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A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The United States has extended to Micronesia and the Marshall Islands a number of domestic programs in such critical areas as health care, education, job training, and telecommunications. GAO found that geographic, economic, and social conditions in both countries have limited the effectiveness of nine of the 13 programs, which were originally designed for the United States. Nine of the 13 programs experienced accountability problems, including theft or misuse of program funds. The two island nations lacked the administrative skills to meet the federal government's complex accountability requirements, and federal managers did not provide the necessary training. Although some federal agencies tried to provide oversight, their efforts at ensuring accountability fell short because of several factors, including time, distance, and travel costs and the relatively small size of the programs in the region."

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- About This Book -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations -- Kurdish Organisations and Institutions -- Non-Kurdish Organisations and Institutions -- List of Maps -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Nationalism and the Kurdish Question -- The Kurds and Kurdistan -- The Limits of Nationalism Studies -- Studying Nationalism and Class -- Methodology and Methods -- The Structure of the Book -- Bibliography -- 2 Feudal Nationalism in Kurdistan (1918-1946) -- Kurdistan in the Late Ottoman Period -- Feudal Nationalism in Post-Ottoman Kurdistan -- Kurdish Revolts in Kemalist Turkey -- Kurdish Revolts in Hashemite Iraq -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 3 Colonialism, Rural Conflict and Kurdish Uprising in Iraq (1946-1991) -- The Social Structure of Colonial Iraq -- The Iraqi Revolution of 1958 -- Rural Conflict and Kurdish Uprising -- The Cold War and the Collapse of the Kurdish Revolution -- Iraq's Two Kurdish Nationalisms -- War, Genocide and Liberation -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 4 The Class Structure of Kurdish Self-Rule in Iraq (1991-2014) -- Liberation and Civil War -- Urbanisation and Dependence -- Warlords and Chiefs: The Formation of a New Ruling Class -- The 2003 Invasion of Iraq and the Unification of the KRG -- The Kurdish Economic Boom and Its Contradictions -- The Promises of Kurdish Crude -- Subaltern Classes and Opposition in a Rentier (Quasi-)State -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 5 The Crisis of Kurdish Nationalism in Iraq (2014-2018) -- War and Economic Crisis -- Protest and Political Crisis -- The Evolving Power Structure of the KRG -- External Relations and Domestic Rule -- The 2017 Independence Referendum -- The Crisis of Kurdish Nationalism -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 6 The Kurdish Question in Turkey (1946-1987) -- The Kurds in the Kemalist Republic -- The 'Agha-State' Alliance.

The paper explores narratives of identity on multiple scales between the individual and the Eurasian landmass, taking the various identities of Cracow‑born anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski as a leitmotiv to illustrate the main arguments. Apart from being a cultural Pole and an Austrian (later British) subject, Malinowski was a typical European intellectual of his age. At the end of his life in the United States, he appealed to the values of European civilization to overcome the Nazi horrors. Subjectively he identified strongly with Poland, even though his career was built elsewhere. We could say that Poland was his Gemeinschaft. Although we can only speculate on what he would say today about neoliberal political economy and the construction of an ever more rigorously demarcated 'Fortress Europe', the author argues that Malinowski's emphasis on the values of European civilization was ethnocentric. It is important to correct Eurocentrism by recognizing the commonalities of civilizations across the Eurasian landmass.

AbstractThis article will evaluate how the experience of participating in the Tabligh Jama'at affects the formation of Chinese Muslims' subjectivities in relation to their local, national, and global communities by using data gleaned from interviews with participants in the movement and participation in Tabligh activities in and around Xining, Qinghai Province. Intensively structured practices make the movement seem restrictive, but observing the variety permitted in individual performances and autonomy allowed by grassroots governance reveals that the movement imbues participants with a high degree of agency. A sense of belonging in a pious transnational community grants individuals the means and confidence to reshape their everyday behaviours and comportment in a way that transcends traditional sectarian structures of authority and conflicts with the predominant materialism of modern China. The movement's inward focus and apolitical stance make the movement a subtle and peaceful means of tacitly undermining both atheist state and Muslim hierarchies, reinventing oneself, and expressing membership in the global ummah.

Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Tables -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 Human Rights in UN Peace Operations: the Institutional Perspective -- i United Nations Peace Operations -- 1 Definition, Legal Basis and Status -- 2 A (Short) History of Peace Operations -- 3 Peacekeeping - Peacebuilding - Peace Enforcement -- 4 Relevant Actors Relating to Human Rights in Peacekeeping Operations -- ii The Relationship between Human Rights and Peace -- 1 The Point of Departure: Human Rights and Peace as Two Distinct Fields -- 2 An Ever-Closer Union: Growing Interrelatedness between Human Rights and Peace -- a Grave Violations of Human Rights as a Threat to Peace and Security -- b Paradigm Shift in the Perception of Security and the Concept of Human Security -- c Security and Human Rights in the Context of the Responsibility to Protect -- d Peace as a Human Right -- e Result: Human Rights and Peace as Intrinsically Linked Concepts -- iii Human Rights in UN Peacekeeping Operations -- 1 Security Council: Strategic Framework for Human Rights in Peacekeeping Operations -- a Human Rights in Mission Mandates -- b Shortcomings in Mandate Drafting -- c Shortcomings with Respect to Human Rights in Mandates -- d Result -- 2 Human Rights in Secretary-General Reports on Peace Operations: Doctrine -- a An Agenda for Peace and Supplement to an Agenda for Peace -- b Renewing the United Nations: Integrated Missions -- c The Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (Brahimi Report) -- d In Larger Freedom -- e Due Diligence, Human Rights Screening and Human Rights Up Front -- f hippo Report and Uniting Our Strengths for Peace -- g Action for Peacekeeping (A4P): Our Core Agenda for Peacekeeping -- h Result: an Ever-Stronger Role of Human Rights.

Non-self-governing territories in the past have been too often breeding spots for war. Many contain valuable raw materials or offer rich markets; some command highly desirable shipping or aviation routes; still others offer potential naval and military bases of strategic significance. Such territories frequently become centers of international rivalry or even conflict.