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The article explores the history and structure of American laws criminalizing sexual contact between humans and animals to demonstrate how the ecological conditions of late capitalism are remaking sexual taxonomies, practices, and identities. It notes that the majority of these statutes have been enacted within the past three decades and most contain language that explicitly exempts animal husbandry and veterinary medicine from prosecution. The article explores the legislative politics that produce these exemptions and exposes an underlying ambiguity: in the age of industrial reproduction, the "accepted practices" of animal husbandry can be distinguished from bestiality only through legal fiat. The structure of the laws exempts human sexual contact with animals when it reproduces biocapital and produces "perverse" bestialists and "normal" farmers as mirrored categories, distinguished not by their relations to animals but by their relations to capital. Finally, the article reads this insight against the biopolitical theorist Giorgio Agamben's concept of anthropogenesis and notes that such exemptions reveal a limitation in his theory. In place of the timeless ritualism of Agamben's "anthropological machine," the article argues for an account of speciation that recognizes strategic gradations of pain and pleasure, the critical role of sexual violence and reproduction, and processes of trans-speciative procreation.

This article outlines the vision of freedom and its connection with the law found in Wolan's work `De libertate politica sive civili libellus lectu'. The introductory section presents the tradition of thinking about these two categories and their mutual connections, as well as presenting a profile of the author. The first principal part of the article then analyses the problem of freedom, emphasizing its relevance to the lives of individuals and states and indicating how freedom may come to be restricted in the light of both internal and external factors. The situation in Poland is also considered. The next section of the article then portrays legal frameworks as guardians of freedom. After elucidating this idea, it shows how Poles have sought to protect themselves from the tyranny of domination, before going on to identify particular flaws in the system of law and propose solutions for these. Finally, it shows the relation between freedom and the law, arguing that the best possibilities for realizing this interconnection lie in a form of government of the sort known as monarchia mixta. It argues that real freedom only exists alongside wise laws, and that good laws will not emerge in the absence of freedom.

The lands of the country are at the disposal of the government and the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Studies show that the people in the country, regardless of laws and regulations, use fraudulent methods to seize state-owned land with illegal possession and land use change cause harm and damage to their collective rights of individuals. There are conditions requires that the relevant agencies in order to prevent crimes against national resources and people's rights as well as justice and legal mechanisms to take advantage of this barrier to prevent crimes against them. The crimes against the country's natural resources and national judicial authorities must by resolution of criminal and non-criminal record in economic conditions that cause conflict or corruption in their national resources for their prevention. However, due to the lack of laws codified in the long line of process maturity and the failure to enforce strong sanctions on these crimes is always the problem of the economy is growing. This thesis examines the prevention of criminal and non criminal policy legislation in this regard, that the process of the process of the investigation of the factors Rgzar impact of the rate of rejection.

EXTRAORDINARY MEASURES MARTIAL LAW, STATE OF EMERGENCY, STATE OF NATURAL DISASTERThe Constitution regulates the organisation and functioning of the most important organs of the state, the rules governing the relations between the state and citizens, as well as basic rights, freedoms and duties of citizens. The Constitution allows for restriction of these laws only by legislation, and only when it is necessary in a democratic state for its security or for the protection of public order, environmental protection, health and public morality, for the rights and freedoms of others. It is unacceptable to violate the essence of freedoms and rights. The restrictions are subject to police laws' regulations. When the police measures are insufficient, applicable are legislations on extraordinary measures: martial law, state of emergency, state of natural disaster. The Constitution defines the following rules for the implementation of these states: uniqueness, legality, proportionality, purpose, protection of the legal system basics, protection of the representative bodies. They are the directives of interpretation of other regulations of the discussed Chapter of the Constitution and the regulations of statutes on emergency situations. A kind of competition for legislation on states of emergency may be provisions of the Act on Crisis Management.

Violence causes physical and mental harm to others, and victims must find ways of coping with their injuries. Since the middle of the 20th century, the effects of violence and crime on the victim have become an increasingly important topic in politics and society. Many countries in the industrialised world have enacted programmes and laws designed to uphold the needs and rights of victims. Such steps were taken, e.g., in New Zealand in 1963, in the UK in 1964 and in Germany in 1976. The Swiss Victims of Crime Act (VCA) has been in place since 1993. It guarantees free legal, medical, psychological and social counselling, as well as some financial compensation for victims of violent crime. Comparatively, it is presently one of the most encompassing laws applied with regards to victim support legislation. It stipulates that victims of violence are to be offered quick and efficient support in specialised, state-subsidised counselling centres. This paper applies a gender perspective to the field of criminology and victim support to unpack the paradox, that according to the statistics men experience violence acts more often than women, yet receive support less often through Swiss victim support counselling centres.

The regional autonomy of the Nicaraguan Caribe is strongly based on special and ancestral forms of indigenous and Afro-descendant land tenure, since these special forms are ideologically, culturally and historically different from any other that the national government has recognized in ordinary laws. Then, in addition to the indissoluble symbiosis 'communal land- regional autonomy', canal laws not only reveal an obvious tension with ethnic rights over land per se, but also with the autonomous regime, whose legal construction is given by a State that declares itself as constitutionally multiethnic. ; La autonomía regional del Caribe nicaragüense está fuertemente asentada sobre las formas especiales y ancestrales de tenencia de la tierra indígena y afrodescendiente, toda vez que estas formas especiales son ideológica, cultural e históricamente distintas a cualquier otra que el Estado nacional ha reconocido en las leyes ordinarias. Entonces, y amén de la simbiosis indisoluble tierra comunal-autonomía regional, las leyes del canal no sólo ponen de manifiesto una evidente tensión con los derechos étnicos sobre la tierra per se, si no con todo el régimen autonómico cuya construcción jurídica está dada por un Estado que constitucionalmente se declara multiétnico.

El ensayo analiza el tema de la circulación horizontal y vertical entre los formantes legal, jurisprudencial y doctrinalmente, con particular referencia al nivel internacional y europeo. Tras un examen del uso, en general, de las referencias comparadas por parte del legislador y de los jueces, se centra en el papel de las citas a nivel supraestatal. Afronta específicamente el tema del papel de la doctrina y su contribución a la construcción de las leyes, de la jurisprudencia y de la escritura de los tratados (y su interpretación), incluso a través del análisis de casos significativos (Reino Unido y Europa del Este). ; This article analyses horizontal and vertical interconnection between laws, jurisprudence and doctrine, with special reference to international and European examples. After examining the general use of comparative references by the legislature and the judicature, it focuses on the role of such citations at a level over and above the state. It specifically deals with the role of doctrine and its contribution to the construction of laws, jurisprudence and the drafting of treaties (and their interpretation) including analysis of significant cases (United Kingdom and Eastern Europe).

Der erste Teil der Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Enteignung der jüdischen Bevölkerung während der NS-Herrschaft. Dabei wird ein Blick auf die Motive der Enteignung sowie auf die verschiedenen Akteure geworfen. Es wird außerdem untersucht, was alles entzogen wurde und auf welcher Grundlage dies geschah. Auch auf andere Bevölkerungsgruppen und Institutionen, welche ebenso Opfer des Vermögensentzuges wurden, wird kurz eingegangen.Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird die anschließende Restitutionspolitik analysiert. Es wird dabei sowohl auf die sog "Opferthese" eingegangen, welche eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Rückstellungsgesetzgebung spielte, als auch auf die damalige politische Situation in Österreich und die rechtlichen und politischen Diskussionen, welche die Rückstellungsgesetze begleiteten. Anschließend erfolgt eine Betrachtung der einschlägigen Gesetze, die bis heute diesbezüglich erlassen worden sind. ; The first part of the thesis is about the expropriation of the Jewish population during the Nazi regime. A view will be thrown at the motives of the expropriation and the different actors and it will be examined what was withdrawn and on what basis this happened. Further the expropriation of property of other population groups and institutions, which were also victims of the Nazi regime, will be briefly discussed.In the second part, the subsequent restitution policy will be analysed. The so called "victim theory", which played a significant role in the restitution legislation, will as well be discussed, as the former political situation in Austria and the legal and political debates which accompanied the restitution laws. Thereafter an overview concerning the relevant laws will be given. ; Michael Lassnig ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2014 ; (VLID)239733

On the political-legal plane, the direct consequence of the May coup organized by Józef Piłsudski in 1926 was an amendment of the March constitution of 1921. The above amendment was commonly referred to as the August amendment from the name of the month in which the two laws changing the constitution had been passed (2 August 1926). The core of the August amendment consisted in a strengthening of the position of the executive organs of the state at the expense of the Diet and the senate. The president obtained the right to dissolve parliament before the end of its term, following the motion of the ministers' council. Moreover, the president obtained the prerogatives to pass resolutions with the power of parliamentary laws and obtained new budgetary prerogatives. Parliament, on the other hand, became restricted as regards its powers to pass a no confidence vote towards the Ministers' Council or any individual minister. The political conceptions implemented by the interwar government aimed at doing away with the principle of a tri-partite division of state power in favor of a concentration of power in the hands of the state's president. The above conception had been fully realized in the new constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1935.

In Nigeria, women have suffered various forms of discrimination and oppression during property sharing, especially in terms of land for economic purposes and other physical assets. The challenge has been that, in patriarchal societies, like Nigeria, women are regarded as subservient to men and are never considered in property sharing. Rather, the woman is often regarded as part of the property to be shared especially during the loss of her spouse. Most disturbing is that, though statutory law and international laws have affirmed women's rights to land and other property, women are often denied access and ownership to property due to unfavorable customary practices. This paper examines women's property rights in Nigeria. In doing so, it looks critically into Nigeria's compliance with the 1995 Beijing Platform of Action. It also identifies some factors such as customary and statutory laws as responsible for the discrimination of women vis-à-vis their rights to property and inheritance. In addition to these, it concludes that, the 1995 Beijing Declaration is yet to be fully integrated and domesticated in the national legislations that protect women and their rights to property. In carrying out this research, secondary sources were consulted. Recommendations were made bordering on equality between men and women and gender-sensitivity in legal institutions.

Family is dependent to social system, in many respects , but showing dependency, and degree of effectiveness of family from society and social system is necessary . This paper has investigated family as social group that our laws have not defined it clearly and its legal personality are not allowed. But in contemporary society, state's influence was causing changes in privacy .In this paper, relying on literature of sociology in relation family and government and put base on the Habermas theory , and relying on experience to analyze effect rules on current situation in contemporary family. Using existing documents and comments sociologists in this field was study guide. With studies done in different fields function, family were identified: independent nature family in the past. But now family as a private sphere with fading of roles and functions, with government entering into family privacy, it being dependent on other Institutions, especially political institution and changed its nature, thus family defined by rules and it is state family. Necessary maintenance and entity families privacy and its independence, creating a public sphere in society, as the interface areas between the family and political institution. By creating this area, and family with political institution and laws to coordinate action, families entity was preserved.

This work is composed by 4 chapters. In the first of them an analysis of the international and the national politics in immigration matters is conducted with a particular reference to the constitutional principles. In the second one, more specifically, the focus is on the penological profiles of the immigration laws. In the third chapter, the research is about the administrative measures to contrast the phenomenon of the irregular immigration - such as refoulement or confinement in the centers for identification and explusion- that are stringent measures; their nature seems to be the one of the penal laws, but there are no adeguate guarantees for the ones to which they are applied. In the last part of the work, we try to demonstrate that, in our legal order, the control of the immigration fluxes could be deregulated and this would seem the most effective solution and the better one in order to respect and to enforce the constitutional principles. This last idea could seem an hazardous idea, even for the ones that strongly support the thesis of an universal protection of the human rights, but it seems to be supported by the economic data and those about the imprisonment rate.

Abstract: This article explores the way in which consumers could best resolve their disputes through arbitration. It focuses on arbitration and looks at how this works - or should work - within the legislative framework of the European Union. The essence of the consumer arbitration problem in Europe is that the existing arbitration laws (sensu latu) are aimed at regulating disputes between businesses. Consumer arbitration is generally not subject to a distinct set of rules. Most European Member States tend to ignore such distinctions in their legislation. Some have adopted specific rules regarding the consumer arbitration agreement. Oftentimes the same laws apply to both types of arbitration procedures. Consumer arbitration, however, serves a different purpose and has a different dynamic than business-to-business arbitration. This article departs from the basic assumption that also with regard to arbitration, rules that are tailored to the needs of Business-to- Business (828) relationships may not necessarily produce satisfactory results for the parties in a consumer arbitration. The aim of the proposed research is to draft a set of legal rules that delineates a workable and legitimate consumer arbitration in Europe that is sufficiently attuned to the standards of consumer protection required by the European Union legislation.

The presence of Act No. 15 of 2003 on the eradication of terrorism and Security Offenses (Special Measures) Act 2012 has been to minimize the occurrence of an act of terrorism in Indonesia and Malaysia. Issues raised by this study are: (1) What is the form of terrorism in Indonesia and Malaysia under the legislation? (2) What are the evidence in a terrorism case, according to the legislation in the country of Indonesia and Malaysia? This research is a normative approch, particularly comparative law. Source of data used is of primary legal materials, secondary, and tertiary. Data were collected by literature study. Analysis used is qualitative analysis. Based on the results of research and discussion, it can be concluded that: First, a form of terrorism that is in Indonesian terrorism Act more than terrorism Act Malaysia, in Indonesia is due to an act of terrorism ever happened. Second, the existing evidence on Indonesian terrorism laws only form of evidence that exist in the Criminal Procedure Code and coupled with other evidence. While there is evidence that the Malaysian terrorism laws more. This is because the Act combines with the criminal act of terrorism offenses relating to state security.Keywords: Comparative, Law, Crime, Terrorism