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Over the coming years, major growth in the use of Li-ion batteries is expected, both in electric mobility as well as in stationary applications, be it in self-consumption systems and micro grids or in large renewable power generation plants. The proper characterization of lithium-ion cells is of vital importance for the development of precise models that permit the simulation and prediction of their behavior, so as to suitably configure cell groupings for the resulting battery packs, and to properly select the most suitable cells from the extensive manufacturer offer. In this work, an analysis is conducted of the main techniques used in the literature to characterize batteries. Also, an experimental comparative is carried out on 18650 Liion cells from three large global manufacturers, focusing on the primary methodologies used to characterize capacity, internal resistance and open circuit voltage. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages are presented for the methodologies used, based on the experimental results obtained. ; The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) and FEDER-UE under grants DPI2016-80641-R and DPI2016-80642-R and of Government of Navarra through research projects PI020 RENEWABLE-STORAGE and 0011-1411-2018-000029 GERA.

One of the areas for improving military tracked and wheeled vehicles is considered, nmely the use a hybrid power plant. A problem is determining the effectiveness of using a hybrid power plant in military vehicles. An analysis of foreign samples the military tracked and wheeled vehicles with an integrated hybrid power plant and their technical characteristics is carried out. A selection of traction electrical equipment for the construction a hybrid power plant for a tank and an armored personnel carrier was made. The technical characteristics of traction electric motors are considered: SUMO HD HV3500-9P company DANA (Canada), EMRAX 348 company Enstroj (Slovenia); traction Li-ion battery company WB Electronic (Poland), SUMO HP HV900-3P motor generator (LSG130 generator) DANA company (Canada).A study was done on the composing а components of the hybrid power plant in engine and transmission compartment and the hull of the T-72 tank, BMT-72 heavy infantry fighting vehicle and BTR-4MV1 armored personnel carrier. The study was conducted by modeling and comparative analysis. The simulation was carried out in a computer-aided design system Creo Parametric 2.0.As a result of the study, the technical characteristics of the BMT-72 and BTR-4MV1 products were determined with the introduction of a hybrid power plant on them. It was found that the use of a hybrid power plant on the BMT-72 product did not lead to improvement in speed characteristics and increase the power reserve, in addition to ensuring movement on traction batteries up to21 kmon a dry dirt road. The use of a hybrid power plant on armored personnel carrier BTR-4MV1 improves its maneuverability when applying a power transmission scheme from a traction motor to each wheel separately, provides movement on traction batteries up to53 kmon a dry dirt road. The total power reserve will be no less than the base product, since the capacity of the fuel system did not decrease. The estimated maximum speed of an armored personnel carrier with a hybrid power plant corresponds to the maximum speed of the base product and is110 km/h.The introduction a hybrid power plant on military tracked vehicles weighing 40-50 tons is not advisable due to insufficient electric power, large overall dimensions a traction batteries and large mass of the product. A promising direction is the introduction a hybrid power plant on military wheeled vehicles weighing up to 30 tons. To implement a hybrid power plant on armored personnel carrier according to the scheme of transferring power from the traction electric motor to the wheel, it is necessary to develop a gearbox design with two gears. ; Розглянуто питання ефективності застосування гібридної силової установки на військових машинах. Проведено аналіз закордонних зразків військових гусеничних і колісних машин з впровадженою гібридною силовою установкою та їх технічних характеристик. Виконано вибір тягового електроустаткування для побудови гібридної силової установки для танка та бронетранспортера. Здійснено дослідження компонування складових гібридної силової установки у моторно-трансмісійному відділенні і корпусі танка Т-72, важкої бойової машини піхоти БМТ-72 та бронетранспортера БТР-4МВ1. Визначено технічні характеристики виробів БМТ-72 та БТР-4МВ1 при впровадженні у них гібридної силової установки.

This latest CSIS report outlines the technical details behind the processing and refining stages of the lithium-ion battery supply chain, and how U.S. government policies are impacting friendshoring efforts in the sector.

This thesis describes the stacking of multiple applications on a single lithium-ion battery energy storage system under current (2017) German legislation with included technical, legal and market analyses. Case studies for several applications and business models for multi-purpose stationary lithium-ion battery energy storage systems are performed and analyzed using a mathematical model. By simulation, applications can be combined to indicate market performance and technical feasibility. ; Diese Arbeit beschreibt das Stapeln von mehreren Anwendungen auf einem einzelnen Lithium-Ionen-Batterie-Energiespeichersystem unter aktueller (2017) deutscher Gesetzgebung hinsichtlich technisch, rechtlich und okönomischer Apsekte. Fallstudien für mehrere Anwendungen und Geschäftsmodelle für stationäre Mehrzweck-Lithium-Ionen-Batterie-Energiespeichersysteme werden mit einem mathematischen Modell durchgeführt und analysiert. Eine neue Methode beschreibt wie durch Simulation Anwendungen kombiniert werden können, um die ökonomische und technische Machbarkeit aufzuzeigen.

The PhD thesis was embedded in the Energy for Smart Objects (EnSO) project, which is part of the Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership (ECSEL) Joint Undertaking in collaboration with the European Union's H2020 Framework Program (H2020/2014-2020) and National Authorities, with the aim to develop Autonomous Micro Energy Sources (AMES) for smart objects. In the framework of the EnSO project, the goal of the thesis was to develop a solid electrolyte for all-solid Li-metal microbatteries as energy storage device in AMES. Lithium metal is the anode material of choice because of its very high theoretical specific capacity of 3861 mAh/g, which is one of the important requirements for miniaturized batteries. However, inhomogeneous lithium depositions known as dendrites, which reduce the life time and can connect both electrodes and create a short circuit, are often observed when using Li-metal as anode. The aim is therefore to develop a solid electrolyte, which presents a high ionic conductivity for the Li ion transport and a high mechanical stability to hinder dendritic growth. Electrolyte solutions based on ionic liquids (ILs) with dissolved lithium salt can be confined into inorganic porous networks forming so called ionogels (IGs), which are investigated as quasi-solid electrolyte materials. In a first step, the synthesis in a one-pot sol-gel process for silica-based ionogels is developed and in a second step tested as quasi-solid electrolyte in Li/LiCoO2 systems. IGs were obtained by a sol-gel reaction between TMOS as silica precursor and TFA as catalyst in PYR13-FSI (IL) and LiTFSI (Li+ source). It was possible to synthesize transparent IG monoliths with gelation times of 2-3 h, which is a suitable time for the IG film preparation on the LCO cathodes. Four IGs with different compositions were prepared and characterized. Two types of silica matrices built of mostly threefold-condensed Si centers could be distinguished: a densely packed structure and an open-porous structure, the latter one corresponding to IG B with the molar ratios IL/TMOS=3, TFA/TMOS=0.3, H2O/TMOS=2.3. The ionic conductivity of the IGs could be linked to the silica matrix structure. Only the IG with the open-pore structure (IG B) has a good ionic conductivity (10−4 S/cm). Equally, the examination of the four IGs as thin film electrolytes in LCO/Li batteries show promising results for batteries containing IG B. However, the capacity lies under the theoretical value (89 mAh/g instead of 136 mAh/g) due to high cell resistance. Therefore, the ionic conductivity of IG B was improved by changing the synthesis process while keeping the composition unaltered. The new IG B∗ has a very good ionic conductivity (10−3 S/cm) but a poor mechanical stability due to a matrix structure of loosely connected silica particles. IG B∗ was not able to hinder dendritic growth. Thus, the PVDF-HFP polymer (20 wt.%) was added to B∗ (B∗-p), which enhanced the mechanical stability and the cyclability of the Li-ion batteries with B∗-p as electrolyte layer. No indication of dendrites was visible in the charge/discharge curve for minimum 30 cycles at C/5. The capacities are low (≤ 80 mAh/g) due to the decreased liquid (IL) to solid (SiO2 + PVDF-HFP) ratio, which results in a lower lithium ion mobility. In order to increase the battery capacity, the silica amount in the IG formulation was reduced, the LiTFSI lithium salt concentration was increased, and the Li+ source was modified by taking IL-based electrolyte solution with different concentrations of LiFSI. Indeed, the capacity increases with decreasing silica amount due to improved ion mobility. The change of the lithium concentration from 1M to 3M and 5M enhanced the capacity. A battery with the combination of the reduced silica amount (0.5 TMOS) and 5M electrolyte solution has a good capacity (> 100 mAh/g) for at least 10 cycles at C/5. The lithium salt LiFSI has a smaller anion than LiTFSI and thus, it can further improve the ion mobility in the IG electrolyte film. All IGs containing LiFSI have a higher ionic conductivity than the corresponding gels with LiTFSI. Overall the battery performance and reproducibility could be greatly improved. Batteries containing a solid electrolyte with 20 wt.% PVDF-HFP and the reduced TMOS amount with a 3M LiFSI solution are able to cycle without the appearance of dendrites for 13 cycles at C/5 followed by 12 cycles at C/2 with a rather good coulombic efficiency around 95%. However, the capacity remains under the theoretical maximum.

The paper presents the market of portable lithium-ion batteries in the European Union (EU) with particular emphasis on the stream of used Li-ion cells in Poland by 2030. In addition, the article draws attention to the fact that, despite a decade of efforts in Poland, it has not been possible to create an effective management system for waste batteries and accumulators that would include waste management (collection and selective sorting), waste disposal (a properly selected mechanical method) and component recovery technology for reuse (pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical methods). This paper also brings attention to the fact that this EU country with 38 milllion people does not have in its area a recycling process for used cells of the first type of zinc-carbon, zinc-manganese or zinc-air, as well as the secondary type of nickel-hydride and lithium-ion, which in the stream of chemical waste energy sources will be growing from year to year.