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Dignity -- Liberty -- Equality -- Solidarity -- Citizens' rights -- Justice

El paso de la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea a Derecho vinculante para los Estados miembros (y sus ciudadanos) a través de su inclusión en el Tratado de Lisboa, suscita muchos temas de interés, entre ellos, el referido a los mecanismos de articulación en la protección de los derechos fundamentales consecuencia de la coexistencia de diversos sistemas jurídicos reguladores de tales derechos y, por tanto, de varias jurisdicciones que habrán de dar solución a las eventuales situaciones de conflicto en su interpretación. ; The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights sets out, in a single text, for the first time in the European Union's history, the whole range of civil, political, economic and social rights of European citizens and all persons resident in the EU and will be coming legally binding when the Lisbon Treaty has entered into force. This fact leads to a new situation in which the rights contained in the Charter must in principle be made justiciable by a multiple potentially conflicting jusrisdictional system.

El paso de la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea a Derecho vinculante para los Estados miembros (y sus ciudadanos) a través de su inclusión en el Tratado de Lisboa, suscita muchos temas de interés, entre ellos, el referido a los mecanismos de articulación en la protección de los derechos fundamentales consecuencia de la coexistencia de diversos sistemas jurídicos reguladores de tales derechos y, por tanto, de varias jurisdicciones que habrán de dar solución a las eventuales situaciones de conflicto en su interpretación. ; The European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights sets out, in a single text, for the first time in the European Union's history, the whole range of civil, political, economic and social rights of European citizens and all persons resident in the EU and will be coming legally binding when the Lisbon Treaty has entered into force. This fact leads to a new situation in which the rights contained in the Charter must in principle be made justiciable by a multiple potentially conflicting jusrisdictional system.

This is the first comprehensive analysis of the extent to which the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union will influence the development of contract and commercial law at a European level. The essays in this volume examine how the Court of Justice has already used the Charter to steer the law governing consumer transactions, financial contracts, contracts of employment, self-employment, tenancies, and other contractual arrangements. They then proceed to assess the likely future impact of the Charter on EU contract law, using a variety of legal, historical, and theoretical perspectives. These original assessments by distinguished scholars range from claims that the Charter will only have a mild indirect influence to arguments that the Charter provides the necessary legal foundations for EU contract law and for a market society within a multi-level system of governance. Questions are raised about the scope of application of the Charter; its indirect but significant effect on national legal systems, especially in improving the effectiveness of EU law; and whether the rights and principles of the Charter may sometimes have direct effect on contracts by leading a court to disapply national law. Hugh Collins FBA is the Vinerian Professor of English Law, All Souls College, Oxford. 2 Intersentia Intersentia 3

Although the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union has already became a fully binding act of primary EU law, the controversies concerning the area of Charter's application do not seem to cease. Nevertheless, this phenomenon should not surprise since the core of this discussion rests upon the fundamental rules of the functioning of the European Union. While the uniform stand concerning the scope of application of the Charter vis-à-vis national legislation has not yet been elaborated upon, an analysis of the trends emerging in the ECJ case-law seems to be useful. The discussion is still open and two approaches - strict (formal) and flexible (liberal) - compete. Recent case-law of the ECJ proves the existence of specific "gear mechanisms" or "legal connectors" which serve the purpose of determination of the field of the Charter's application on the areas traditionally not covered by the EU law. The case-law at hand also determines the framework in which the existing jurisprudence concerning the general principles of EU law can be applied for delineating the field of the Charter's application. The questions mentioned above are being explored in light of the prospective ratification of the European Convention of Human Rights by the European Union and discussion about the degree of influence of a Member State's constitutional traditions on interpretation and application of the Charter.