіональних відносинах. Доведено, що міжетнічна співпраця має значний вплив на розвиток транскордонної співпраці, зокрема, важлива роль відводиться місцевим органам влади, які мають значну вагу приділяти питанням міжетнічних відносин у регіоні. Стверджується, що у розвитку транскордонної співпраці варто більше уваги надавати програмам та проектам, які спрямовані на покращення співіснування та розвиток національних меншин у прикордонних регіонах, де вони найчастіше проживають компактно, зокрема, представників національних меншин, національні товариства варто розглядати як партнерів у розвитку міждержавного діалогу, як чинник європейської інтеграції. Для успішного розвитку транскордонної співпраці важливим є розуміння потреб та інтересів етнічних спільнот того чи іншого регіону, врахування історичних, культурних чинників. Зазначається, що саме інтеграційна модель є ефективною у розвитку транскордонної співпраці, оскільки дає можливість різним етнічним групам та національним меншинам зберегти свою національну ідентичність, а також брати участь у регіональній та міждержавній співпраці. Наголошується, що для України важливим є європейський досвід використання можливостей співпраці з національними меншинами у поліетнічних регіонах, зокрема, корисними є напрацювання у цьому питанні Ради Європи, Стратегії ЄС для Дунайського регіону (EUSDR), Асоціації європейських прикордонних регіонів, які значну увагу приділяють дослідженню можливостей національних меншин у розвитку транскордонного співробітництва. Європейський досвід демонструє, що за правильної організації політики держави, а також врахування історичного досвіду участь міжетнічних груп у межах транскордонного співробітництва може мати позитивний вплив. Доведено, що транскордонна співпраця повинна обов'язково враховувати характер етнополітичних відносин у прикордонних регіонах, сприяти забезпеченню умов для розвитку етнокультурних особливостей національних меншин та вироблення механізмів міжетнічної взаємодії, співпраці органів місцевої влади та громадських організацій національних меншин.

Price responsive demand is increasingly considered as an integral part of lowcarbon electricity markets, where accommodating the large share of variable renewable electricity generation from wind and solar power will be pivotal for efficiency and supply reliability. Exposing consumers to the variation in the marginal costs of electricity supply through real-time retail prices is to many economists the most intuitive solution to achieve this. The economic evaluation of implementing real-time pricing in low-carbon electricity markets requires a proper understanding of how climate policy instruments and variable renewable generation interact on the related welfare as well as distributional effects. This thesis provides insights on this interaction, by identifying the major drivers and explaining the basic economic mechanisms underlying the effects of real-time retail pricing on transforming electricity markets. To this end, comparative static welfare analyses are conducted, by using a simple electricity market modeling framework to simulate long-run market equilibria and applying empirical market data. In doing so, this thesis sheds light on crucial issues regarding the timing and feasibility of introducing real-time pricing, both of which are relevant to regulators and market actors. The optimal timing of rolling out real-time pricing is found to be complicated by a non-linear relationship between policy-induced variable renewable technology deployment and the gross welfare gains from real-time pricing. This result challenges existing rollout strategies, since it implies that real-time pricing does not necessarily become more beneficial in the presence than in the absence of large-scale variable renewable generation. Moreover, growing variable renewable deployment renders full-fledged real-time pricing virtually inevitable, as it allows for making efficient use of installed renewable capacity, and thus increasingly outperforms second-best pricing schemes, which are often considered less complex and therefore more feasible. Besides the complexity of real-time pricing, its potentially adverse distributional effects are another important acceptance barrier, which this thesis addresses. Variable renewable electricity supply is shown to significantly attenuate these distributional effects, within and across consumer sectors, since reducing the influence of individual demand patterns on consumption costs. Most consumers might thus not have to expect significant consumption cost increases from real-time pricing in low-carbon electricity markets. Targeted rollouts of real-time pricing to large consumers, which are often considered efficient at low renewable supply shares, are, however, found to result in negative pecuniary externalities across consumer sectors, affecting particularly residential consumers. Such cross-sectoral distributional effects could foster already existing acceptance problems of dynamic pricing schemes. In addition to this, many consumers may make non-optimal tariff choices and decide not to switch to real-time pricing for a variety of reasons. This thesis shows that the resulting unrealized welfare gains could be substantial and rapidly growing with variable renewable market penetration, particularly if mostly residential and commercial consumers do not adopt real-time pricing. It is therefore arguedthat the potential welfare losses from low adoption rates could justify corrective measures, if tariff choices are indeed non-optimal on average. Furthermore, several findings in this thesis highlight the complementarity of real-time pricing and climate or renewable policies. This thesis particularly contributes to assessing the cost-effectiveness of renewable support instruments, by illustrating the circumstances under which renewable output subsidies can be more efficient than capacity subsidies in achieving a certain renewable supply target. Putting previous research on this topic into perspective, this seemingly counterintuitive result can obtain, if consumers are real-time priced and can thus react to the negative wholesale prices induced by output subsidies during periods of high variable renewable generation. Addressing the potential influence of other technological factors on the effects of real-time pricing, this thesis analyzes the relevance of costs and price effects resulting from rapid changes in thermal-plant operation, caused by variable renewable generation. While these effects can decisively modify the evolution of efficiency gains from real-time pricing found in this thesis, it can be illustrated that they likely become negligible under reasonable assumptions about the dynamics in fuel prices, in the carbon price and the generation portfolio. Concluding with a thorough discussion on future research avenues, this thesis argues that since knowledge about retail tariff choice is lacking, it remains fundamentally uncertain whether the efficiency potential of real-time pricing can actually be realized. Understanding and investigating the determinants of retail tariff choice hence appear to be the next important steps for advancing the economics of real-time pricing. ; Eine preisealistische Stromnachfrage wird zunehmend als essentielle Voraussetzung eines an Kohlendioxidemission armen Strommarktes erachtet. Sowohl die Effizienz als auch die Versorgungssicherheit dieses Marktes wird maßgeblich durch die Integration fluktuierender Stromerzeugung seitens variabler erneuerbarer Energien bestimmt werden. Echtzeittarife, die Stromkonsumenten die Variation der marginalen Erzeugungskosten signalisieren, stellen eine in dieser Hinsicht intuitive Lösung dar. Eine ökonomische Bewertung solcher Tarife in sich wandelnden Märkten erfordert das Verständnis über die Wechselwirkung klimapolitischer Instrumente und variabler, erneuerbarer Stromerzeugung auf die mit Echtzeittarifen einhergehenden Wohlfahrts- und Verteilungseffekte. Die vorliegende Arbeit beleuchtet diese Interaktion, indem sie entscheidende Einflussfaktoren der Wohlfahrts- und Verteilungseffekte von Echtzeitpreisen in sich verändernden Strommärkten identifiziert und die zugrundeliegenden ökonomische Mechanismen erklärt. Um dies zu erreichen werden komparativ statische Wohlfahrtsanalysen mittels eines einfachen Strommarktmodells durchgeführt, welches auf Basis empirischer Marktdaten langfristige Gleichgewichte im Strommarkt simuliert. Somit gibt diese Dissertation Antworten auf wesentliche Themen bezüglich des Timings und der Durchführbarkeit der Markteinführung von Echtzeittarifen. Insbesondere kann sich die optimale Terminierung der Einführung von Echtzeittarifen als komplex erweisen angesichts des nicht-linearen Zusammenhangs zwischen der Diffusion variabler erneuerbare Erzeugungstechnologien und den mit Echtzeittarifen verbundenen Wohlfahrtsgewinnen. Dadurch geht die Einführung von Echtzeittarifen, entgegen weitverbreiteter Intuition und gegenwärtiger Pläne bezüglich ihrer Markteinführung, nicht notwendigerweise mit höheren Wohlfahrtsgewinnen einher, sobald ein hoher Anteil variabler erneuerbarer Energieerzeugung im Markt erreicht ist. Darüber hinaus scheinen Echtzeittarife mit der Marktpenetration variabler Erzeugungstechnologien zunehmend alternativlos zu werden, da es eine effiziente Nutzung installierter erneuerbarer Kapazität erlaubt, so dass weniger komplexe und deswegen als praktikabler erachtete dynamischer Stromtarifmodelle signifikant ineffizienter werden. Echtzeittarife werden jedoch nicht nur wegen ihrer Komplexität, sondern auch wegen ihrer möglicherweise negativen Verteilungseffekte als impraktikabel erachtet. Es kann jedoch gezeigt werden, dass solche Verteilungseffekte, die sowohl innerhalb eines Konsumentensegments als auch sektorenübergreifend entstehen, durch variable Stromerzeugung abgeschwächt werden können. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass eine zunehmend fluktuierende Erzeugung den Einfluss individueller Nachfragemuster auf die jeweiligen Kosten des Stromkonsums abmildert. Die meisten Stromkonsumenten wären daher keinen signifikanten Kostensteigerungen durch Echtzeittarife in einem von erneuerbaren Energien dominierten Strommarkt ausgesetzt. Eine selektive Einführung von Echtzeittarifen, die oft aus plausiblen Effizienzgründen für relativ große Konsumenten angedacht wird, kann wiederum signifikante negative Verteilungseffekte auf Konsumenten anderer Sektoren haben, insbesondere solange der Anteil variabler erneuerbarer Stromerzeugung relativ gering ist. Dadurch könnten bestehende Akzeptanzprobleme hinsichtlich der Einführung von Echtzeittarifen verstärkt werden. Zudem könnten viele Konsumenten nicht optimale Tarifentscheidungen treffen und Echtzeittarife aufgrund verschiedener Faktoren ablehnen. Wie die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, könnten dadurch substanzielle Wohlfahrtsgewinne nicht realisiert werden, insbesondere wenn Konsumenten des Haushalts- und Dienstleistungssektors Echtzeittarife ablehnen. Diese entgangenen Wohlfahrtsgewinne steigen zudem stark mit dem Anteil erneuerbarer Erzeugung an. Die potenziellen Wohlfahrtsverluste durch geringe Akzeptanzraten könnten somit Interventionen rechtfertigen, die der Korrektur nicht optimaler Tarifentscheidungen dienen können. Viele Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation unterstreichen überdies die Komplementarität von Echtzeittarifen und Klima- beziehungsweise erneuerbarer Förderpolitiken. Die vorliegende Arbeit trägt insbesondere zur Bewertung der Kosteneffektivität erneuerbarer Förderpolitiken bei, indem sie aufzeigt unter welchen Umständen erneuerbare Erzeugungssubventionen gegebene Einspeiseziele effizienter erreichen können als entsprechend Kapazitätssubventionen. Dieses scheinbar kontraintuitive Ergebnis kommt zustande sobald Echtzeittarife eingeführt sind und Konsumenten somit durch negative Strompreise in Phasen hoher variabler Stromerzeugung einen Anreiz erhalten ihre Nachfrage zu erhöhen. Um den möglichen Einfluss weiterer technologischer Faktoren auf die Effekte von Echtzeittarifen zu adressieren, wird in dieser Arbeit die Relevanz von Kosten- und Preiseffekten analysiert, die durch rapide Änderungen in der Stromerzeugung thermischer Kraftwerke entstehen, und die durch variable erneuerbare Erzeugung verstärkt werden können. Während diese Effekte die Entwicklung der Wohlfahrtseffekte von Echtzeittarifen stark beeinflussen können, kann gezeigt werden, dass ihr Einfluss unter realistischen Annahmen hinsichtlich der Dynamik von Energiepreisen, CO2 Preisen und des Erzeugungsportfolios vernachlässigbar werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt mit einer ausführlichen Diskussion möglicher weiterer Forschungsthemen bezüglich der Einführung von Echtzeittarifen ab. Hierbei wird aufgezeigt, dass das Wissen über mögliche Einflussfaktoren auf Tarifentscheidungen fehlt und daher eine grundsätzliche Unsicherheit darüber besteht, ob und inwiefern die möglichen Effizienzgewinne durch Echtzeittarife überhaupt realisierbar sind. Die Analyse der Determinanten von Tarifentscheidungen ergibt sich somit als wichtiger nächster Schritt in der Ökonomik der Echtzeittarife.

Welcome to the third issue of volume 43 of the IASSIST Quarterly (IQ 43:3, 2019).
Yes, we are open! Open data is good. Just a click away. Downloadable 24/7 for everybody. An open government would make the decisionmakers' data open to the public and the opposition. As an example, communal data on bicycle paths could be open, so more navigation apps would flourish and embed the information in maps, which could suggest more safe bicycle routes. However, as demonstrated by all three articles in this IQ issue, very often research data include information that requires restrictions concerning data access. The second paper states that data should be 'as open as possible and as closed as needed'. This phrase originates from a European Union Horizon 2020 project called the Open Research Data Pilot, in 'Guidelines on FAIR Data Management in Horizon 2020' (July 2016). Some data need to be closed and not freely available. So once more it shows that a simple solution of total openness and one-size-fits-all is not possible. We have to deal with more complicated schemes depending on the content of data. Luckily, experienced people at data institutions are capable of producing adapted solutions.
The first article 'Restricting data's use: A spectrum of concerns in need of flexible approaches' describes how data producers have legitimate needs for restricting data access for users. This understanding is quite important as some users might have an automatic objection towards all restrictions on use of data. The authors Dharma Akmon and Susan Jekielek are at ICPSR at the University of Michigan. ICPSR has been the U.S. research archive since 1962, so they have much practice in long-term storage of digital information. From a short-term perspective you might think that their primary task is to get the data in use and thus would be opposed to any kind of access restrictions. However, both producers and custodians of data are very well aware of their responsibility for determining restrictions and access. The caveat concerns the potential harm through disclosure, often exemplified by personal data of identifiable individuals. The article explains how dissemination options differ in where data are accessed and what is required for access. If you are new to IASSIST, the article also gives an excellent short introduction to ICPSR and how this institution guards itself and its users against the hazards of data sharing.
In the second article 'Managing data in cross-institutional projects', the reader gains insight into how FAIR data usage benefits a cross-institutional project. The starting point for the authors - Zaza Nadja Lee Hansen, Filip Kruse, and Jesper Boserup Thestrup – is the FAIR principles that data should be: findable, accessible, interoperable, and re-useable. The authors state that this implies that the data should be as open as possible. However, as expressed in the ICPSR article above, data should at the same time be as closed as needed. Within the EU, the mention of GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) will always catch the attention of the economical responsible at any institution because data breaches can now be very severely fined. The authors share their experience with implementation of the FAIR principles with data from several cross-institutional projects. The key is to ensure that from the beginning there is agreement on following the specific guidelines, standards and formats throughout the project. The issues to agree on are, among other things, storage and sharing of data and metadata, responsibilities for updating data, and deciding which data format to use. The benefits of FAIR data usage are summarized, and the article also describes the cross-institutional projects. The authors work as a senior consultant/project manager at the Danish National Archives, senior advisor at The Royal Danish Library, and communications officer at The Royal Danish Library. The cross-institutional projects mentioned here stretch from Kierkegaard's writings to wind energy.
While this issue started by mentioning that ICPSR was founded in 1962, we end with a more recent addition to the archive world, established at Qatar University's Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI) in 2017. The paper 'Data archiving for dissemination within a Gulf nation' addresses the experience of this new institution in an environment of cultural and political sensitivity. With a positive view you can regard the benefits as expanding. The start is that archive staff get experience concerning policies for data selection, restrictions, security and metadata. This generates benefits and expands to the broader group of research staff where awareness and improvements relate to issues like design, collection and documentation of studies. Furthermore, data sharing can be seen as expanding in the Middle East and North Africa region and generating a general improvement in the relevance and credibility of statistics generated in the region. Again, the FAIR principles of findable, accessible, interoperable, and re-useable are gaining momentum and being adopted by government offices and data collection agencies. In the article, the story of SESRI at Qatar University is described ahead of sections concerning data sharing culture and challenges as well as issues of staff recruitment, architecture and workflow. Many of the observations and considerations in the article will be of value to staff at both older and infant archives. The authors of the paper are the senior researcher and lead archivist at the archive of the Qatar University Brian W. Mandikiana, and Lois Timms-Ferrara and Marc Maynard – CEO and director of technology at Data Independence (Connecticut, USA).
Submissions of papers for the IASSIST Quarterly are always very welcome. We welcome input from IASSIST conferences or other conferences and workshops, from local presentations or papers especially written for the IQ. When you are preparing such a presentation, give a thought to turning your one-time presentation into a lasting contribution. Doing that after the event also gives you the opportunity of improving your work after feedback. We encourage you to login or create an author login to https://www.iassistquarterly.com (our Open Journal System application). We permit authors 'deep links' into the IQ as well as deposition of the paper in your local repository. Chairing a conference session with the purpose of aggregating and integrating papers for a special issue IQ is also much appreciated as the information reaches many more people than the limited number of session participants and will be readily available on the IASSIST Quarterly website at https://www.iassistquarterly.com. Authors are very welcome to take a look at the instructions and layout:
https://www.iassistquarterly.com/index.php/iassist/about/submissions
Authors can also contact me directly via e-mail: kbr@sam.sdu.dk. Should you be interested in compiling a special issue for the IQ as guest editor(s) I will also be delighted to hear from you.
Karsten Boye Rasmussen - September 2019

La Educación Inclusiva es un enfoque emergente en todos los países como respuesta a las profundas brechas de inequidad social, los factores de exclusión, segregación y discriminación en los contextos educativos. Aún persisten barreras que impiden que muchos niños, niñas y jóvenes no asistan o abandonen la escuela, o bien concluyen su escolaridad, pero no logran los aprendizajes básicos para una convivencia social plena. El postulado central es la educación como un derecho humano fundamental y por ello se debe brindar una educación de calidad para todos con equidad. Por esta razón la educación inclusiva se conceptualiza desde cuatro ámbitos; el primero como proceso que busca la transformación de la escuela para responder a la diversidad; reconocer que cada niño es único y especial. El segundo desde componentes de participación, permanencia y logro de los aprendizajes. Lo importante no es estar en la escuela sino participar y aprender en ella. El tercero está vinculado a la atención de los niños y niñas en situación de vulnerabilidad o marginación por factores como la discapacidad, pertenecer a alguna minoría étnica o lingüística, ser migrante, o presentar alguna condición de privación sociocultural, entre otros. El cuarto está orientado a la identificación y remoción de las barreras para el aprendizaje. Por otra parte, el profesor es un elemento clave para la consolidación de la inclusión y el desarrollo de ambientes para el aprendizaje. Sin embargo, es claro que los profesores deben desarrollar nuevas competencias que les permitan responder a este paradigma. Existen diversos planteamientos que buscan conceptualizar y caracterizar la formación inicial y continúa de los profesores, entre ellos están los propuestos por la Agencia Europea para las Necesidades Especiales y la Inclusión Educativa, la UNESCO, y otras organizaciones internacionales. En México, a partir de la administración federal 2013-2018 estableció las bases para que el sistema educativo mexicano fuera inclusivo y en consecuencia y generó transformaciones importantes para lograrlo. Sin embargo, no hay una propuesta en términos de formación de profesores para la inclusión; es decir que cuente con las competencias profesionales básicas que permitan ser agentes de cambio en nuestro país. No cabe duda que la escuela enfrenta nuevos y diversos desafíos en términos de avanzar en la consolidación de una educación de calidad con equidad; que brinde oportunidades para todos, impulse nuevos modelos pedagógicos con características orientadas a la sustentabilidad, la ciudadanía global y el reconocimiento de la diversidad como componente normal. Con los objetivos de mi tesis doctoral me propuse ofrecer una respuesta al vacío que existe en la formación de docentes para la inclusión, que exige nuevas competencias profesionales, como son el tener una conceptualización precisa, promover políticas, prácticas inclusivas; nuevos modelos de relación entre los profesionales de la educación a través de la colaboración, generar ambientes para el aprendizaje, brindar atención a la diversidad de sus estudiantes, entre otros. Promover también nuevas formas de gestión y diversas formas de enseñanza. El propósito fue conformar una propuesta de innovación que incidiera en la trasformación de la formación inicial de docentes. Los resultados esperados de esta investigación fueron: Conformar un marco de reflexión teórica para conceptualizar la educación inclusiva y los retos que representa para los sistemas educativos. Ofrecer diversos modelos de formación de docentes y la necesidad de contar con un profesor inclusivo que promueva la educación inclusión a través de un programa para la formación inicial de profesores. De igual manera marcar un referente para posteriores investigaciones sobre educación inclusiva y formación de docentes. ; The Inclusive Education is an emerging approach in all countries as a response to deep social inequality gaps, factors of exclusion, segregation and discriminations contexts. There are still barriers that prevent many children and young people do not attend or drop out of schools, or conclude their schooling, but fail the basic learning for a full social life. The central tenet is education as a fundamental human right and because of that all must provide quality education with equity. For this reason the inclusive education is conceptualize since four areas; the first as a process oriented to transform the school for to respond the diversity, recognizing that each child is unique and special. The second correspond to the concern about the participation, permanence and achievement of the learning process. The important thing is not to be in school but to participate in it. The third is linking with the attention of children in vulnerability condition or marginalization for disabilities, to be part of ethnic or linguistic minority or migrant or to have a social deprivation, among others. The four is oriented to the identity and remove the barriers for learning. On the other hand, the teachers are an essential key for promote the inclusion and learning developments, but nevertheless needs to have new competencies for to respond to the new approach. At this time there are proposals oriented to support the teacher education in terms of in service and ongoing teachers from diverse international organizations as a European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education, the UNESCO and others. In México, the Federal Government 2013-2018, established the foundation about the inclusive education for all Mexican Educational System, but at this time the Teacher Education Programs do not yet contemplate the formation of inclusive teachers, that is to say with the core professional competencies for to be factors of change in our country. Without doubt the schools have new challenges in term of quality education with equity, offering opportunities for all, promoting new pedagogic models oriented to sustainability, the global citizen and the recognizing the diversity as a normal element. The purposes of my dissertation I decided to offer a response to the vacuum that exists on teacher training for inclusion, which requires new skills, such as having a precise conceptualization, promote policies, practices inclusive; new models of relationship between professionals of education through collaboration create environments for learning, providing attention to the diversity of their students, among others, also to promote new forms of management and various forms of teaching. The purpose was to create a proposal for innovation that meets in the transformation of initial teacher training. The results expected from this research were: form a theoretical framework to conceptualize the inclusive education and the challenges it poses to the educational systems. Offer different models of teacher training and the need of having an inclusive teacher that promotes inclusive education through a program for initial formation, similarly is a reference point for further investigations. ; Tesis Univ. Jaén. Departamento de Pedagogía. Leída el 5 de abril de 2019.

The Berre Lagoon is an ecosystem historically disturbed by strong industrial discharges and significant freshwaters inputs from both natural and anthropogenic (EDF hydroelectric power station) origins. While rehabilitation policies initiated in 1994 are already showing some success, the introduction and proliferation of Mnemiopsis leidyi since 2005 could limit their effectiveness. The originality of this study is to associate oceanography and sociology in order to estimate the impact of M. leidyi on the functioning of this socio-ecosystem. We were able to show that the population of M. leidyi is maintained within a large range of temperatures (3 °C-28 °C) and salinities (10-30), with a quantity of carbon available ~ 3 mg C L-1 or more. In the laboratory, spawning by adults was observed at temperatures as low as 8 °C, while transition larvae can spawn at 10 °C. The temperature thus appears to be a determining factor in the dynamics of the population of this ctenophore. Larval stages see their development into adults blocked for temperatures below 14 °C. In summer the population is dominated by adults with high spawning rates (2 221 ± 2 496 eggs ind-1 d-1) supporting large blooms (up to 96 ind m-3). Ingestion of Mnemiopsis on the zooplankton community (mainly copepods and meroplankton larvae) was highly variable from 4 ± 2 prey ind-1 d-1 to 1 370 ± 97 prey ind-1 d-1 but was able to control up to 80% of the standing stock of zooplankton, reducing the top-down control over the phytoplankton communities. In addition, Mnemiopsis contributes poorly through its N-NH4 excretion (~3.8% at the most) to the pool of ammonium pool and to the regenerated production, also favouring phytoplankton growth. As a result, the population acts positively on maintaining the eutrophication of the lake by "top-down" and "bottom-up" effects. The absence of this ctenophore on during cold events and its recurrence several months later suggests either the existence of an external source or the presence of a refuge zone. The use of a Lagrangian modelling of particle transport coupled with measurements of the environmental variables has not only helped to understand the distribution of Mnemiopsis within the lagoon but also to identify a refuge zone (the Vaine lagoon) favorable to the maintenance of M. leidyi. The strong proliferation of M. leidyi in the Berre lagoon mainly affects professional fishermen. The clogging of nets, the mutilation of catches, the accelerated degradation of the material and the increase in the strenuousness induce an annual economic loss estimated at 50 %. Swimming is not affected except in case of large blooms during which beaches of the lagoon might be avoided; likewise, boating activities are impacted only in case of strong blooms when the organisms clog the cooling systems of the engine. Here in our interdisciplinary framework, the understanding of the biological and the anthropogenic interactions has shown that Mnemiopsis is tempering with the implementation of the rehabilitation efforts. In addition, the recent installation of the invasive highly potent hydromedusae Gonionemus vertens could also become a real threat as the widening of its range can be associated with the transplantation of eelgrass. Therefore, in the context of biological invasions, the prospects for the rehabilitation of the Berre Lagoon remain subject to the unpredictability of nature. ; L'étang de Berre est un écosystème lagunaire historiquement perturbé par de forts rejets industriels et par des apports importants en eau douce naturels et anthropiques (centrale hydroélectrique EDF). Alors que les politiques de réhabilitation de l'étang de Berre, initiées depuis 1994, commencent à enregistrer leurs premiers succès, l'introduction et la prolifération de Mnemiopsis leidyi en 2005 pourraient limiter leur efficacité. L'originalité de cette étude est d'associer océanographie et sociologie afin d'estimer l'impact de M. leidyi sur le fonctionnement de ce socio-écosystème. Nous avons pu montrer que la population de M. leidyi est capable de se maintenir sur une large gamme de températures (3°C-28°C) et de salinités (10-30), pour une quantité de carbone disponible > 3 µgC L-1. Nous avons démontré en laboratoire que la ponte est observée chez les adultes dès 8°C, et à partir de 10°C chez les larves transitoires. La température apparait ainsi être un facteur déterminant dans la dynamique de la population de ce cténaire. Les larves voient leur développement en adulte bloqué pour des températures inférieures à 14°C. En été la population est dominée par des adultes dont les taux de reproduction sont élevés (2 221 ± 2 496 œufs ind-1 j-1) soutenant de larges blooms (jusqu'à 96 ind m-3). L'ingestion de Mnemiopsis sur la communauté zooplanctonique (principalement copépodes et larves méroplanctoniques) est très variable de 4 ± 2 proies ind-1 j-1 à 1 370 ± 97 proies ind-1 j-1, mais montre une capacité à contrôler jusqu'à 80 % du stock de zooplancton réduisant le control top-down sur les communautés phytoplanctoniques. De plus, Mnemiopsis contribue faiblement via son excrétion N-NH4 (jusqu'à 3,8 %) au pool d'ammonium et à la production régénérée, favorisant aussi la croissance du phytoplancton. De ce fait, la population agit favorablement sur le maintien de l'eutrophisation de l'étang de Berre par effet « top-down » et « bottom-up ». L'absence de ce cténaire au cours d'évènements froids et sa réapparition plusieurs mois après laissent penser soit à l'existence d'une source externe à l'étang ou à la présence de zone refuge. L'utilisation de la modélisation lagrangienne des transports de particules couplée aux mesures des variables environnementales a non seulement permis de comprendre la distribution de Mnemiopsis dans l'étang mais aussi d'identifier une zone refuge (l'étang de Vaine) favorable au maintien de M. leidyi. Les fortes proliférations de M. leidyi dans l'étang de Berre affectent principalement la pêche professionnelle. Le fort colmatage des filets, la mutilation des prises, la dégradation accélérée du matériel et l'augmentation de la pénibilité induisent une perte économique annuelle estimée à 50 % par les pêcheurs. La baignade est peu impactée sauf en cas de fortes proliférations durant lesquelles il peut y avoir désertion des plages de la lagune ; de même, le nautisme n'indique une gêne qu'en cas de fortes proliférations lorsque les cténaires colmatent les circuits de refroidissement des moteurs. Dans le cadre interdisciplinaire, la compréhension des interactions biologiques et anthropiques a permis de montrer que Mnemiopsis présentait une entrave à la mise en œuvre des efforts de réhabilitation. De plus, la récente installation de l'hydroméduse invasive urticante Gonionemus vertens pourrait également être une menace en raison de l'élargissement de son aire de répartition liée à la transplantation des herbiers à zostère. Par conséquent, dans un contexte d'invasions biologiques, les perspectives de réhabilitation de l'étang de Berre restent toutefois soumises au caractère imprévisible de la nature.

Recently, Device-to-Device (D2D) has been brought inside mobile (cellular) networks with the introduction of the LTE-D2D standard into the 5G ecosystem. This cellular D2D operates in the same operator's frequencies used for regular communications with access points (i.e., base stations). In D2D mode, terminals can communicate directly and do not need to go through a base station. However, D2D communications are authorized and controlled by operators to implement their requirements and policies. A notable example of D2D is data offloading, which helps in reducing traffic congestion in mobile networks. In this scenario, terminals collaborate using their D2D connections to carry data, usually over multiple D2D hops, using other terminals as relays and avoiding base stations. However, the latter still must decide on routing (e.g., which devices should be part of the path) and wireless resource allocation (which frequencies to use by devices). Also, base stations must manage interferences between D2D and cellular communication since they all share the same spectrum. Besides, there is also the energy issue in employing battery-constrained terminals as relays. Another concern, in offloading designs, is how they scale when terminals density increases, such as in crowded-platform scenarios. These scenarios include mobile users in waiting halls of airports and train stations, or stadiums. In such situations, the decision problems mentioned before must be solved rapidly. Doing so avoids long delays in communications that can affect user experience or limit responsiveness. In this thesis, we address the problem of optimizing routing and wireless resource allocation in multihop D2D systems with a focus on data offloading. Our proposals to solve the problem consider practical aspects of the LTE-D2D standard. Moreover, we also address the mentioned energy and scalability concerns. We propose three contributions to deal with these problems. In the first contribution, we propose a novel method (JRW-D2D) to solve jointly routing and resource allocation in the aim of offloading unicast flows inside one cell over the LTE-D2D relaying system. The proposal JRW-D2D is based on Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and gives good results in terms of reliability, latency, and acceptance ratio. In the second contribution, we present two methods to solve the same problem for both unicast and multicast traffic. In the first step, we introduce an optimal ILP-based method (JRW-D2D-MC) to solve routing and resource allocation jointly. Next, to address the scalability issue in JRW-D2D-MC, we propose another scalable method (JRW-D2D-CG) based on the Column-Generation technique. Finally, our third contribution considers the energy issue, where we put forward two energy-aware schemes to solve routing and resource allocation. Initially, we propose an ILP-based method for Energy-Efficient Joint Routing and Resource Allocation (JRRA-EE). In the next step, we highlight the non-scalability of JRRA-EE and introduce a novel parametric three-stage method called Heuristic Energy-aware Routing and Resource Allocation (HERRA). Both JRRA-EE and HERRA consider energy consumption using a state-of-the-art empirical model for LTE-D2D terminals. Moreover, we evaluate the performance of our contributions based on network simulations in NS-3, which we have extended to support the LTE-D2D standard. ; Récemment, D2D (Device-to-Device) a été intégré aux réseaux mobiles avec l'introduction de la norme LTE-D2D dans l'écosystème 5G. Ce D2D cellulaire fonctionne aux mêmes fréquences que l'opérateur utilisé pour les communications régulières avec les points d'accès (c.à.d. les stations de base). En mode D2D, les terminaux peuvent communiquer directement et n'ont pas besoin de passer par une station de base. Cependant, les communications D2D sont autorisées et contrôlées par les opérateurs pour mettre en œuvre leurs exigences et leurs politiques. Le délestage de données est un exemple notable de D2D, qui aide à réduire la congestion du trafic dans les réseaux mobiles. Dans ce scénario, les terminaux collaborent en utilisant leurs connexions D2D pour transporter les données, généralement sur plusieurs sauts D2D, en utilisant d'autres terminaux comme relais et en évitant les stations de base. Toutefois, ces derniers doivent décider du routage (par exemple, quels terminaux devraient faire partie du chemin) et de l'allocation de ressources sans fil (quelles fréquences à utiliser par les terminaux). De plus, les stations de base doivent gérer les interférences entre les communications, D2D et cellulaires, car elles partagent toutes le même spectre. En outre, il y a aussi le problème énergétique lié à l'utilisation de relais soumis aux contraintes de batterie. Un autre enjeu, dans ces conceptions de délestage, concerne la manière dont elles évoluent lorsque la densité des terminaux augmente (p. ex., dans les scénarios de plate-forme surpeuplée). Ces scénarios incluent des utilisateurs mobiles dans les halls d'attente des aéroports et des gares, ou des stades. Dans de telles situations, les problèmes de décision susmentionnés doivent être résolus rapidement. Cela évite de longs délais dans les communications qui peuvent affecter l'expérience utilisateur ou limiter la réactivité. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le problème de l'optimisation du routage et de l'allocation de ressources sans fil dans les systèmes D2D multi-sauts en mettant l'accent sur le délestage de données. Nos propositions pour résoudre le problème prennent en compte les aspects pratiques de la norme LTE-D2D. De plus, nous répondons également aux enjeux mentionnés en matière d'énergie et d'évolutivité. Nous proposons trois contributions pour traiter ces problèmes. Dans la première contribution, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode (JRW-D2D) pour résoudre conjointement le routage et l'allocation de ressources afin de délester des flux unicast sur un système de relais LTE-D2D. La proposition JRW-D2D est basée sur la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers (ILP) et donne de bons résultats en termes de fiabilité, de latence et de taux d'acceptation. Dans la deuxième contribution, nous présentons deux méthodes pour résoudre le même problème pour les trafics unicast et multicast. Dans la première étape, nous présentons une méthode optimale basée sur ILP (JRW-D2D-MC) pour résoudre conjointement le routage et l'allocation de ressources. Ensuite, pour résoudre le problème de non-évolutivité de JRW-D2D-MC, nous proposons une autre méthode évolutive (JRW-D2D-CG) basée sur la génération de colonnes. Enfin, notre troisième contribution aborde la question de l'énergie, dans laquelle nous avons présenté deux systèmes axés sur l'énergie pour résoudre les problèmes de routage et d'allocation de ressources. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une méthode (JRRA-EE) basée sur ILP. Dans l'étape suivante, nous mettons en évidence la non-évolutivité de JRRA-EE et présentons une nouvelle méthode paramétrique à trois étapes appelée (HERRA) et basée sur l'heuristique. Les deux méthodes JRRA-EE et HERRA considèrent la consommation d'énergie à l'aide d'un modèle empirique de pointe pour les terminaux LTE-D2D. De plus, nous évaluons la performance de nos contributions sur la base de simulations de réseau dans NS-3 que nous avons étendu pour prendre en charge la norme LTE-D2D.

La regulación pos consumo a nivel nacional de los de los Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos a nivel nacional tiene como objetivo promover mejoras ambientales en el ciclo de vida de los productos y extender las responsabilidades a fabricantes o importadores cuyo propósito es el aprovechamiento, la valorización y reciclaje de teste tipo de productos que garanticen una correcta disposición con lo anterior se busca que la gestión de productos pos consumo en Colombia cumplan con los siguientes propósitos. Qué los productos postconsumo se gestión de acuerdo a la naturaleza del producto y no se mezclen. Promover el aprovechamiento y valorización de los residuos a través de programas pos consumo regulados. Permitiendo que cada actor de la cadena gestione adecuadamente el residuo, lo anterior tomando como referente los lineamientos definidos por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible promulgados en la ley 1672 del 2013 "Por la cual se establecen los lineamientos para la adopción de una política pública de Gestión Integral de Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos (RAEE)" (Ministerio de Ambiente , s.f.) Se plantearan estrategias que permita mejorar los procesos de gestión, almacenamiento y disposición final de Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos (RAEE) en la Institución razón por la cual para el desarrollo del proyecto se realizó revisión literaria sobre el Manejo de Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos (RAAE), se consulto el plan de Gestión Integral de Residuos Peligrosos (PGIRSP), sede calle 100, y adicionalmente se consultaron políticas nacionales e internacionales, artículos científicos, publicaciones en internet, decretos, información que permito determinar el estado actual de la Gestíon , Almacenamiento, Manejo y Disposición final (RAEE), Igualmente se realizó investigación sobre el sistema de Gestión de (RAEE), en diferentes Instituciones de Educación Superior en el país. Así como también se estructuro el proyecto en seis (6), capítulos que detallan el contexto del trabajo ilustrando al lector en temas como el planteamiento del programa, justificación, objetivos, antecedentes, antecedentes y el estado del arte del trabajo de investigación y las causas que conllevaron a la realización del proyecto, Marco Teórico del proyecto, diseño metodológico utilizado para la realización del proyecto, se explica el paso a paso el cómo se investigó el problema encontrado para el desarrollo del proyecto y se describe el marco estratégico que se empleó en la realización del proyecto que puso a prueba la hipótesis para alcanzar los objetivos propuestos, análisis de los resultados del proyecto de investigación. Se presenta el desarrollo de los objetivos y los resultados obtenidos finalmente se describen las conclusiones y recomendaciones que surgen a partir del desarrollo del proyecto para la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada – Sede Calle 100, en el manejo, almacenamiento y disposición final de Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos. ; Tabla de contenido RESUMEN 1 CAPÍTULO 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 5 1.1 Contexto de la Investigación 5 1.2 Justificación 12 1.3 Objetivos 20 1.3.1 Objetivo General 20 1.3.2 Objetivos Específicos 20 1.4 Hipótesis 20 1.5 Presentación del documento 21 CAPÍTULO 2 ANTECEDENTES Y ESTADO DEL ARTE 22 2.1. Antecedentes. 22 2.1.1 Estado Actual de la normativa de Residuos Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos a nivel internacional 22 2.2. Estado del Arte. 32 CAPÍTULO 3 MARCO TEÓRICO 39 3.1 Marco Teórico 39 3.1.1 Categorización de Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos) 39 3.2. Marco Legal 43 3.2.1 Normatividad Internacional 48 3.3 Marco Institucional 49 CAPÍTULO 4 METODOLOGÍA 53 4.1 Diseño metodológico 53 4.1.1 Tipo de estudio 54 4.1.2 Participantes o sujetos 55 4.1.3 Herramientas, aparatos, materiales o instrumentos 55 4.1.4 Etapas del proyecto 56 CAPÍTULO 5 RESULTADOS 58 5.1 Política Nacional e Internacional de (RAEE). 58 5.2 Diagnóstico del proceso logístico de manejo y almacenamiento (RAEE) en la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. 63 5.3 Determinar las estrategias para la implementación de la Ley 1672 de 2013 en la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada sede calle 100. 68 5.4 Diseño de un modelo logístico para el manejo, almacenamiento y disposición final de Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos (RAEE). 74 CAPÍTULO 6 CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 81 6.1 Conclusiones 81 6.2 Recomendaciones. 83 BIOGRAFÍA 85 ANEXO 1 91 ; The national post-consumption regulation of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment at the national level aims to promote environmental improvements in the life cycle of products and extend responsibilities to manufacturers or importers whose purpose is the use, valorization and recycling of this type of products that guarantee a correct disposition with the above, it is intended that the management of post-consumption products in Colombia comply with the following purposes. What post-consumption products are managed according to the nature of the product and do not mix. Promote the use and recovery of waste through regulated post-consumer programs. Allowing each stakeholder in the chain to properly manage the waste, the foregoing taking as reference the guidelines defined by the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development promulgated in the law1672 of 2013 "By which the guidelines for the adoption of a public policy of Integrated Waste Management of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) "(Ministry of Environment, nd). Strategies will be proposed to improve the processes of management, storage and final disposal of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) at the Institution, which is why, for the development of the project, a literary review was made on the Waste Management of Electrical Appliances and Electronic (WEEE), we consulted the Comprehensive Management of Hazardous Waste (PGIRSP) plan, street 100 headquarters, and additionally consulted national and international policies, scientific articles, publications on the Internet, decrees, information that allowed to determine the current state of the Management, Storage, Management and Final Disposal (RAEE), Likewise, research was carried out on the (WEEE) Management system, in different Higher Education Institutions in the country. As well as structuring the project in six (6), chapters that detail the context of the work illustrating the reader on topics such as the program approach, justification, objectives, background, background and the state of the art of research work and causes which led to the realization of the project, theoretical framework of the project, methodological design used for the realization of the project, the step by step explanation of how the problem found for the development of the project was investigated and the strategic framework used in the project was described. the realization of the project that tested the hypothesis to achieve the proposed objectives, analysis of the results of the research project. The development of the objectives is presented and the results finally described are the conclusions and recommendations that arise from the development of the project for the New Granada Military University - Headquarters Street 100, in the handling, storage and final disposal of Waste Electrical Appliances and Electronics. Electrical and Electronic Devices, Management, Storage and Final Disposal, ( WEEE)

This dissertation gathers evidence on three sources of education inequalities across different education levels (preschool, primary, secondary, and higher education) in the context of Spain. It revolves around the causal effects of large-scale educational policies on the efficiency and equity of educational systems.The first chapter focuses on the effects of financial aid for disadvantaged students in the context of higher education. National financial aid programs for disadvantaged students cover a large fraction of college students and represent a non-negligible component of the public budget. Using a reform in the Spanish need-based grant program, this paper tests the causal effect of receiving the same amount of grant under different intensities of academic requirements on student performance, degree completion and student dropout. I use administrative micro-data on the universe of applicants to the grant in a large university. Exploiting sharp discontinuities in the grant eligibility formula, I find strong positive effects of being eligible for a grant on student performance when combined with demanding academic requirements, while there are no effects on student dropout. Students improve their final exam attendance rate, their average GPA in final exams, and their probability of completing the degree. They also reduce the fraction of subjects that they have to retake. The second chapter centers on the gender differences in academic performance due to the testing-environment, in the context of primary and secondary education. However, little attention has been devoted to investigating how the organization of student testing may influence the relative performance of male and female students. This paper analyzes the gender gap in test scores that arises as a result of differential responses by boys and girls to the testing environment. To that end, we exploit a unique randomized intervention on the entire population of students in the 6th and 10th grades in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The intervention assigned schools to either internally or externally administered testing. We find that girls do worse than boys in exams that are externally administered, especially in male-dominated subjects. Additional survey evidence on stress, self-confidence, and effort suggests that lower relative female performance in externally administered tests results from a lower ability to cope with stressful situations as a result of less familiarity with the testing environment.The third chapter studies the relationship between school choice priorities and school segregation in the context of preschool education. This work aims at broadening the scope of market design questions to school choice by examining how government-determined school choice priorities affect families' choices and pupil sorting across schools in the context of the Boston Mechanism. We use two large-scale school choice reforms in the school choice priority structure undertaken in the region of Madrid (Spain) as a source of variation. In particular, we exploit an inter-district school choice reform that widely expanded families' choice set of schools. We combine an event study first difference across cohorts and a Difference-in-Difference design to identify the impact of the reforms. Using unique administrative data on parents' applications to schools, this paper shows that families reacted to the reform exerting higher inter-district choice and applying to schools located further away from home than before the reform. We find distributional effects of the reform concluding that parents from the highest education levels and parents of non-immigrant students were those who reacted the most in absolute terms. We find a decrease in school segregation by parental education and an increase in school segregation by immigrant status. ; Cette thèse rassemble des recherches sur trois sources d'inégalités éducatives en Espagne, à différents niveaux d'éducation (préscolaire, primaire, secondaire et supérieur). Ces recherches tentent d'évaluer l'impact causal de politiques de grande ampleur sur l'efficacité et l'équité des systèmes éducatifs. Le premier chapitre porte sur les effets de l'aide financière aux étudiants défavorisés, dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur. Les programmes nationaux d'aide financière (bourses) aux étudiants défavorisés couvrent une grande partie des étudiants et représentent une part non négligeable des budgets alloués à l'enseignement supérieur. En s'intéressant à une réforme du système de bourses en Espagne qui modifie les exigences académiques nécessaires pour bénéficier des aides, on tente d'identifier l'effet de ces exigences académiques, à niveau de bourse donné, sur les performances des étudiants, leur propension à abandonner ou réussir leurs études. Pour cela, on utilise des micro-données administratives sur l'univers des candidats aux bourses dans une grande université. En exploitant les discontinuités dans la formule d'éligibilité, on trouve des effets positifs marqués de l'association d'exigences académiques élevées aux bourses, sans aucun effet négatif sur le décrochage. Les étudiants sont plus fréquemment présents aux examens de fin d'année, leur moyenne générale comme leur taux de réussite y sont plus élevés, et ils ont moins souvent besoin de passer des rattrapages. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à l'impact des conditions d'examen, dans le primaire et le secondaire, sur les performances académiques selon le genre. Les conditions d'examen académique elles-mêmes ont néanmoins fait l'objet de peu d'attention dans cette littérature. Ce chapitre s'intéresse précisément aux différences de performance entre garçons et filles qui apparaissent lorsque l'environnement de l'examen est modifié. Pour cela, ce chapitre analyse une intervention aléatoire concernant l'ensemble des élèves de 6e et 10e années dans la région de Madrid (Espagne). Les écoles de la région ont été assignées de façon aléatoire dans deux groupes devant administrer leurs examens de façon différente: en interne, où les élèves étaient évalués par des enseignants de l'école vs. en externe, où des enseignants extérieurs venaient effectuer les tests. Lorsque l'examinateur est externe, les filles performent moins bien que les garçons, notamment dans les matières où elles performent généralement moins bien à la base. Les données d'une enquête additionnelle sur le stress, la confiance en soi et le degré d'effort indiquent que ces performances relatives découlent d'une moins bonne gestion du stress provoqué par un environnement non familier. Le troisième chapitre étudie la relation entre choix de l'école et ségrégation scolaire, dans le contexte de l'éducation préscolaire. Ce chapitre vise à élargir cette littérature en étudiant comment la régulation publique affecte les décisions des familles et la ségrégation des enfants entre les écoles, dans le cadre du Mécanisme de Boston. Ce chapitre analyse deux réformes à grande échelle, entreprises dans la région de Madrid (Espagne). En particulier, on exploite ici une réforme interdistricts qui a largement élargi l'univers des choix possibles pour les familles. Son impact est mesuré en combinant une event study first difference entre cohortes avec une différence de différences. Grâce à des données uniques sur les candidatures des familles auprès des différentes écoles, ce chapitre montre que les familles ont candidaté à des écoles plus éloignées de leur domicile. La reforme produit des effets différenciés, avec les parents les plus éduqués et n'étant pas immigrés réagissant le plus fortement (en termes absolus). Les résultats indiquent un déclin de la ségrégation par niveau d'éducation des parents mais une croissance de cette ségrégation entre enfant de parents immigrés et non-immigrés.