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Today's organizations are increasingly relying on teams, rather than individuals, to complete tasks in the workplace. For some teams, these tasks require them to make high stakes decisions under stressful conditions. In military, medical, and emergency response fields, for example, workers are regularly asked to make decisions under high time pressure, uncertainty, and risk. The purpose of this study is to summarize previous team decision-making perspectives and create a model for team decision-making under stress. A literature review was conducted to examine the current state of team decision-making research. Several existing models of the team decision-making process were identified, representing multiple decision-making perspectives. Using this information, four primary characteristics of the team decision making process were identified. Team decision making appears to be multi-level, multi-phasic, dynamic, and cyclical process. An additional search examined the effects of stress on performance. Using this information and the characteristics outlined from the team decision making literature, a model was designed to describe the effects of stress on team decision making. This model offers several propositions regarding the effects of stress on specific cognitive and team processes and their relationship team decision making. This study provides the theoretical basis for an empirical investigation of the relationship between stress and team decision making. This line of research has the potential to lead to practical solutions that may improve outcomes for workers in high stress occupations. ; 2014-05-01 ; B.S. ; Sciences, Dept. of Psychology ; Bachelors ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

"The proposed presentation has two aims: (a) It will outline a theoretical understanding of 'citizenship' that is rooted in sociological systems theory and in sociolinguistic approaches. With this approach it tries to develop a sociological supplement to the more normative notions of governance and citizenship in the legal and political sciences. (b) It will apply these theoretical considerations to a comparative view on forms of citizenship, which can be observed in participatory procedures in different European countries. The rationale of such a perspective is, at the end, to aim at a sociologically grounded evaluation of normative expectations about 'adequate' and 'legitimate' forms of participatory governance. The task or the problem that is being solved by the idea of citizenship has been remaining identical from the beginning of political reflection in the Greek polis to the modern concepts, such as Marshall's 'Citizenship and Social Class', Barber's notion of 'Strong Democracy', Philip Frankenfeld's concept of 'technological citizenship', or more recently, Phillippe Schmitter's concept of different positions of 'holders'. All these concepts deal with a certain aspect of the relationship between persons and society. Citizenship describes the coupling between the political system and individuals or groups, often using terms of justice and community membership. In modern society, citizenship mainly has two aspects: (1) membership in a wider, largely national, context; (2) and a certain kind of social position. To be a citizen means more than being a member of a nation; it means having rights and duties, especially rights of information, rights to participation, voice, and standing for example, that is rights to being treated in a certain way. These rights and duties constitute social positions, a term by which we mean differentiated sets of social expectations. On this basis, citizenship can theoretically be understood as an aspect of social inclusion. It is then be defined as a special mode of inclusion into the political system. When inclusion is the function of citizenship, a number of different (but functionally equivalent) forms could fulfil this function. Nationality is prominent mode of inclusion into the political system, as well as electorate, for example. Participatory forms of inclusion play a respective role in public procedures. We may on the basis of functions and forms then try to identify effects of different forms. One consequence of this approach is its conceptual openness to different semantic concepts of citizenship, which can be observed in their empirical occurrence (...)." (author's abstract)

In this article we suggest that the result of a strategic decision-making (SDM) process is not only an initial decision, but, more importantly, also strategic momentum. With this concept we mean a combination of insights gained in the issue at hand and the collective commitment created to act on the decision and to use those insights to subsequently adapt the actions where necessary. The more turbulent the context of the SDM process, the less relevant the initial decision becomes and the more relevant the strategic momentum that results from that process. We hypothesise that the higher the quality of the SDM process, the stronger the resulting strategic momentum will be and that SDM process quality is driven by rational, political and cultural behaviour. We have developed this perspective on SDM on the basis of existing literature and have explored it in a detailed evaluation of six SDM-cases in European multinational finns. This evaluation has confinned in many respects the relation between high process quality and strong strategic momentum. For instance, we have found a strong cOlTelation between the level of rationality in the decision making process and the levels of insight and collective commitment achieved. We also have found that cultural behaviour stressing open communication coincides with high levels of collective commitment. For some other causal relations our data set is too limited in range or simply inconclusive, such as for the impact of political behaviour on strategic momentum. A surprising finding from our evaluation concerns the sustainability of strong strategic momentum. In a second wave of evaluation interviews, some four to six years later, we found high levels of strategic momentum still to exist with the original participants in the SDM process. Opportunities for further research as well as limitations to the findings presented are discussed.

As a milestone of media convergence, the Internet is altering every aspect of politics, economy, society, and interaction among human beings. Moreover, foreign policy decision-making (FPDM), a traditional arena of elite politics in China, is also slowly becoming more and more influenced by the Internet in a networked world. The increased diversity, velocity and free flow of foreign policy information, has raised public attention to foreign policy issues. This, combined with the widespread public discussion facilitated by the Internet, changes the context of, and exerts pressure on, the process of Chinese FPDM. The aim of researching this new phenomenon is to figure out the relationship between the Internet and Chinese FPDM in theory, and to enlighten the role of the Internet in Chinese politics.

Analyse des amerikanischen Verhaltens in der Mayaguez-Krise von 1975 unter Verwendung des Belief-System-Modells. Dessen Erklärungskraft ist nach Meinung des Autors trotz methodologischer und theoretischer Grenzen in diesem Fall größer als die der alternativen Bureaucratic-Politics- und Rational-Actor-Modelle. (SWP-Whr)

The concept of ecosystems services has become an important model for linking the functioning of ecosystems to human welfare benefits. Understanding this link is critical in decision-making contexts. While there have been several attempts to come up with a classification scheme for ecosystem services, there has not been an agreed upon, meaningful and consistent definition for ecosystem services. In this paper we offer a definition of ecosystem services that is likely to be operational for ecosystem service research and several classification schemes. We argue that any attempt at classifying ecosystem services should be based on both the characteristics of interest and a decision-context. Because of this there is not one classification scheme that will be adequate for the many context in which ecosystem service research may be utilized. We discuss several examples of how classification schemes will be a function of both ecosystem and ecosystem service characteristics and the decision-making context.

Political decision-making means a country's political parties, leaders or leadership compare and select implementing principles and approaches and means to achieve the target in political practical activities for the purpose, principles and direction of activities. The process of political decision-making is a dynamic political process that is related to the formation and implementation of major and general decisions of the national, political and social interest groups. This process is to integrate major and general decisions regarding national and social interests. The subjects are state organs, political parties and individual decision makers or decision-making participants, and the finally formed decision is backed by the country's coercive power with mandatory features. Meanwhile, political decision-making is influenced by system pressure. In the decision-making process, there will be a certain degree of bias between the final decision and the targeted decision.