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The article analyzes the role of the liberal-idealist tradition in the study of peace. The author provideі information on the general features of the liberal-idealist vision of peace and the anticipation of the perspective opposition to its development in modern international political science. It is recognized that in the modern conditions of changing the nature of war and moderation and subordination of conflict settlement, it is important to create a theoretical basis for peace building. The article emphasizes that theoretical issues of peace are mostly not the subject of academic interest of Ukrainian researchers and the available scientific research is represented by foreign publications. In view of the potential of the liberal-idealist tradition in building peace, domestic science needs a comprehensive research on theories of peace. The article focuses the reader's attention on the thesis that idealism laid the foundations for the discussion of peace, vision of peace, understanding of peace. The author reveals the origins of the liberal-idealist vision of peace and characterizes different directions of the liberal-idealist tradition. Particular attention is focused on the discussion of liberal peace and the concept of J. Galtung on positive and negative peace. The thesis that today the theory of democratic peace as a basic vision of peace by neoliberals is the most realistic and achievable version of peace is substantiated. The article describes in detail idealism, liberal internationalism, liberal institutionalism, liberal pacifism, liberal interventionism, neoliberal institutionalism and compares these approaches. It has been found that these approaches have common features and a common framework for peace research. It is emphasized that these approaches are based on the idea of a universal liberal world not on the basis of hegemony, but on the basis of functional networks and organizations. It is argued that all the above concepts depict an achievable general peace. The article suggests the existence of a liberal consensus on peace, but highlights issues that are still unresolved. According to the author, a broad discussion of peace in the scientific space based on an interdisciplinary approach is needed. ; У статті проаналізовано роль ліберально-ідеалістичної традиції в дослідженні миру. Авторка окреслює загальні риси ліберально-ідеалістичного бачення миру та виділяє перспективні напрями її розвитку в сучасній міжнародно-політичній науці. Зазначено, що в умовах зміни природи війни і миру та підходів до конфліктного врегулювання важливим є створення теоретичного підґрунтя розбудови миру. У статті підкреслено, що теоретичні питання миру переважно не є предметом наукового інтересу українських дослідників, і наявні наукові розвідки представлені закордонними публікаціями. Зважаючи на потенціал ліберально-ідеалістичної традиції в розбудові миру, вітчизняна наука потребує комплексних досліджень, присвячених теоріям миру. Стаття фокусує увагу на тезі, що ідеалізм заклав основи дискусії про мир, візію миру, розуміння миру. Авторка виявляє витоки ліберально-ідеалістичного бачення миру та характеризує різні напрями ліберально-ідеалістичної традиції. Приділено увагу дискусії про ліберальний мир і концепції Й. Гальтунга про позитивний і негативний мир. Обґрунтовано тезу, що теорія демократичного миру як базове бачення миру неолібералами сьогодні є найбільш реалістичною і досяжною версією миру. У статті детально охарактеризовано ідеалізм, ліберальний інтернаціоналізм, ліберальний інституціоналізм, ліберальний пацифізм, ліберальний інтервенціонізм, неоліберальний інституціоналізм і зроблене порівняння цих підходів. З'ясовано, що зазначені підходи мають спільні риси і загальну рамку дослідження миру. Наголошується, що в основі цих підходів лежить ідея універсального ліберального миру не на основі гегемонії, а базуючись на функціональних мережах і організаціях. Авторка переконує, що всі згадані вище концепції зображують досяжний загальний мир. У статті робиться припущення про існування ліберального консенсусу щодо миру, але виокремлено проблеми, які є ще не вирішеними. На думку авторки, потрібна широка дискусія про мир у науковому просторі, заснована на міждисциплінарному підході.

This study, answer the basic problem about 1th. Standard of legal protection for micro, small and medium enterprises in the implementation of E-Commerce to create social and economic justice for all Indonesian people, and 2nd. The government it's can create social and economic justice for all Indonesians, especially for micro, small and medium entrepreneurs who run e-commerce in Indonesia. Why we need to make the description from this problem is because we all know that real business in micro economical is fundamental from the growth of economical of the country. So, we have to collect some of the problems from the public based on the experience of the business community, and trying to answer the problem with better solutions. This study aims to find out the Regulatory Reconstruction of E-Commerce Transactions In Perspective Legal Protection For Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises In Indonesia. This descriptive-analytic study applied the experience of the business community approach. Meanwhile, the type of study itself was normative juridical. Secondary legal material both in the form of regulations and legal theories were used in this study, even though it still includes economic and social values in it. The regulations on Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises used were Law No 20 of 2008, Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions, Government Regulation on The Implementation of Law No 20 of 2008 on The regulations on Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises No. 17 of 2013, and Government Regulation on Trading via electronic systems No.80 of 2019. The results show that both regulations correspond to each other, however, it is necessary to regulate other needs related to protection in implementation such as protection of local entrepreneurs, this is a more specific matter such as imposing certification on the implementation of electronic transactions to Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises players, to maintain trust from the market. ; Penelitian ini menjawab masalah dasar tentang ke-1. Standar perlindungan hukum bagi usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah dalam penyelenggaraan E-Commerce untuk mewujudkan keadilan sosial dan ekonomi bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia, dan 2. Pemerintah dapat mewujudkan keadilan sosial dan ekonomi bagi seluruh masyarakat Indonesia, khususnya bagi pengusaha mikro, kecil dan menengah yang menjalankan e-commerce di Indonesia. Mengapa kita perlu membuat gambaran dari masalah ini karena kita semua tahu bahwa bisnis riil di bidang ekonomi mikro sangat fundamental dari pertumbuhan ekonomi negara. Jadi, kami harus mengumpulkan beberapa masalah dari masyarakat berdasarkan pengalaman komunitas bisnis, dan mencoba menjawab masalah tersebut dengan solusi yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Rekonstruksi Regulasi Transaksi E-Commerce Dalam Perspektif Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah Di Indonesia. Studi deskriptif-analitik ini menerapkan pengalaman pendekatan komunitas bisnis. Sedangkan jenis penelitiannya sendiri adalah yuridis normatif. Bahan hukum sekunder baik berupa peraturan perundang-undangan maupun teori hukum digunakan dalam penelitian ini, meskipun masih memasukkan nilai-nilai ekonomi dan sosial di dalamnya. Ketentuan mengenai Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah yang digunakan adalah Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008, Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Ketentuan tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah. No. 17 tahun 2013, dan Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Perdagangan melalui sistem elektronik No.80 tahun 2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua peraturan tersebut sesuai satu sama lain, namun perlu diatur kebutuhan lain yang terkait dengan perlindungan dalam pelaksanaannya seperti perlindungan daerah Bagi pengusaha, hal yang lebih spesifik seperti pemberlakuan sertifikasi penyelenggaraan transaksi elektronik kepada pelaku Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah, untuk menjaga kepercayaan pasar.

ABSTRAKTerbitnya Surat Edaran KEMENDIKBUD dan Rektor UNESA tentang Tindakan Pencegahan Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease-19 (Covid-19), maka UNESA menetapkan Work From Home (WFH) untuk para pegawainya dan mengubah konsep belajar di kelas menjadi belajar dalam jaringan (daring). Namun, sayangnya tidak semua mata kuliah bisa dilakukan dengan daring seperti praktek di laboratorium, dan mata kuliah Praktek Industri (PI)/Praktek Kerja Lapangan (PKL) padahal mata kuliah PKL dapat meningkatkan keterampilan dan kemampuan mahasiswa dalam menerapkan teori yang diperoleh untuk praktik di lapangan (dunia kerja). Adanya kebijakan WFH akan memunculkan penyesuaian pemberian materi pada mata kuliah praktik. Akankah sistem pembelajaran secara daring masih bisa relevan dengan kondisi di dunia kerja saat pandemi ini?. Untuk memperoleh informasi tentang kekurangan dalam proses pendidikan, maka diperlukam tracer study sehingga proses pendidikan dan proses pembelajaran saat pandemi dapat dievaluasi dan menjadi masukkan program studi di Jurusan Teknik Mesin. Pendekatan penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dan bersifat deskriptif-analitik. Perolehan data dengan menyebarkan angket berupa google form secara daring kepada alumni. Teknik analisis data yaitu dengan reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil analisisnya berupa pemaparan mengenai situasi yang diteliti dalam bentuk naratif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1)tidak semua metode pembelajaran berperan besar pada ketiga prodi Jurusan Teknik Mesin. 2)Jenis perusahaan tempat bekerja yang memiliki hubungan erat terhadap bidangnya adalah instansi pemerintah (termasuk BUMN), perusahaan swasta dan wiraswasta. 3)Daya saing alumni UNESA tinggi ketika memperoleh pekerjaan pertama. 4)Kompetensi saat lulus yang dibutuhkan seperti bahasa inggris, keterampilan internet, pengetahuan bidang disiplin ilmu, ketrampilan riset, dan bekerja dengan budaya yang berbeda. Kata Kunci: Tracer Study, Pandemi Covid-19, Pembelajaran Daring ABSTRACTThe issuance of a Circular Letter from the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Chancellor of UNESA concerning Prevention Measures for the Spread of the Corona Virus Disease-19 (Covid-19), UNESA established Work From Home (WFH) for its employees and changed the concept of learning in class to learning online (brave). However, unfortunately not all courses can be done online such as practice in laboratories, and Industrial Practice (PI)., even though Industrial Practice (PI) can improve students' skills and abilities in applying the theories obtained to practice in the field (world of work). The existence of the WFH Policy will exempt buyers from materials in practical courses. Will the online learning system still be relevant to the conditions in the world of work today? To obtain information about deficiencies in the educational process, a tracer study is needed so that the education process and learning process during a pandemic can be evaluated and become a member of the study program in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. This research approach is qualitative and descriptive-analytic. Obtaining data by distributing questionnaires in the form of google form online to alumni. Data analysis techniques are data reduction, data analysis and drawing conclusions. The results of the analysis are in the form of a description of the situation under study in a narrative form. The results of this study indicate that: 1) not all learning methods play a major role in the three Department of Mechanical Engineering. 2) The types of companies where they work that have a close relationship with their respective fields are government agencies (including BUMN), private companies and entrepreneurs. 3) The competitiveness of mechanical engineering graduate is high when they get their first job. 4) Required competencies at graduation such as English, internet skills, knowledge of disciplines, research skills, and working with different cultures Keywords: Tracer Study, Covid-19 Pandemic, Online Learning

The title ''Events of desire. Minority sexualities in the cultures / literatures of Spain and Latin America at the end of the 20th century" is the result of a discussion convened in Berlin in July 2014, in which people dedicated to research from very diverse origins gathered. The main objective was to work on the roles and functions of minority sexualities in a period in which decisive socio-cultural changes took place and which deserved to be discussed in detail. The group combination of a series of voices of varied origin constitutes, according to the editor of the book Dieter Ingenschay, the most interesting method to analyze a whole series of political cartographies after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the dictatorships, which allowed , only initially, the beginning of the transitions.The contributions in this volume present a set of heterogeneous and exhaustive stories whose main object of study is those "marginalized" sexualities that were echoed at the end of the last century and the beginning of the new millennium. Through a total of sixteen chapters, a considerable variety of contexts, subjectivities and positions are expressed, a continuous convergence between arts, media, symbolic practices and critical theories that dialogue with each other and throb with political debates, social concerns and cultural creations to inform us of the tensions that existed in certain events of desire (especially homosexual). In general, these articles address the paradoxical relationship between resistance and dissolution that the allied forces experienced while a certain representation proliferated in literature and visual culture. However, they also provide keys to understanding that the rearticulation and reconfiguration of this sexual radicality, expressed and linked to biological or symbolic non-reproduction. ; El título «Eventos del deseo. Sexualidades minoritarias en las culturas/literaturas de España y Latinoamérica a finales del siglo XX» es el resultado de una discusión convocada en Berlín en julio de 2014, en la que se reunieron personas dedicadas a la investigación de muy diversas procedencias. El objetivo principal era trabajar los papeles y funciones de las sexualidades minoritarias en un período en el que se produjeron decisivos cambios socio-culturales y que merecían ser discutidos de manera minuciosa. La combinación grupal de una serie de voces de origen variado constituye, según el editor del libro Dieter Ingenschay, el método más interesante para analizar toda una serie de cartografías políticas después de la caída del Muro de Berlín y del fin de las dictaduras, que permitieron, tan sólo inicialmente, el comienzo de las transiciones. Las contribuciones de este volumen presentan un conjunto de relatos heterogéneos y exhaustivos que tienen como objeto de estudio principal a aquellas sexualidades «marginalizadas» que se hicieron eco al final del pasado siglo y el inicio del nuevo milenio. A través de un total de dieciséis capítulos, se expresan una variedad considerable de contextos, subjetividades y posiciones, una continua convergencia entre artes, medios, prácticas simbólicas y teorías críticas que dialogan entre sí y palpitan con los debates políticos, las preocupaciones sociales y las creaciones culturales para informarnos de las tensiones que existían en determinados eventos del deseo (sobre todo, homosexual). De manera general, dichos artículos abordan la paradójica relación entre la resistencia y la disolución que las fuerzas aliadas experimentaron a la vez que proliferaba cierta representatividad en la literatura y la cultura visual. Sin embargo, también proporcionan claves para entender que la rearticulación y reconfiguración de esta radicalidad sexual, expresada y ligada a la no-reproducción biológica o simbólica.

Knowledge is a form of power, but power for those who deploy it, not create it. New technoscientific programs, such as nanotechnology, are crucial realms for democratizing society since they aren't 'locked-in' through technological momentum and because they are sites of cultural and technological production, which is another important form of power. Science and technology in the early 21st Century are mainly shaped by market (profit) and military priorities. Sometimes within these new areas, resistance to these pressures produces new ways of understanding how science and technology can contribute to a just and sustainable future. In nanotechnology research this tension can be seen in the various codes promulgated for its regulation. It is also clear in such theories and practices as cyborg citizenship, hybrid imagination, scientists' social responsibility and activism, prefigurative practices such as art and Do-It-Yourself (DIY) and Do-It-Together (DIT) organizing and the democracy and technology movement. They reveal how the development of nanotechnologies and the nanosciences can lead not just to new inventions and medical treatments, but to stronger democracy as well. ; El conocimiento es una forma de poder, pero para quienes lo ejercen, no para quienes lo crean. Los nuevos programas tecnocientíficos, como la nanotecnología, son ámbitos cruciales para la democratización social, pues no están 'bloqueados' por el impulso tecnológico y porque son lugares de producción tecnológica y cultural, lo cual sería otra importante forma de poder. La ciencia y la tecnología en los inicios del siglo XII se encuentran determinados por las necesidades mercantiles (beneficios) y militares. En ocasiones, las resistencias ante este tipo de presiones permiten entender las posibles formas en que la ciencia y la tecnología pueden servir para alcanzar un futuro justo y sostenible. En el ámbito de la investigación nanotecnológica estas tensiones están inscritas en los códigos que se han formulado para la regulación de sus mismas prácticas de investigación. Resulta evidente cómo las teorías y prácticas relativas a la ciudadanía cyborg, la imaginación híbrida, así como en las ciencias sociales responsables y comprometidas con el activismo y las disciplinas prefigurativas como el arte, el 'hazlo tú mismo' (Do-It-Yourself o DIY), el 'hacerlo juntos' (Do-It-Together o DIT), al igual que el movimiento relativo a la tecnología democrática, revelan que el desarrollo de la nanotecnología y la nanociencia pueden propiciar nuevos hallazgos y tratamientos médicos y democracias más democráticas o fuertes. ; O conhecimento é uma forma de poder, mas poder para quem o exercita, não para quem o cria. Novos programas tecnocêntricos, como a nanotecnologia, são áreas cruciais para a democratização da sociedade, uma vez que não estejam " fechados " pelo momentum tecnológico e porque são locais de produção cultural e tecnológica, que é outra forma importante de poder. A ciência e a tecnologia no início do século XXI são modeladas principalmente pelas prioridades do mercado (lucro) e militares. Às vezes, dentro dessas novas áreas, a resistência a essas pressões produz novas maneiras de entender como a ciência e a tecnologia podem contribuir para um futuro justo e sustentável. Na pesquisa em nanotecnologia, esta tensão pode ser vista nos diversos códigos promulgados para sua regulamentação. Também está claro em teorias e práticas como cidadania ciborgue, imaginação híbrida, responsabilidade social e ativismo dos cientistas, práticas prefigurativas como arte e bricolage (Do-It-Yourself) e Do-It-Together (DIT) organizando e a democracia e o movimento tecnológico. Eles revelam como o desenvolvimento das nanotecnologias e das nanociências pode levar não apenas a novas invenções e tratamentos médicos, mas também a uma democracia mais forte.

Aquest projecte és una anàlisi quantitativa per tal d'estudiar la moral fiscal i els seus factors determinants i buscar associacions estadístiques entre ells per contrastar la consistència de les teories exposades en la literatura sociològica sobre estudis fiscals El frau fiscal esdevé, a més d'un problema rellevant en el marc internacional, un repte metodològic per a les aproximacions quantitatives. S'aborda la moral fiscal com una de les principals variables que poden estar associades a el frau efectiu. La principal hipòtesi que es planteja és que factors com la confiança, la valoració de l'intercanvi i les característiques socioeconòmiques individuals estan associades amb la justificació de l'frau. Per a això, s'han emprat els resultats de el baròmetre de l'Institut d'Estudis Fiscals (IEF) entre 2003 i 2018. S'ha observat que la moral guarda estreta relació amb les característiques basals de l'individu, sobretot amb edat i educació. Factors com la percepció de la justícia fiscal o la valoració de l'intercanvi no són tan determinants sobre la moral fiscal com ho és la confiança. Més concretament la confiança política, que esdevé un factor fonamental en l'anàlisi de dependència plantejat. ; Este proyecto es un análisis cuantitativo con el fin de estudiar la moral fiscal y sus factores determinantes y buscar asociaciones estadísticas entre ellos para contrastar la consistencia de las teorías expuestas en la literatura sociológica sobre estudios fiscales. El fraude fiscal deviene, además de un problema relevante en el marco internacional, un reto metodológico para las aproximaciones cuantitativas. Se aborda la moral fiscal como una de las principales variables que pueden estar asociadas al fraude efectivo. La principal hipótesis que se plantea es que factores como la confianza, la valoración del intercambio y las características socioeconómicas individuales están asociadas con la justificación del fraude. Para ello, se han empleado los resultados del barómetro del Instituto de Estudios Fiscales (IEF) entre 2003 y 2018. Se ha observado que la moral guarda estrecha relación con las características basales del individuo, sobre todo con edad y educación. Factores como la percepción de la justicia fiscal o la valoración del intercambio no son tan determinantes sobre la moral fiscal como lo es la confianza. Más concretamente la confianza política, que deviene un factor fundamental en el análisis de dependencia planteado. ; This project is a quantitative analysis with the aim of studying tax morale and its determinants and seeking statistical associations between them in order to contrast the consistency of the theories put forward in the sociological literature on tax studies. In addition to being a relevant problem in the international framework, tax fraud becomes a methodological challenge for quantitative approaches. Tax morale is approached as one of the main variables that may be associated with actual fraud. The main hypothesis is that factors such as trust, exchange valuation and individual socioeconomic characteristics are associated with the justification of fraud. For this purpose, the results of the barometer of the Institute for Fiscal Studies (IEF) between 2003 and 2018 have been used. It has been observed that morale is closely related to the baseline characteristics of the individual, especially with age and education. Factors such as the perception of tax fairness or the valuation of exchange are not as determinant on tax morale as trust is. More specifically, political trust, which becomes a fundamental factor in the dependency analysis proposed.

A pandemia por covid-19 tem colocado complexos desafios às instituições governamentais e de saúde em todo o mundo. Para além da dificuldade em controlar a disseminação da infeção, as instituições têm de encetar um processo de comunicação de saúde particularmente difícil de gerir, por causa do elevado grau de incerteza associado à informação de que dispõem, do aumento da desinformação resultante de um ambiente mediático pulverizado (e, muitas vezes, sem mediador) e da resistência de alguns grupos da sociedade em aderir às medidas preventivas recomendadas. A vacinação surge, pois, como um tema que alimenta posições extremas — desde a ânsia pela sua disponibilidade (que potencia tentativas ilícitas de obtenção da vacina) até à sua recusa intransigente (baseada em teorias sem fundamentação médico-científica). Neste enquadramento, pretendemos avaliar a forma como as fontes oficiais — as principais instituições governamentais e de saúde portuguesas — comunicam com os seus públicos em ambiente digital, nomeadamente através dos websites e das redes sociais online. Para isso, foram recolhidos os conteúdos sobre vacinação publicados em cinco sites e quatro páginas nas redes utilizadas pelas fontes analisadas, no período compreendido entre o anúncio da autorização da primeira vacina e o arranque da administração da segunda dose aos profissionais de saúde. O material em estudo foi examinado através de técnicas de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados revelaram que as principais fontes oficiais portuguesas chamam a si o protagonismo em torno da vacinação contra a covid-19, que declinam em três temas fundamentais — administração, definição de grupos prioritários e abordagens genéricas, através de conteúdos com um enquadramento maioritariamente informativo. Atendendo a que a comunicação de saúde tem como objetivos envolver, capacitar e influenciar os indivíduos, concluímos que as fontes oficiais promoveram formas de comunicação conservadoras, perdendo potencialmente a oportunidade de fomentar uma comunicação em ambiente digital mais pedagógica e personalizada. ; The covid-19 pandemic poses complex challenges to governments and health authorities all around the globe. Institutions have to cope simultaneously with the efforts to control the dissemination of the disease and the need to undertake articulated health communication procedures. This communication process is challenging to manage, due to the considerable uncertainty of the available information, the increase in misinformation stemming from a scattered (and often unmediated) mediascape, and some social groups' resistance to adhere to the recommended preventive measures. Vaccination emerges as a topic that fuels extreme positions — on the one side, the eagerness for vaccine availability (which encourages illicit attempts to get it); on the other, the obstinate refusal of vaccination (based on theories with no medical-scientific grounds). In this context, we aim to assess how the leading Portuguese governmental and health institutions communicate with their audiences in the digital environment through their official websites and online social networks. In five websites and four online social networks used by the chosen sources, we have collected the content about vaccination published between the announcement of the authorisation of the first vaccine and the beginning of the administration of the second round to health professionals. Then we have applied content analysis methodology to the corpus of this case study. The results have shown that the primary Portuguese official sources give themselves the floor regarding the covid-19 vaccination process, addressing three main themes using an eminently informative frame: vaccine administration, priority groups definition and a general approach to the vaccine. Bearing in mind health communication's primary goals — engage, empower and influence citizens — we conclude that Portuguese official sources have promoted conservative forms of communication, potentially missing the opportunity to foster a more pedagogical and customised digital communication.

Bilateral relations of Lithuania and Poland have had significant ups and downs since reestablishment of both of their independence after the fall of the Soviet Union. Reasons for these dramatic shifts are colourful and plentiful: ethnic tensions, hot and cold interpersonal relationships of the leaders, joint objective of Euroatlantic integration etc. However, the novel coronavirus pandemic has presented bilateral relations of these two countries with a variable never seen before. Hence, the objective of this Master's thesis research is the impact of COVID-19 pandemic to the strategic partnership of Lithuania and Poland. In this thesis, the object of analysis is theoretically approached from two different angles: in order to explore the effect of the pandemic to strategic partnership of Lithuania in Poland, one must be aware of its historic dynamic and current state. As is pointed out in this thesis, since 2015-2016, bilateral relations are experiencing a period of increased cooperation and more constructive rhetoric, due to new political leadership, common perceived enemy and strategic goals, among various other, less significant reasons. Furthermore, it is vital to grasp the role of International Relations theory in global health, and how the states, according to several classic theories, behave during the pandemic. In this regard, it is concluded, that the theory with the most to offer in explaining states' behaviour during a health crisis is the realist approach. That is precisely the reason why realism is employed as a theoretical basis of the research, which was carried out as a case study, employing qualitative-interpretative method. Taking from the notion of strategic partnership, found in Lithuanian and foreign literature, as well pandemical realism, 4 main qualitative dependent variables were derived: (1) bilateral relationship on a highest political level, as well as attempts to institutionalise them; (2) societal perceptions towards each other; (3) intensive interinstitutional, intersectoral and strategic cooperation; (4) the convergence of strategic goals. In order to achieve the objective, pivotal events were identified, public speaches of the leaders analysed, and various other data sources interpreted and secondary sources analysed. It was concluded that (1) the highest level political bilateral relations, which were, at least quantitavely speaking, on an upward trend, were not significantly affected by the COVID-19 crisis. The pandemic provided an opportunity to cooperate on the highest political level. (2) Societal, in this specific case – expert communities' perception of each other should not and could not be considered good or very good: Lithuanian experts rated Poland's response to the crisis as the poorest in EU27, while Polands experts did not rate Lithuania at all. (3) Although Lithuanian and Polish interinstitutional, intersectional cooperation and strategic infrastructural projects have flowed as per usual so far during the pandemic, however, some opportunities for cooperation were not seized. (4) No new strategic goals of Lithuania and Poland appeared on the agenda, and, by extention, no existing ones were dropped during the pandemic so far. It must be acknowledged, that the pandemic, directly or indirectly, helped widen, deepen and make some of the common strategic objectives more clear. All in all, this Master's thesis concludes that, while several historic "breaking points" of Lithuanain-Polish bilateral relationship, where previously stagnated or outright confrontational relations suddenly were improved and vice-versa, could be identified, however, COVID-19 pandemic so far has not been that. Moreover, as a result of the pandemic, no new strategically incompatible and problematic goals, neither for Lithuania, nor for Poland, were identified. It did, however, spawn a number of opportunities for an even closer cooperation between the two states, but they were not successfully seized.

The ideas of supporters of the sociological direction in criminal law and criminology on the causes of crime are considered; their significance for the present is determined. It is stated that crime has existed at all times and has changed in different eras and in different countries under the influence of the circumstances of a particular society. The sociological direction in criminal law and criminology was formed in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The outstanding theorists of the sociological direction were A.J. Kettle, A. Lacassan, F. Liszt, E. Durkheim, P.O. Sorokin, M.P. Chubynskii, E.Kh. Sutherland, D. Cressy, G. Van Hamel, A. Prince, R.K. Merton, T. Sellin and others. The basic provisions on the dependence of crime on the conditions of the social environment, the stability of the basic parameters of crime and the possibility of its prediction were formulated by representatives of the sociological school. It has been proven that it would be futile to try to influence crime without changing the social conditions that give rise to crime. However, sociological theories do not explain why different people exhibit fundamentally different behaviors under the same social conditions. The determinants of crime are mainly related to society itself, to its acute contradictions, to social injustice and social inequality, which are insurmountable in the current social space. Some contradictions are historically overcome or minimized, but new criminologically significant antagonisms are emerging that determine crime. It is argued that a synthetic approach based on a combination of different methodologies and allows the consideration of all known crime factors in interrelation and interaction can be the methodological basis for crime research. Today the main initial positions of the sociological direction, its philosophical and sociological bases are preserved in criminology: positivism in its various versions; recognition of social and individual factors in a series of actions; the concept of crime as an eternal phenomenon inherent in any social system. ; Розглядаються ідеї прихильників соціологічного напряму у кримінальному праві та кримінології щодо причин злочинності, визначається їх значимість для сьогодення. Констатовано, що злочинність існувала в усі часи, при цьому змінювалась у різні епохи та в різних країнах під впливом обставин життєдіяльності конкретного суспільства. Наприкінці XIX – початку XX ст. сформувався соціологічний напрям у кримінальному праві та кримінології. Видатними теоретиками соціологічного напряму стали А. Ж. Кетле, А.Лакассань, Ф.Ліст, Е. Дюркгейм, П.О. Сорокін, М.П. Чубинський, Е.Х.Сатерленд¸ Д. Крессі, Г.Ван-Гамель, А. Прінс, Р.К. Мертон, Т. Селлін та ін. У межах соціологічної школи були сформульовані принципові положення про залежність злочинності від умов соціального середовища, стійкість основних параметрів злочинності та можливість її прогнозування. Доведено, що без зміни соціальних умов, які викликають до життя злочини, марно було б намагатися вплинути на злочинність. Однак, соціологічні теорії не пояснюють, чому за одних і тих же соціальних умов різні люди демонструють принципово різну поведінку. Детермінанти злочинності пов'язані головним чином із самим суспільством, з його найгострішими суперечностями, з соціальною несправедливістю і соціальною нерівністю, які нездоланні за умов існуючого соціального простору. Деякі протиріччя історично долаються або мінімізуються, але з'являються все нові й нові кримінологічно значущі антагонізми, які детермінують злочинність. Обґрунтовано думку, що методологічною базою дослідження злочинності може бути синтетичний підхід, що базується на поєднанні різних методологій і дає змогу розглядати всі відомі фактори злочинності у взаємозв'язку і взаємодії. Нині в кримінології збереглися головні вихідні позиції соціологічного напряму, його філософські та соціологічні основи: позитивізм у різних його варіантах; визнання в одному ряду дії факторів соціальних та індивідуальних; уявлення про злочин як вічне явище, властиве будь-якому соціальному устрою.

The study aims to analyze Venezuelan migration in the city of Pasto. The theoretical support analyzed the main theories that conform the economic approach of international migrations. The methodological design included the construction of a survey for the sociodemographic characterization of the population and the definition of their perceptions regarding the determinants that led them to take the decision of migrating. Among the conclusions of the study, it is highlighted that the population of Venezuelans in the city of Pasto is a significantly young group, settled in the commercial centers of the city and most of them do not come from regions near the Colombian-Venezuelan border. The jobs that most of this population in the city of Pasto is linked to are informal, mainly as street vendors and that allows them to send remittances to Venezuela. As for the determinants of the decision to migrate, according to the perception of those consulted, the greatest influence was exerted by economic factors such as inflation and food shortages in Venezuela, but other variables such as insecurity, poverty and discontent with the current government of that country also stood out. ; El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la migración venezolana en la ciudad de Pasto. El soporte teórico analizó las principales teorías que conforman el enfoque económico de las migraciones internacionales. El diseño metodológico incluyó la construcción de una encuesta para la caracterización sociodemográfica de la población y la definición de sus percepciones respecto a los determinantes que los llevó a tomar la decisión de emigrar. Entre las conclusiones del estudio se destaca que la población de venezolanos en la ciudad de Pasto es un grupo significativamente joven, radicado en los núcleos comerciales de la ciudad y la mayoría no proviene de regiones cercanas a la frontera colombo-venezolana. Los trabajos a los que se vincula la mayoría de esta población en la ciudad de Pasto son informales, principalmente, como vendedores ambulantes y eso les permite el envío de remesas hacia Venezuela. En cuanto a los determinantes de la decisión de emigrar, según la percepción de los consultados, la mayor influencia la ejercieron factores económicos como la inflación y la escasez de alimentos en Venezuela, pero también destacaron otras variables como la inseguridad, la pobreza y el descontento con el gobierno actual de ese país. ; O estudo visa analisar a migração venezuelana na cidade de Pasto. O apoio teórico analisou as principais teorias que constituem a abordagem económica da migração internacional. O desenho metodológico incluiu a construção de um inquérito para a caracterização sociodemográfica da população e a definição das suas percepções relativamente aos determinantes que os levaram a tomar a decisão de migrar. Entre as conclusões do estudo, é de notar que a população de venezuelanos na cidade de Pasto é um grupo significativamente jovem, vivendo nos centros comerciais da cidade e a maioria deles não provém de regiões próximas da fronteira colombiana-venezuelana. Os empregos a que a maioria desta população da cidade de Pasto está ligada são informais, principalmente como vendedores ambulantes e que lhes permite enviar remessas para a Venezuela. Quanto aos determinantes da decisão de migração, de acordo com a percepção dos consultados, a maior influência foi exercida por factores económicos como a inflação e a escassez de alimentos na Venezuela, mas também se destacaram outras variáveis como a insegurança, a pobreza e o descontentamento com o actual governo daquele país.

Das politische System Israels ist durch den Anspruch gekennzeichnet, zwei Staatsprinzipien, nämlich "jüdisch und demokratisch", in sich vereinen zu wollen. Deren Verhältnis zueinander ist Gegenstand permanenter politischer Auseinandersetzung. In Bezug auf die rechtliche Organisation der israelischen Bevölkerung zeigt sich das Versprechen des Staates "jüdisch und demokratisch" zu sein, als ein immanenter Widerspruch, verlangt es doch einen partikularen Fokus auf jüdische Staatsbürger und universale Rechtsbehandlung von allen Israelis zugleich. Die Fragen, denen in der Dissertation nachgegangen wird, lauten, wie sich die beiden Prinzipien "jüdisch und demokratisch" rechtlich manifestieren und wie sich, die darin enthaltenen partikularen und universalen Zugänge zu einander verhalten. Auf der Grundlage von Rechtsdokumenten zu zentralen Themenbereichen wie Einwanderung, Einbürgerung, Bildung, Sprache und dem Verhältnis von Staat und Religion wird die Kodifizierung von Gruppen bzw. Individuen im israelischen Rechtssystem analysiert. Es geht darum, die starke Differenzierung zwischen Gruppen (v.a. jüdische Israelis auf der einen Seite und nicht-jüdische Israelis auf der anderen Seite, was vor allem arabische/palästinensischen Israelis bedeutet) mit Blick auf die Aufrechterhaltung dieser Gruppenunterschiede systematisch zu untersuchen. Die Arbeit verortet sich im Forschungsfeld der Israel-Studien. Als theoretisches Gerüst dient insbesondere die Theorie des liberalen Multikulturalismus von Will Kymlicka. Das Ergebnis der Dissertation ist die Erkenntnis, dass innerhalb des israelischen Rechtssystems hinsichtlich der Verwaltung der Bevölkerung, zwei eigenständige Gruppenrechtssysteme bestehen. Durch diese werden zwei voneinander unabhängige Rechtsstränge etabliert, welche die Bevölkerung zu zwei Gruppen formen, die rechtlich unterschiedlich adressiert werden. Die jüdischen Staatsbürger treten im israelischen Recht als eine zusammenhängende Gruppe mit gleichen Merkmalen und einem klaren politischen Willen auf, während nicht-jüdische Staatbürger rechtlich zu losen Einzelnen ohne gemeinsame Merkmale und Geschichte individualisiert oder in eine Vielzahl unpolitischer religiöser Denominationen unterteilt werden. Die beiden Gruppenrechtssysteme verlaufen parallel zu einander ohne rechtlich mit einander zu konkurrieren. Betrachtet man das politische Gesamtsystem, wird ersichtlich, dass das Staatsprinzip "jüdisch" vor dem "demokratischen" Staatsprinzip Vorrang hat. Auch der universale Zugang allen Israelis gegenüber kann angesichts des starken Partikularismus zugunsten der jüdischen Gruppe, lediglich prozedural sein. Israel's political system is characterized by its claim to unite two state principles, namely "Jewish and democratic". Their relationship to one another is the subject of permanent political debate. With regard to the legal organization of the Israeli population, the state's promise to be "Jewish and democratic" appears to be an immanent contradiction, since it demands a particular focus on Jewish citizens and universal legal treatment of all Israelis at the same time. The questions addressed in the dissertation are how the two principles of "Jewish and democratic" are manifested in law and how the particular and universal approaches contained therein relate to each other. On the basis of legal documents on central topics such as immigration, naturalization, education, language and the relationship between state and religion, the codification of groups or individuals in the Israeli legal system is analysed. The aim is to systematically examine the strong differentiation between groups (mainly Jewish Israelis on the one hand and non-Jewish Israelis on the other, which means mainly Arab/Palestinian Israelis) with regard to the maintenance of these group differences. The work is situated in the research field of Israel studies. Will Kymlicka's theory of liberal multiculturalism serves as the theoretical framework. The result of the dissertation is the finding that within the Israeli legal system, with regard to the administration of the population, two independent legal systems exist. Through these, two independent strands of law are established, which form the population into two groups that are legally addressed differently. Jewish citizens appear in Israeli law as a cohesive group with common characteristics and a clear political will, while non-Jewish citizens are legally individualized into loose individuals with no common characteristics or history, or divided into a variety of apolitical religious denominations. The two legal systems run parallel to each other without legally competing with each other. Looking at the overall political system, it is evident that the "Jewish" principle of the state takes precedence over the "democratic" principle of the state. And the universal access to all Israelis can only be procedural, given the strong particularism in favour of the Jewish group.

La tesis principal de este artículo sostiene que la teoría hegeliana de la economía modernadebe entenderse como una filosofía económica, y no como una economía. Hegel no fue un economista como Smith, Say o Ricardo, sino que elaboró un tipo diferente de teoría económica que, como interpretación igualmente precisa, merece mucha más atención de la que ha recibido hasta ahora. El único intérprete que habló sobre la teoría de la economía moderna y la filosofía económica hegeliana fue Althusser, que utilizó esta expresión en un sentido más bien peyorativo. La teoría económica de Hegel fue recibida por muchos filósofos, desdeGans y Marx, a Lukács a Marcuse, aunque la falta de claridad sobre la relación entre la economía y la teoría filosófica de la economía moderna significó que Hegel fuera medido según los estándares de teorías económicas como las de Smith, Ricardo o Marx y, en consecuencia, condenado o alabado. Su logro en el campo de la teoría económica de la modernidad quedó en la oscuridad en la medida en que su teoría de la sociedad burguesa y su significado fue reemplazada por su filosofía política. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar las características específicas de la filosofía económica de Hegel. ; The main thesis of this article maintains that the Hegelian theory of modern economics should be understood as an economic philosophy, and not as an economy. Hegel was not an economist like Smith, Say, or Ricardo, but he produced a different kind of economic theory which, as an equally accurate interpretation, deserves much more attention than it has received thus far. The only interpreter who spoke about modern economic theory and Hegelian economic philosophy was Althusser, who used this expression in a rather pejorative sense. Hegel's economic theory was received by many philosophers, from Gans and Marx, to Lukács to Marcuse, but the lack of clarity about the relationship between economics and the philosophical theory of modern economics meant that Hegel was measured by the standards of economic theories such as those of Smith, Ricardo or Marx, and consequently condemned or praised. His achievement in the field of the economic theory of modernity was left in the dark as his theory of bourgeois society and its meaning was superseded by his political philosophy. The aim of this article is to show the specific characteristics of Hegel's economic philosophy. ; A tese principal deste artigo é que a teoria hegeliana da economia moderna deve ser entendida como uma filosofia econômica, e não como uma economia. Hegel não foi um economista como Smith, Say ou Ricardo, mas elaborou um tipo diferente de teoria econômica que, como uma interpretação igualmente precisa, merece muito mais atenção do que tem recebido até agora. O único intérprete que falou da teoria econômica moderna e da filosofia econômica hegeliana foi Althusser, que usou esta expressão em um sentido bastante pejorativo. A teoria econômica de Hegel foi recebida por muitos filósofos, desde Gans e Marx, até Lukács e Marcuse, embora a falta de clareza sobre a relação entre economia e a teoria filosófica da economia moderna tenha significado que Hegel foi medido pelos padrões das teorias econômicas como as de Smith, Ricardo ou Marx, e consequentemente condenado ou elogiado. Sua realização no campo da teoria econômica moderna foi deixada na obscuridade enquanto sua teoria da sociedade burguesa e seu significado foi substituído por sua filosofia política. O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar as características específicas da filosofia econômica de Hegel.

Abstract Philip Guston's Absurd and the Sisyphean Affirmation of the Battle for Existentialism – By Jason Blacklock This dissertation offers an Existentialist interpretation of the life and work of Philip Guston. Discourse regarding avant-garde New York School artists and their knowledge and manipulation of Existentialism has an illustrious rollcall. Dore Ashton and Harold Rosenberg, amongst others have added their powers of exegesis to contemporary work by Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock, and Willem de Kooning. Amongst this canon of America's great twentieth century Abstract-Expressionists Philip Guston's work is often noted, but rarely aligned fully with Existentialist and particularly Absurdist values. I propose that Absurdism can be linked to Guston's work in three ways. First, by reviewing his biography I suggests that he was exposed to fundamental traumas early on. Second, close visual analysis of his paintings will be used here to identify Absurdist concerns. In these sections I am adopting the Absurdist terminology in order to describe and interpret his visual output. Third, I will make also some tentative links between the paintings and his actual knowledge of philosophy. This will be underpinned by Guston's readings and associations throughout his social and political life. His involvement with Muralism and the WPA during the Great Depression, and connection to Modern Man discourse following the Second World War. This covers Guston's entanglement with Primitive and Aesthetic forces, in the Nietzschean sense as a guiding factor in Guston works; these forces are particularly manifest in Guston's New York School and abstract period and culminate in his return to figurative works. The divergence between the two theories posited by Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre, and their interpretation by New York School artists is key. Camus' liberal cultural leftism i.e. rebellion in the face of a stony-faced establishment, and Sartre direct action in communication with society at large pushing for Marxist revolution, will be shown to converge in Guston's later figurative works. This dissertation seeks through three chapters to quantify Guston's position as his period's Sisyphus. Further, it posits that the antithetical sense in which Guston operated was informed by his reading and experiences both from childhood and throughout his adult life. Guston's empiric experience and understanding of Existentialist doctrine will be examined. His reading of a multitude of literary texts from Franz Kafka to Pasternak, Valery, Mallarme, and of course Sartre and Camus as attested by his daughter Musa Mayer will be woven into Guston 10545398 Jason Blacklock 7 narrative. This intermingles with Guston's detachment and distance from society. And exacerbates his ability as watcher and maintenance of an Absurd distance from a world alienated from the artist. Dore Ashton and Robert Slifkin will be key to interpreting Guston's development particularly his sense of process and arts position of finding a frozen moment in eternal evolution as expression of multiple struggles. This moment in three separate paradigms expresses the battle riven period of the early to mid-twentieth century as Guston attempts to express substance and find expression amid a world in turmoil. Chapter one will chart the beginnings of a uniquely gifted painter's personal alienation, from Guston senior's suicide to the Great Depression. Chapter two will explore Guston's celebrated AbstractExpressionist phase. And chapter three will circumnavigate Guston's alienation from an ever more consumer driven marketplace, telling stories rebelling against dogma and writing messages in abstraction. This thesis will reveal Guston's own bibliography from Gogol to Sartre and from Kafka to Samuel Beckett. Through Guston's words and with my supporting bibliography a complex web will be weaved using chosen works which reveal an Absurdist rebel seeking painterly absolution.

Abstract. The Topicality of the Research. The topicality of the issue under study is driven by the need to carry out a smooth coverage of Karazin's biography, which presents poorly researched pages of his life. When characterizing the socio-political views of Karazin, a range of studied aspects of his worldview has been extensively extended. The Purpose of the Research. The purpose of the article is to throw light on a life journey of the prominent political and public figure, a scientist of the early XIXthcenturyVasyl Nazarovych Karazin, to investigate the facts and fill gaps in his biography, to outline landmarks in his life and creative activity, to analyze his fundamental scientific achievements and their importance for descendants. The Methodology of the Research. The main methods, which have been used to study the matter at issue, are as follows: chronological, historical genetic, comparative historical, historical typological, synchronous, biographic, and prosopography approaches. The Research Results. In the article there has been elucidated Karazin's biography, which provides insight into the milestones of the formation of his worldview. The authors have specified features of the social and political views of Karazin, which shaped his unique interpretation of topical political matters concerning the form of government, role of the state authority in the development of political and ideological areas. It has determined the scope and motivation for activity of Karazin as a landowner and the founder of many non-governmental organizations of that time. The Practical Significance. The research findings can be used while investigating sources of the formation of the ideology of conservatism of the XIXth century, a degree of its assimilation of the provisions of innovative public opinion and pattern of the use of West European socio-political theories, a role of conservative nobility in the social movement, sequence of their ideas and policy of the ruling elite. Key words: administrative activity, inventive activity, public activity, Karazin, reformatory endeavors, peasant matter, socio-political views, Kharkiv University. ; Анотація. Актуальність дослідження. Актуальність досліджуваної проблеми зумовлена потребою у здійсненні рівномірного висвітлення біографії Каразіна, в якій відображені раніше недостатньо вивчені сторінки його життя. При характеристиці суспільно-політичних поглядів Каразіна значно розширено коло досліджуваних аспектів його світогляду. Мета дослідження. Мета статті полягає у висвітленні життєвого шляху відомого політичного і громадського діяча, вченого першої половини ХІХ ст. Василя Назаровича Каразіна, дослідженні фактів і висвітленні прогалин в його біографії, окресленні основних віх життя і творчості, аналізі його основних наукових досягнень та їх значення для нащадків. Методи дослідження. Головними методами дослідження даної проблеми є хронологічний, історико-генетичний, порівняльно-історичний, історико-типологічний, синхронний, біографічний та просопографічний підходи. Результати дослідження. У статті висвітлено біографію Каразіна, яка відображає основні етапи формування його світогляду. Розкрито особливості соціальних і економічних поглядів Каразіна, що зумовили своєрід­ність трактування ним важливих політичних питань щодо державного устрою, ролі державної влади в розвитку економічної, політичної і ідеологічної галузей. Розкриті зміст і мотивація діяльності Каразіна як поміщика і засновника ряду громадських організацій того часу. Практична значимість. Одержані у статті результати можуть бути використані при дослідженні джерел формування ідеології консерватизму XIX ст., ступеню засвоєння нею положень прогресивної суспільної думки та характеру використання західноєвропейських суспільно-політичних теорій, ролі консервативно налаштованих дворян в суспільному русі, послідовності їх ідей і політики правлячих кіл. Ключові слова: адміністративна діяльність, винахідницька діяльність, громадська діяльність, Каразін, реформаторські проекти, селянське питання, суспільно-політичні погляди, Харківський університет.

The theme of inhabitation appears in various forms in the geographical discourse, taking on specific meanings. These discursive forms reflect a wide range of spatial and social phenomena: settlement methods, urbanization, displacement and distribution of the population, spatial production and organization techniques, pollution, gentrification and sprawl, housing and environmental policies, tourism practices, and many more. Thus, like a karstic river, inhabitation runs through the entire discursive field of geography. In this contribution we focus both on the theoretical dimension and on the practical-operational dimension of housing dynamics. First, a theoretical dimension. We recall the thought of Douglas Porteous and the reflections by Eric Dardel, Maurice Le Lannou and Augustin Berque to show how the meaning of inhabitation designates the intrinsic condition of possibility of human existence. Second, a practical-operational dimension that proceeds through a series of short examples: the 'Dialogue Center Przełomy' in the city of Stettin in Poland allows us to think deeply about the new functionality of contemporary urban spaces; the installation of the artists Christo and Jeanne Claude, The Floating Piers, in Lago d'Iseo; the MEA Museum etc. The perception of theories, values and housing practices that are so varied allows us to grasp the profound complexity of the housing forms in different territorial contexts. ; Il tema dell'abitare appare sotto varie forme nel discorso geografico, assumendo specifiche significati che riflettono una gamma molto ampia di fenomeni spaziali e sociali: modalità di insediamento, urbanizzazione, spostamenti e distribuzione della popolazione, tecniche di produzione e organizzazione degli spazi, inquinamento, gentrification e sprawl, politiche abitative e per l'ambiente, pratiche turistiche… L'abitare quindi percorre come un fiume carsico l'intero campo discorsivo della geografia. In questo contributo ci concentriamo sia sulla dimensione teorica che su quella pratico-operativa delle dinamiche abitative. La prima, la dimensione teorica, recupera il pensiero di Douglas Porteous e le riflessioni di Eric Dardel, Maurice Le Lannou e Augustin Berque per mostrare come accezione l'abitare designi l'intrinseca condizione di possibilità dell'esistenza umana. La dimensione pratica è invece illustrata attraverso una serie di brevi esempi: il 'Dialogue Centre Przełomy' nella città di Stettino in Polonia ci permette di riflettere a fondo sulla nuova funzionalità degli spazi urbani contemporanei; l'installazione degli artisti Christo e Jeanne Claude, The Floating Piers, nel Lago d'Iseo; il Museo MEA ecc. La percezione di teorie, valori e pratiche abitative così variegate, permette di cogliere la profonda complessità delle forme abitative in contesti territoriali differenti. Il tema dell'abitare appare sotto varie forme nel discorso geografico, assumendo specifiche significati che riflettono una gamma molto ampia di fenomeni spaziali e sociali: modalità di insediamento, urbanizzazione, spostamenti e distribuzione della popolazione, tecniche di produzione e organizzazione degli spazi, inquinamento, gentrification e sprawl, politiche abitative e per l'ambiente, pratiche turistiche… L'abitare quindi percorre come un fiume carsico l'intero campo discorsivo della geografia. In questo contributo ci concentriamo sia sulla dimensione teorica che su quella pratico-operativa delle dinamiche abitative. La prima, la dimensione teorica, recupera il pensiero di Douglas Porteous e le riflessioni di Eric Dardel, Maurice Le Lannou e Augustin Berque per mostrare come accezione l'abitare designi l'intrinseca condizione di possibilità dell'esistenza umana. La dimensione pratica è invece illustrata attraverso una serie di brevi esempi: il 'Dialogue Centre Przełomy' nella città di Stettino in Polonia ci permette di riflettere a fondo sulla nuova funzionalità degli spazi urbani contemporanei; l'installazione degli artisti Christo e Jeanne Claude, The Floating Piers, nel Lago d'Iseo; il Museo MEA ecc. La percezione di teorie, valori e pratiche abitative così variegate, permette di cogliere la profonda complessità delle forme abitative in contesti territoriali differenti.