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El artículo revisa los relatos de Francisco de Amigorena y de Alexander Gillespie, un funcionario y un militar, escritos a fines del siglo XVIII e inicios del XIX, que han sido la base de la historiografía tradicional argentina sobre el mundo rural de Buenos Aires. Desde la perspectiva de la nueva historiografía económica argentina y de la historia del paisaje, replantea la imagen de la conformación de las clases dominantes rurales de la época y el papel económico del interior de la pampa de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Específicamente, el artículo cuestiona la idea de un espacio desierto, tal como la pintó la historiografía romántica, y propone el perfil de un hinterland heterogéneo, dedicado a distintas actividades. ; This article reviews the accounts of Francisco de Amigorena and Alexander Gillespie, a functionary and soldier, written at the end of the 18th Century and beginning of the 19th Century. These accounts formed the basis of the traditional Argentinian historiography of the rural areas of Buenos Aires. From the perspective of the new economic historiography in Argentina and of rural history, the article rethinks the image of the structure of the dominant rural classes of the age and the economic role of the interior of the pampa of the province of Buenos Aires. Specifically, the article questions the idea of the countryside as a deserted space such as it had been depicted in the romantic historiography, and the article proposes the outline of a heterogeneous hinterland dedicated to several activities.

Depuis une dizaine d'années, un nombre croissant d'Italiens embauche, à titre privé, des travailleurs migrants, pour des services d'aide à domicile. Ces aidants sont souvent hébergés chez l'employeur et s'occupent des personnes âgées fragiles. Ce phénomène a pris une ampleur considérable, avec une sorte d'«ethnicisation» du secteur des soins aux seniors. En effet, les ménages italiens sont de moins en moins en mesure de procurer une aide informelle, comme le voulait la tradition. Ce changement s'explique par la progression de l'emploi féminin, ainsi que par les différents mécanismes d'allocations versées pour pourvoir aux soins, susceptibles d'être cumulées (et qui sont préférées à la fourniture directe de soins), et par la vision culturelle encore «familialiste» qui explique l'aversion pour le placement en institut spécialisé. Cet article propose un aperçu des grandes tendances qui gouvernent actuellement l'offre et la demande d'aide et de soins aux personnes âgées en Italie, sous l'angle de la démographie, du marché du travail et de l'aide sociale, esquissant notamment les motivations qui poussent les familles italiennes à embaucher des aidants migrants à domicile, ainsi que les difficultés auxquelles ceux-ci sont confrontés, et conclut sur une analyse du rôle de médiation que pourrait jouer l'Union européenne pour traiter ce phénomène qui progresse à l'échelle internationale.

Accompanied by a CD-ROM in back pocket of v.1; disc includes pdf copy of final report. ; Shipping list no.: 2009-0027-S. ; "September 8, 2005"--prelim. ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; v. 1. Executive summary ; Commission findings & recommendations ; Issues for further consideration ; Previous experiences with base closures ; 2005 BRAC process -- v. 2. Appendices A-T ; Index by state ; Index by recommendation. ; Final report. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; System requirements to view CD-ROM: PC with CD-ROM drive; Adobe Acrobat Reader.

Active ageing is defined as the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age. The design of active ageing policies intersects with different overarching societal challenges, especially ageing populations, social rights and sustainability. However, there are no previous attempts to review active ageing policies in the light of these challenges and the international policy objectives and targets that are guiding the international community. The aim of this study is to systematically identify, review and analyse all national and regional policies on active ageing adopted in Italy, by applying a conceptual framework derived from main international policy initiatives in the three areas. The research was conducted in two stages. First, a case study analysis was carried out per each relevant national institution and regional government. Standardised interviews were combined with policy document search, selection and analysis. Second, we performed a policy analysis in the light of a conceptual framework adopted. This latter was composed by nine policy domains, selected and integrated from principles and objectives of three overarching international frameworks on ageing—i.e., the Regional Implementation Strategy (RIS) commitments of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA), social rights—i.e., the European Pillar of Social Rights and sustainability—i.e., the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. Results pointed out that out of the identified nine policy fields, the major intervention areas by Italian policy makers concerned labour market participation, life-long learning, social and economic inequalities, health and well-being. Less attention had been given to issues such as gender and equal opportunities and sustainable cities. This systematic policy review is a milestone for understanding how active ageing policies contribute to address major societal challenges and what ...

Active ageing is defined as the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age. The design of active ageing policies intersects with different overarching societal challenges, especially ageing populations, social rights and sustainability. However, there are no previous attempts to review active ageing policies in the light of these challenges and the international policy objectives and targets that are guiding the international community. The aim of this study is to systematically identify, review and analyse all national and regional policies on active ageing adopted in Italy, by applying a conceptual framework derived from main international policy initiatives in the three areas. The research was conducted in two stages. First, a case study analysis was carried out per each relevant national institution and regional government. Standardised interviews were combined with policy document search, selection and analysis. Second, we performed a policy analysis in the light of a conceptual framework adopted. This latter was composed by nine policy domains, selected and integrated from principles and objectives of three overarching international frameworks on ageing—i.e., the Regional Implementation Strategy (RIS) commitments of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA), social rights—i.e., the European Pillar of Social Rights and sustainability—i.e., the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. Results pointed out that out of the identified nine policy fields, the major intervention areas by Italian policy makers concerned labour market participation, life-long learning, social and economic inequalities, health and well-being. Less attention had been given to issues such as gender and equal opportunities and sustainable cities. This systematic policy review is a milestone for understanding how active ageing policies contribute to address major societal challenges and what domains need further policy development.

Active ageing is defined as the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age. The design of active ageing policies intersects with different overarching societal challenges, especially ageing populations, social rights and sustainability. However, there are no previous attempts to review active ageing policies in the light of these challenges and the international policy objectives and targets that are guiding the international community. The aim of this study is to systematically identify, review and analyse all national and regional policies on active ageing adopted in Italy, by applying a conceptual framework derived from main international policy initiatives in the three areas. The research was conducted in two stages. First, a case study analysis was carried out per each relevant national institution and regional government. Standardised interviews were combined with policy document search, selection and analysis. Second, we performed a policy analysis in the light of a conceptual framework adopted. This latter was composed by nine policy domains, selected and integrated from principles and objectives of three overarching international frameworks on ageing—i.e., the Regional Implementation Strategy (RIS) commitments of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA), social rights—i.e., the European Pillar of Social Rights and sustainability—i.e., the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development. Results pointed out that out of the identified nine policy fields, the major intervention areas by Italian policy makers concerned labour market participation, life-long learning, social and economic inequalities, health and well-being. Less attention had been given to issues such as gender and equal opportunities and sustainable cities. This systematic policy review is a milestone for understanding how active ageing policies contribute to address major societal challenges and what domains need further policy development

Abstract Background Influenza illness in children causes significant clinical and economic burden. Although some European countries have adopted influenza immunisation policies for healthy children, the debate about paediatric influenza vaccination in most countries of the European Union is ongoing. Our aim was to summarise influenza burden (in terms of health outcomes and economic burden) in children in Western Europe via a systematic literature review. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (1970-April 2011) and extracted data on influenza burden in children (defined as aged ≤ 18 years) from 50 publications (13 reporting laboratory-confirmed influenza; 37 reporting influenza-like illness). Results Children with laboratory-confirmed influenza experienced hospitalisations (0.3%-20%), medical visits (1.7-2.8 visits per case), antibiotic prescriptions (7%-55%), and antipyretic or other medications for symptomatic relief (76%-99%); young children and those with severe illness had the highest rates of health care use. Influenza in children also led to absenteeism from day care, school, or work for the children, their siblings, and their parents. Average (mean or median) length of absence from school or day care associated with confirmed influenza ranged from 2.8 to 12.0 days for the children, from 1.3 to 6.0 days for their siblings, and from 1.3 to 6.3 days for their parents. Influenza negatively affected health-related quality of life in children with asthma, including symptoms and activities; this negative effect was smaller in vaccinated children than in non-vaccinated children. Conclusions Influenza burden in children is substantial and has a significant direct impact on the ill children and an indirect impact on their siblings and parents. The identified evidence regarding the burden of influenza may help inform both influenza antiviral use in children and paediatric immunisation policies in European countries.

BACKGROUND: Waiting time for outpatient specialist care is an ever-present problem for all Countries with a universal healthcare system. In Italy, information about waiting times must be available on all websites belonging to public health agencies and healthcare structures. The aim of the present descriptive study is to evaluate the accessibility and quality of such information on websites of all public health agencies and healthcare structures in Lombardy Region. METHODS: All websites belonging to 8 health agencies (ATS), 27 public hospitals (ASST), 4 research and teaching hospitals (IRCCS) were analyzed using a newly designed 30-item checklist. The items were scored 0/1 and grouped in five categories: Accessibility, Architecture, Content, Interactivity, Utility. RESULTS: In all, 76.3% of websites reported their waiting times directly, but three did not update data at least monthly as required by current legislation. Less than half of websites provided information aimed at raising awareness and tackling no-shows, and only 10.5% explained the role of private practice in public structures when maximum waiting times are exceeded. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of exposition of waiting times on some websites belonging to ATS, ASST and IRCCS appears to be a relevant issue. There is also little empowering information that may help tackle waiting times themselves. These results warrant further efforts to improve accessibility, quality and transparency of information for all citizens.

Although the active ageing concept generally has positive connotations, with expected benefits at the micro, meso and macro levels, the application of this concept in terms of policy making presents challenges and risks to be avoided (for instance, a predominantly productivist interpretation and a top-down imposition with limited possibilities for bottom-up exchanges; or a disregard for the risk of excluding older people with more disadvantaged backgrounds). Two crucial strategies to minimise risks are the implementation of policies by considering and respecting territorial diversity, and the involvement of all the relevant stakeholders in a participatory consultative and co-decisional approach. This paper entwines both strategies together by focusing on Italian in-country differences in terms of active ageing, and employing the Active Ageing Index for policy-making purposes. This activity is part of a governmental national pilot project aimed at promoting multilevel co-managed co-ordination of active ageing policies across Italy. The analysis identified five groups of regions that differ from the classical, geographic and socio-economic division between the North, Centre and South. Additional in-group analyses were conducted to investigate within-cluster differences. This study will inform a large multilevel stakeholder network for evidence-based policies and their monitoring at both the national and regional levels, in line with the perspective of mainstreaming ageing.

Background: Evidence-based clinical care delivery begins with comprehensive assessments of patients' priority needs. A Canadian health sciences corporation conducted a quality improvement initiative to enhance clinical care delivery, beginning with one acute care site. A real-time staffing tool, the synergy tool, was used by direct care providers and leadership to design and implement patient-centered care delivery. The synergy tool is the patient characteristics component of the Synergy Model™, developed by an expert panel of nurses in the 1990s. Since then, the tool has been effectively used to assess a variety of patient populations on eight important characteristics, informing real-time staffing decisions. Methods: Plan-Do-Study Act cycles were managed by department-based project teams with assistance from business analytics and a quality/safety officer. Results: Initial findings demonstrate reductions in nurse missed breaks, improved workload management, and significant increases in staff engagement. Conclusions: The synergy tool is an easy-to-use tool that can be used to highlight priority care needs for individual patients or specific patient populations. The tool informs real-time staffing decisions, ensuring a better fit between patient needs and nurse staffing assignments. Although this initiative began with nurses, project work is expanding to include inter-professional teams.

ABSTRACTThis paper examines differences in work restrictions of midlife family carers of older people in terms of prevalence, gender and explanatory variables, in six European countries: Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. A sample of 2,897 carers aged 45–64 was extracted from the EUROFAMCARE (Services for Supporting Family Carers of Older People in Europe: Characteristics, Coverage and Usage) European project database, in order to analyse four possible work restrictions experienced in connection with the activity of care-giving: the reduction of working hours; giving up working; difficulties in career developments and forced occasional work. The results show that work restrictions are experienced differently between countries especially by women: they are reported to a higher degree in the United Kingdom, Germany and Greece, less so in Italy, and seldom in Poland and Sweden. Gender differences within countries are not so marked. Country differences are explained in the light of the different welfare regimes characterising the countries under investigation, in order to elucidate how policy makers may act to improve working carers' conditions through appropriate policies.