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Digital government are transforming governmental structures and institutions. The common institutional arrangement of a multi-level government system (MLG) clearly affected by the increased use of digital government systems within public administration. This is a hierarchical structure structuring powers and resources in which digital government has to be embedded. The outcomes of digitalization in such settings can be different. This argument builds on two previous implementation studies that open for this argument. These studies are here used as illustrations for the theoretical embedding of how digitalization can glue levels of government together. The conclusion is that digital government systems, if used smartly, can function as glue between the levels of government in an MLG system.

FOR DECADES THEORIZING ABOUT PARTY COMPETITION IN TWO-PARTY AND MULTI-PARTY DEMOCRACIES HAS PROCEEDED ALONG SEPARATE TRACKS. THE FORMER HAS ASSUMED AN IDEALIZED WORLD IN WHICH ONE PARTY WINS FULL CONTROL OF A SYSTEM'S GOVERNING INSTITUTIONS IN A FIRST-PAST-THE-POST ELECTION, WHILE THE LATTER POSITS A WORLD IN WHICH ELECTIONS CONDUCTED UNDER A SYSTEM OF PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION SPLIT CONTROL OF THE PARLIAMENT AMONG THE PARTIES. THE CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN EXPERIENCE WITH DIVIDED GOVERNMENT SUGGESTS THAT THE TWO LINES OF THEORY GREATLY EXAGGERATE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO-PARTY AND MULTI-PARTY SYSTEMS. WHERE A TWO-PARTY SYSTEM HAS A SEPARATION OF POWERS BASED ON INDEPENDENT ELECTIONS, COALITION GOVERNMENTS INVOLVING SHARED CONTROL OF THE SEPARATE INSTITUTIONS MAY RESULT. UNDER SUCH CONDITIONS RATIONAL VOTING MAY BE JUST AS DEMANDING IN TWO-PARTY SYSTEMS AS IN MULTI-PARTY SYSTEMS, AND THE POLICY OUTPUTS OF TWO-PARTY SYSTEMS MAY BE NO MORE COHERENT THAN THE OUTPUTS OF MULTI-PARTY SYSTEMS, CONTRARY TO TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS.

Avery Classics (Offsite) copy: No. 1 in a volume of 2 pamphlets. ; Avery Classics (Offsite) copy: Seymour B. Durst Old York Library Collection, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. ; Includes index to testimony--p. [30]. ; "March 3, 1863." ; Report submitted by R. Fenton, from the Select Committee to Inquire into the Contracts of the Government, along with testimony taken by the Committee. ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Government building within the Kremlin located in Moscow, Russia. ; https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fulbrightrussia2018-images/1188/thumbnail.jpg

Our seventh annual SDiG assessment found good overall progress by the UK Government, especially on targets for water, waste and travel, though reductions in carbon emissions from offices were still not on track. ; Publisher PDF

The purpose of this research is to know inhibiting factor in e-government implementation in local government. This research was conducted in DPMPTSP West Java using qualitative descriptive methods. E-Government is the use of information and communication technology in the administration of government. The results of the study show that the success of e-government implementation is influenced by inhibiting factors in organizational change. These factors arise from internal and external the organization itself. The use of information technology in licensing services at DPMPTSP West Java through online licensing has been done since 2014. The results of the study show that people prefer to use licensing manually compared to online. This can be seen from the submission of recommendations for the use of KBU space. In 2015 only 11 of the 386 applicants used the online facility. In 2016 only 35 of the 528 applicants used the online facility. In 2017, none of the 551 applicants used the online facility (Karniawati: 2018). First, internal factor. The habit factor from within the DPMPTSP West Java institution is the habits that develop in the environment of the DPMPTSP West Java apparatus. These changes were made to improve service to the people. Effective leadership is needed to revitalize an organization and facilitate adaptation to a changing environment. Second, external factors. These are habits that develop in society. The community prefers to use the services of brokers in processing permits. The provision of online licensing facilities is an effort made by DPMPTSP West Java in eliminating the habit of using brokers. The goal of the online facility was to minimize the occurrence of direct physical contact between the applicant community and officers to avoid collusion. This is an effort to prevent the practice of corruption, collusion and nepotism.Keywords: inhibiting factors; e-government implementation; local government.

ObjectiveCompare the impact of being a racial minority for influencing political trust as measured by the standard, NES‐developed measures with its impact on assessments of the capacity of decisionmakers to make racially unbiased spending and hiring decisions. Additionally, to examine the political trust of American Indians, an understudied racial minority.MethodsBivariate and multivariate analysis of 2004 and 2008 National Annenberg Election Study survey data.ResultsSelf‐designation as a racial minority exercises small, inconsistent effects on the standard measures of political trust and external efficacy. When citizens are asked whether Caucasian government officials make decisions on spending and hiring to advantage whites to the disadvantage of blacks and Hispanics, racial minorities state that they expect racial bias. American Indians reveal levels of political trust similar to those held by other racial minorities.ConclusionAn increasingly multiracial society will experience considerable tensions as minorities distrust government decisionmakers of a different race. These tensions will continue to be exploited by ambitious political elites.

For decades theorizing about party competition in two‐party and multiparty democracies has proceeded along separate tracks. The former has assumed an idealized world in which one party wins full control of a system's governing institutions in a first‐past‐the‐post election, while the latter posits a world in which elections conducted under a system of proportional representation split control of the parliament among the parties. The contemporary American experience with divided government suggests that the two lines of theorizing greatly exaggerate the differences between two‐party and multi‐party systems. Where a two‐party system has a separation of powers based on independent elections, coalition governments involving shared control of the separate institutions may result. Under such conditions rational voting may be just as demanding in two‐party systems as in multi‐party systems, and the policy outputs of two‐party systems may be no more coherent than the outputs of multi‐party systems, contrary to traditional arguments.

Cover -- Half-title -- Dedication -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgments -- Prologue -- 1 Liberty and Freedom -- Key Terms -- Liberty and Freedom -- Power, Politics, and State -- Who Should Rule? -- The Tyranny of Scarce Resources -- The Merry-Go-Round of Politics -- Aristotle's Ring Cycle -- Getting off the Merry-Go-Round -- Equal Rights as a Birthright -- Beautiful Choices -- Democracy -- 2 Freedom or Liberty? -- Free Democracy -- Liberal Democracy -- Reprise: Freedom or Liberty? -- Two Styles but Many Flavors -- 3 Rights -- Where Do Rights Come From? -- Balancing Rights and Duties -- Negative and Positive Rights -- Individual Rights -- Group Rights and Responsibilities -- 4 Participation and Representation -- Participation and Direct Democracy -- How It Works -- Switzerland -- Representation and Representative Democracy -- The Selection of Public Officials -- Random Selection -- Elections -- Proportional Representation -- First Past the Post/Winner Takes All -- Hybrid Systems -- Preferential Voting -- Indirect Elections -- Purposive Representation -- Term and Tenure Restrictions -- Appointment -- 5 Inclusion -- Elite and Inclusive Democracies -- Citizenship and Foreign Residents -- Other Limits on Political Rights -- 6 Equality -- Political and Legal Equality -- Equal Representation: Egalitarian and Weighted Systems -- Weighted Voting in Government: The Votes That Count? -- Benign Weighting -- Qualified Democracies -- An Equal Political Voice: Access and Influence -- Legal Equality -- Social and Economic Equality -- 7 Power -- Water or Smoke -- Narrow or Broad Responsibilities -- Concentrated, Divided, and Diffused Power -- Concentrated Power and Unitary States -- Guided and Advisory Democracies -- Divided and Diffused Power -- Who Decides? Majoritarianism, Isocracy, and Consensus.