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As tourism industry is always increasing, nowadays, it does not only touch the leisure sector, it expands into health industry. Medical tourism is a combination of both health care and leisure activity. It is projected to grow US$38 until US$55 billion per year. In Asia, it successfully attracts visitors which increase by 20% every year because affordable price, yet high quality. Malaysia, Thailand, India and Singapore take this opportunity. These countries take control at least 80% of Asia market share. Unfortunately, Indonesia plays only a small part. Moreover, the data reveals a surprising truth that 57% of Malaysian patients are Indonesian. This raises a paradox, whether it is an irony or opportunity. Thus, this comparative study is conducted based on literature review in qualitative and analyzed through SWOT.Bali is very potential. It already has three international hospitals, popular for its wellness tourism, rich for its unique culture, sophisticated medical equipments, professional medics and paramedics, and good image for the hospitality.The next important step is the synergy of every stakeholders which consists of government, academic, media, private sector and community. Those stakeholders have to be eager in seriously creating better regulation, offering an interesting medical tour package, and participating actively.

The Ubud area has long been developed and is known as a cultural tourism destination. This is not surprising because Ubud has many artistic and cultural attractions to offer for tourists. However, in the last two decades, Ubud is also known as a culinary tourism destination. In fact, the Gianyar Regency government and the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy have promoted Ubud as gastronomic tourism. This article analyzes the role of gastronomic tourism in supporting cultural tourism in Ubud. Does the new Ubud label as gastronomic tourism fade the image of Ubud as cultural tourism or does it increase its charm and attractiveness? This qualitative study collects data by interview, observation, and literature study. They were analyzed from the light of creative tourism. The article concludes that gastronomy tourism such as cooking class and food festival that has developed in Ubud is a form of creative tourism that help in rejuvenating the image of Ubud as cultural tourism. This happens because food and all the cooking processes as well as all the stories and values system of local wisdom attached to the local foods are part of the culture. This article contributes in providing an understanding of strengthening the image of Ubud tourist destinations as cultural tourism through creative tourism known as gastronomic tourism. ; Kawasan Ubud sudah lama berkembang dan dikenal sebagai destinasi wisata budaya. Hal ini tidak mengherankan karena Ubud memiliki banyak atraksi seni dan budaya yang ditawarkan bagi wisatawan. Namun, dalam dua dekade terakhir, Ubud juga dikenal sebagai tujuan wisata kuliner. Bahkan, Pemerintah Kabupaten Gianyar dan Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif telah mempromosikan Ubud sebagai wisata gastronomi. Artikel ini menganalisis peran wisata gastronomi dalam mendukung wisata budaya di Ubud. Apakah label baru Ubud sebagai wisata gastronomi memudarkan citra Ubud sebagai wisata budaya atau justru meningkatkan pesona dan daya tariknya? Studi kualitatif ini mengumpulkan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan studi kepustakaan. Mereka dianalisis dari sudut pandang pariwisata kreatif. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa wisata gastronomi seperti kelas memasak dan festival makanan yang berkembang di Ubud merupakan bentuk wisata kreatif yang membantu dalam meremajakan citra Ubud sebagai wisata budaya. Hal ini terjadi karena makanan dan semua proses memasak serta semua cerita dan sistem nilai kearifan lokal yang melekat pada makanan lokal adalah bagian dari budaya. Artikel ini berkontribusi dalam memberikan pemahaman tentang penguatan citra destinasi wisata Ubud sebagai wisata budaya melalui wisata kreatif yang dikenal dengan wisata gastronomi.

Master Plan of National Tourism Development (Rencana Induk Pengembangan Pariwisata Nasional - RiParNas: 20102025) determined by the President of the Republic of Indonesia on 2nd December 2011. National Tourism Strategic Area (Kawasan Strategis Pariwisata Nasional - KSPN) spread over 88 KSPN in 34 provinces throughout the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Bali as the biggest foreign exchange contributor of the tourism sector has 11 KSPN spread in 9 districts and town in the province of Bali, namely: Buleleng district (area of Bali Utara-Singaraja, and Pulau Menjangan-Pemuteran); Jembrana (National Park of Bali Barat); Tabanan (Bedugul); Denpasar and Badung (Sanur-Kuta-Nusa Dua); Gianyar (Ubud); Bangli (Kintamani-Danau Batur); Klungkung (Nusa Penida); Karangasem (Besakih-Gunung Agung, Tulamben-Amed, and Labuhan Amuk). Development of Bali during this time indicated that there are still some gaps of development outcomes. The research objectives for the first year (2016) are: to identify, analyse and earlier understanding about Critical Factors (CFs) on developing tourism strategic area for Bali Provincial in supporting equitable economic developments. The data was collected using the method of observation and semi-structured interviews, while the Content Analysis Techniques (CAT) and Cognitive Mapping Solutions (CMS) are used as a method of qualitative-verification analysis. Thus, CFs can be identified into six categories called SLEEP'S, namely: Social-cultural, Legal-regulatory, Environment, Economic, Politic, and Safety. Therefore, the research can be conducted within three stages, in order to produce specific and maximum outputs. Keywords: critical factors, cognitive mapping, content analysis, equitable economic development, tourism strategic area.

This research aims to systematically review of literature on Bali tourism from 1976 to 2022. This study employed a descriptive quantitative approach and utilizes 128 publications with the keyword "tourism in Bali" sourced from the Scopus database. This study concludes that the development of Bali tourism research has increased significantly. The contribution of Indonesian authors continues to dominate Bali tourism research. International authors play an essential role, especially in introducing the study of Bali tourism in the early thirty years. Furthermore, this review was successful in identifying the most commonly used topics, research approaches, and paradigms by researchers. This research, in particular, divides the evolution of the topics into four phases. The study's sample of articles is restricted to those from the single database Scopus and solely in English. As a result, future research should be able to analyze articles from other sources, and in a broader range of languages.

This paper analyses the impact of the Bali bombings on international visitor arrivals in Bali and compares this crisis with previous crises with reference to Butler's hypothetical tourism area life cycle. The paper demonstrates that the Bali bombings had by far the greatest impact on international tourism visitation than any other crisis in the island's history. Such was the severity of the decline in Bali that both national and local measures were taken to restore confidence. Important though these measures were, they do not fully account for the strong resurgence in international arrivals, suggesting that the destination has not yet reached consolidation in accordance with Butler's hypothesis and that the strength of the resurgence owes much to the underlying trend of the development phase associated with the general picture proposed by Butler.

Every tourism potential owned by Bali needs to be studied, researched and developed in order to meet the needs of the economy community. One of the tourism potential that needs to be developed in Bali is the wine tourism. Buleleng Regency is one of the largest wineries and also the house of the oldest wine factory on the island of Bali. But there are still many foreign tourists who are not aware of the existence of the wine producing region. This study aims to determine the perception of tourists about the wine products and to know the development strategy that must be done in order to support the activities of wine tourism in Buleleng Regency. The results of this study showing that the tourists perception regarding Bali wine product shows that they feel the quality of the products is good and also shows their interest to do wine tourism in Buleleng Regency. Based on the results of SWOT analysis, there are several strategies that can be applied to develop the wine tourism such as increasing the promotion of tourism in Bali to be better known by foreign tourists, government working together with the wine-producing companies to jointly develop wine tourism activities in Buleleng, and the last by expanding the area of wineries in the district of Buleleng so there is an image or existence of wine tourism in Buleleng. In connection with the results and discussion in this study, the suggestion that is expected to be done by the government is to work with companies that produce wine in improving the quality of products and services, and pay attention to periodicity and innovation on a regular basis.

The rapid growth of the tourism sector has made the government committed to implementing the principle of sustainable tourism development. To develop regional tourism, it is relatively necessary to direct, integrated, cross-sectoral, and sustainable programs so that the economic benefits of tourism are increasingly felt evenly distributed by the community. Bali, popular as one of the most tourist destinations in the world, is used as an example for the development of a national destination by the Indonesian government by creating 10 new Bali destinations, but this scheme must be postponed due to the covid-19 outbreak that hit Indonesia. This study aims to explore the sustainable tourism strategy in Bali's village tourism sector using a qualitative approach based on content analysis based on secondary data since Bali has the largest number of village tourism in Indonesia using the Penta-helix model (synergy between academic, business, community, government, and media). With the synergy and collaboration of these five central sectors (especially during decreasing tourism sector of coronavirus outbreak), it is expected to increase awareness and maximizing the potential among the public regarding Bali sustainable tourism.

Balinese agriculture as a culture that becomes Balinese cultural tourism identity should still receive protection in line with the rapid development of tourism. However, in reality, the rapid and uncontrolled development of tourism is accused of having a big impact on the conversion of agricultural land in Bali. The disharmony that occurs can be used as a sign that the existing regulations have not been able to complete and integrate tourism and agricultural development. In this case, tourism development is not accompanied by legislation to protect agricultural land. This study aims to examine the legal arrangements related to tourism development with integrated agriculture in Bali and to examine the efforts that the government can take to integrate tourism development with agriculture in Bali. Empirical legal research is the type of this study. In addition, the approach used in this study is legislation approach, legal concept analysis approach and facts approach. The results of this study revealed that 1) the existing regulations relating to tourism development and agricultural development in Bali have provided an opportunity for integration between tourism development and agriculture in Bali, however, the regulations have not been optimal in preventing and reducing the negative impacts of rapid and uncontrolled tourism development. 2) In the perspective of ius constituendum, Bali tourism development must continue to provide protection for living cultural values, one of which is agriculture because basically Bali tourism development is based on Balinese culture which is imbued with the values of Tri Hita Karana and Sad Kerthi.

Tourism has become the leading economic sector in Bali Province of Indonesia. However, the economic impacts of tourism have not been convinced to be full y beneficial for Balinese community. One of the reasons is tourism leakage that occurs when the industry imports both products and services to support tourism industry in Bali. So far, the amount of tourism leakage in Bali has not been calculated yet. Therefore, there is a need to ascertain the current amount of leakage in Bali tourism. The objectives of the study are: (i) to calculate the amount of tourism leakage from accommodation sector in Bali at micro (industrial) level; (ii) to calculate the amount of tourism leakage from accommodation sector in Bali at macro (regional) level; (iii) to evaluate the impacts of government subsidies and import reduction by accommodation sector on tourism leakage, job opportunity and income distribution; (iv) to evaluate the perception and preference of foreign tourists on imported and local products as well as the willingness of foreign tourists to spend their money to benefit of Balinese people; (v) to evaluate the points of view of hotel managers related to imported and local products as well as their willingness in reducing the use of imported product and (vi) to develop strategies in minimizing tourism leakage in accommodation in Bali. Research was designed through quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data was collected by using survey method at four main tourist destinations in Bali, namely: Kuta, Nusa Dua, Sanur and Ubud. There were 79 hotels selected based upon probability proportional to size sampling method which consists of three clusters namely 1,2,3 Star-rated, 4&5 Star-rated either chain and non-chain and Non Star-rated hotels. The number of respondents was 600 foreign tourists were selected as respondents. Calculation of tourism leakage on micro analysis was undertaken by using a method developed by Unluonen, et. al. (2011), meanwhile, on macro analysis was carried out by using a method proposed by ...

Tourism has become the leading economic sector in Bali Province of Indonesia. However, the economic impacts of tourism have not been convinced to be full y beneficial for Balinese community. One of the reasons is tourism leakage that occurs when the industry imports both products and services to support tourism industry in Bali. So far, the amount of tourism leakage in Bali has not been calculated yet. Therefore, there is a need to ascertain the current amount of leakage in Bali tourism. The objectives of the study are: (i) to calculate the amount of tourism leakage from accommodation sector in Bali at micro (industrial) level; (ii) to calculate the amount of tourism leakage from accommodation sector in Bali at macro (regional) level; (iii) to evaluate the impacts of government subsidies and import reduction by accommodation sector on tourism leakage, job opportunity and income distribution; (iv) to evaluate the perception and preference of foreign tourists on imported and local products as well as the willingness of foreign tourists to spend their money to benefit of Balinese people; (v) to evaluate the points of view of hotel managers related to imported and local products as well as their willingness in reducing the use of imported product and (vi) to develop strategies in minimizing tourism leakage in accommodation in Bali. Research was designed through quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data was collected by using survey method at four main tourist destinations in Bali, namely: Kuta, Nusa Dua, Sanur and Ubud. There were 79 hotels selected based upon probability proportional to size sampling method which consists of three clusters namely 1,2,3 Star-rated, 4&5 Star-rated either chain and non-chain and Non Star-rated hotels. The number of respondents was 600 foreign tourists were selected as respondents. Calculation of tourism leakage on micro analysis was undertaken by using a method developed by Unluonen, et. al. (2011), meanwhile, on macro analysis was carried out by using a method proposed by Thorbecke ( 1988) which was based on the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Bali 2010. Perception and preference of foreign tourists on imported and local products were analyzed by using JMP program, meanwhile, Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) was undertaken to develop strategies. The results show that based on the micro analysis, the highest tourism leakage of accommodation sector in Bali is at 4&5 Star-rated chain hotels (51.0 %), followed by 4&5 Star-rated non-chain hotels (22.7 %), 1,2&3 Star-rated hotels (12.0 %), Non-star rated hotels (8.8 %), and with the average leakage of 18.8 %. Based on macro analysis, tourism leakage of accommodation sector in Bali are as follow: (i) Leakage of Non Star-rated hotels is 2.0 %; (ii) Leakage of 1,2&3 Star-rated hotels is 15.7 %; (iii) Leakage of 4&5 Star-rated non-chain hotels is 7.1 %, (iv) Leakage of 4&5 Star-rated chain hotels is 55.3%; and (v) Average leakage of all types of accommodation is 19.5%. Foreign tourists significantly look for local products and are willing to spend their money for Balinese people. Hotel managers are willing to use local product as long as local products are available to substitute the imported products. Strategies for minimization tourism leakage are optimizing the potential of local products, develop agriculture and livestock; reduce the use of imported products for tourists, improve quality of local products and human resources, empower community, urge government to develop and implement supporting policies in minimizing tourism leakage, establish policy on restriction of foreign investment on accommodation in Bali, improve the role of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Trade and Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy. 7 Ps of marketing mix on service: product, price, place, promotion, people, process and physical evidence need to be implemented in order to support sustainable tourism in Bali ; Le tourisme est le fer de lance de l'économie balinaise. Mais, les fruits de cette économie du tourisme ne bénéficient pas à toutes les classes de la société balinaise. Cela est dû, entre autres, au manque à gagner lorsque cette industrie importe par exemple des produits ou des services pour répondre aux besoins des touristes (alimentation pour la restauration par exemple). Le calcul du manque à gagner pour l'économie balinaise n'a jamais été fait auparavant. Pour cela, cette recherche est nécessaire. Les objectifs de la recherche étaient : de calculer le manque à gagner pour l'économie balinaise dans le secteur du logement pour les touristes en micro-économie (niveau industriel) ; d'estimer le manque à gagner pour le tourisme balinais dans le secteur de l'hébergement touristique en macroéconomie (au niveau provincial) ; d'évaluer l'impact de la subvention gouvernementale et la réduction des importations dans l' industrie du tourisme, les opportunités d'emploi et la distribution des revenus ; d'évaluer la perception et le choix des touristes internationaux face aux offres de produits importés et locaux, et aussi d'évaluer l'opinion des touristes sur le constat : est-ce que les dépenses des touristes pendant leur voyage à Bali bénéficient à la société balinaise ? ; et d'évaluer les opinions des gestionnaires des hôtels sur l'utilisation des produits importés et des produit locaux pour la consommation des touristes ; de créer une stratégie afin de minimiser le manque à gagner dans le secteur du tourisme pour l'économie balinaise. La recherche est basée sur les approches quantitatives et qualitatives. Les données primaires ont été recueillies par la méthode du sondage sur quatre destinations touristiques, à savoir : Kuta, Nusa Dua, Sanur et Ubud, auprès d'un échantillon de 79 hôtels selon la méthode de probabilité proportionnelle à la taille qui est divisée en trois échantillons en grappes : hôtels classés 1, 2 et 3 étoiles ; hôtels classés 4 & 5 étoiles et hôtels privés (non-chain) ou appartenant à une chaine hôtelière (chain) ; hôtels non-classés. Nombre de répondants 600 touristes internationaux qui étaient en vacances à ce moment-là. Le calcul du manque à gagner dans l'analyse micro a été mené selon la méthode d'Unluonen et. al. (2011), tandis que l'analyse macro a été faite selon la méthode de Thorbecke (1988) en utilisant l'approche de la matrice de comptabilité sociale (MCS) de la province de Bali de l'année 2010. La perception et le choix des touristes internationaux vis-à-vis des produits importés et locaux ont été analysé selon le logiciel JMP tandis que les stratégies de la minimisation du manque à gagner dans l'économie touristique balinaise ont été créées selon la méthode de l'ISM (interpretive Structural Modelling). [.] Les touristes internationaux choisissent de façon significative les produits locaux et ils sont prêts à dépenser leur argent au bénéfice des populations locales. Les gestionnaires des hôtels sont prêts à utiliser les produits locaux tant que l'offre est suffisante pour remplacer les produits importés. Les stratégies pour minimiser le manque à gagner pour le tourisme à Bali : optimiser les potentiels des produits locaux ; développer l'agriculture et l' élevage, réduire les produits importés pour la consommation des touristes, augmenter l'exportation des produits locaux, augmenter la qualité des produits locaux ainsi que la qualité des ressources humaines locales, renforcer la société locale, inciter le gouvernement à mettre en œuvre une politique de minimisation du manque à gagner dans l'économie touristique, limiter les investissements étrangers dans le secteur du logement touristique, stabiliser les fluctuations des taux de change, augmenter le rôle du Ministère des affaires étrangères, du ministère de l'industrie, du Ministère du commerce ainsi que le rôle du Ministère du tourisme et de l'économie créative afin de réduire ledit manque à gagner.