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The global coronavirus pandemic has raised important questions regarding how to balance public health concerns with privacy protections for individual citizens. In this essay, we evaluate contact tracing apps, which have been offered as a technological solution to minimize the spread of COVID-19. We argue that apps such as those built on Google and Apple's "exposure notification system" should be evaluated in terms of the contextual integrity of information flows; in other words, the appropriateness of sharing health and location data will be contextually dependent on factors such as who will have access to data, as well as the transmission principles underlying data transfer. We also consider the role of prevailing social and political values in this assessment, including the large-scale social benefits that can be obtained through such information sharing. However, caution should be taken in violating contextual integrity, even in the case of a pandemic, because it risks a long-term loss of autonomy and growing function creep for surveillance and monitoring technologies.

The global coronavirus pandemic has raised important questions regarding how to balance public health concerns with privacy protections for individual citizens. In this essay, we evaluate contact tracing apps, which have been offered as a technological solution to minimize the spread of COVID-19. We argue that apps such as those built on Google and Apple's "exposure notification system" should be evaluated in terms of the contextual integrity of information flows; in other words, the appropriateness of sharing health and location data will be contextually dependent on factors such as who will have access to data, as well as the transmission principles underlying data transfer. We also consider the role of prevailing social and political values in this assessment, including the large-scale social benefits that can be obtained through such information sharing. However, caution should be taken in violating contextual integrity, even in the case of a pandemic, because it risks a long-term loss of autonomy and growing function creep for surveillance and monitoring technologies.

Marking a decade of exciting interdisciplinary internet research, this is the 10th Information, Communication and Society special issue that features research generated by the annual Association of Internet Research (AoIR) conferences. This issue consists of eight provocative articles selected from #AoIR2016, the 17th annual conference, held at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany from 5–8 October 2016. The #AoIR2016 conference theme Internet Rules! invited participants to address the complex interplay of digital technologies, business models and user practices. For some, the Internet rules! Others are ruled by the internet. Reflecting the emergent focus during the conference, this special issue addresses the Internet as a set of connected platforms that have various technical, social, cultural, political and figurative meanings, and seeks to understand rules as a set of normative values. Offering a primer on platform values, the contributions share a commitment to social justice, offer innovative theoretical interventions and empirically ground the workings of platform values from various scholarly perspectives. They show how normative digitally networked technologies are mutually shaped by top-down decisions such as the profit-oriented workings of algorithms that differentially value some users over others and bottom-up user practices that both sustain and subvert value-laden mechanisms.Platform values: an introduction to the #AoIR16 special issue

Drawing on previous findings that married men earn more than never-married or divorced men, explored here is whether married men are seen to earn more because they are economically attractive candidates for marriage in the first place. Data on 2,350 young employed men followed from the 1979 to the 1984 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to model individual transitions in marital status as functions of variables that capture men's earnings prospects. Analysis reveals that single men who are characterized by favorable earnings residuals are more likely to marry. Married men with favorable expected earnings are less prone to divorce. The observed earnings premium of married men results in part from economic selection of high earners into marriage. 6 Tables, 23 References. Adapted from the source document.

Mit dem Examinatorium Familien- und Erbrecht optimal für das Examen vorbereitet: Beide Rechtsgebiete sind Pflichtfachstoff jeder juristischen Prüfungsordnung und darüber hinaus Gegenstand entsprechender Schwerpunktbereiche bzw. Wahlfächer im Ersten und Zweiten Staatsexamen. Durch die kompakte Form lassen sich mit dem Examinatorium alle relevanten Aspekte des Pflichtfachs schnell erfassen. Studierenden des Schwerpunktbereichs und Referendaren mit entsprechendem Wahlfach dient das Examinatorium darüber hinaus zur systematischen Wiederholung und Vertiefung des examensrelevanten Stoffes. Anschauungsfälle sowie Wiederholungs- und Vertiefungsfragen helfen dem Leser dabei, sich das entsprechende Prüfungswissen auf Examensniveau anzueignen

In recent years, one of the most widely discussed social issues in American sports has been the compensation of professional athletes. Public perceptions tend to view athletes as overpaid. This article offers empirical evidence based on a representative sample of athletes taken from the U.S. Census. Comparing athletes with other professional entertainers, regression analysis indicates that athletes are relatively low paid and that their earnings deficiencies cannot be fully explained by differences in personal characteristics between them and other entertainers.