While Malaysia's economy may be driven by large industries where government-linked companies (GLCs) and multi-national corporations predominate, the importance of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) should not be underestimated. Almost all (98.5%) registered businesses in Malaysia are MSMEs, and help to stimulate the economy in more ways than one (i.e., providing employment and innovation, among others). Judging by economic performance and administrative resilience following the 14th General Election in 2018, Malaysia's economic growth and development seemed to be on a positive trajectory. However, with the emergence of Covid-19 in late 2019, MSMEs have been badly impacted, with a tremendous number of them closing down temporarily or shutting down operations completely. This is expected to hamper Malaysia's prospects for economic growth for years to come. While the country's economy, overall, will likely experience challenges in future, Malaysia's working people will be the most affected—namely those who are breadwinners for their families. A survey-based study was carried out from July to August 2020 by The Asia Foundation (the Foundation) to identify how Malaysian MSMEs have been affected by the Covid-19 outbreak. This looked at key areas such as businesses': performance prior to the pandemic, operations during Covid-19 restrictions, expectations about survival, coping strategies, perceptions about the government's management in response to the pandemic, and willingness to help women cope with the pandemic. This study also surveyed the impact of Covid-19 on Malaysian workers, and especially during the initial phase of the government's movement control order (MCO), which was introduced and enforced to prevent mass spread of the coronavirus. The study was carried out to analyze the direct and indirect impact that the outbreak and the associated measures put in place by employers and the government had on different groups of workers.
Using the Small and Medium Enterprise Survey in Vietnam and three proxies of innovation, we study the impact of firm innovation on on-the-job training in the manufacturing sector from 2007 through 2015. To address potential measurement errors and omitted variable problems, we use the average level of innovation in the same sector in other districts as an instrument for firms' innovations. We find that firms provide additional training for existing workers when introducing new technology, and high-value-added firms provide additional training for existing workers. Moreover, government assistance may not be the main reason that encourages firms to provide training. The results also show that firms hire more skilled workers when implementing innovations.
Der Verfasser legt zunächst Ergebnisse einer Befragung von Jugendlichen vor, die einen Eindruck von der Lebenssituation der Jugendlichen im Landkreis vermitteln sollen. Hier geht es um die den Jugendlichen zur Verfügung stehenden primären und sekundären Ressourcen, Freizeitinteressen und Freizeitverhalten, Gewalterfahrungen und Einstellungen zum Drogenkonsum. Es schließt sich ein Bericht über fünf Gruppendiskussionen an, an denen zwischen sechs und zwölf Jugendliche teilnahmen und in deren Mittelpunkt vier Themenkomplexe standen: (1) allgemeine Situation der Jugendlichen in der Ortschaft, (2) Angebote für Jugendliche, (3) Probleme, Konflikte und Gewalt, (4) Beziehung zum kommunalen politischen System. Die Studie schließt mit einer Sozialraumanalyse für den Landkreis Waldshut, die für die praktische Jugendarbeit und Jugendpolitik des Landkreises bedeutsame Besonderheiten der 32 Gemeinden beschreibt. (ICE)
'Diskurse sind sowohl in gesellschaftliche Kontexte ihrer Entstehungsgeschichte als auch in räumliche Kontexte eingebunden. Für eine Diskursanalyse sind daher sowohl eine historische wie auch räumliche Betrachtung relevant. Der Versuch, neben der aktuell dominanten historischen auch eine räumliche Perspektive einzunehmen, ist allerdings mit erkenntnistheoretischen und methodischen Problemen verbunden. Um Aussagen zum Verhältnis von Diskurs und Raum machen zu können, müssen erstens Raum, Ort und Lokalität in das begriffliche Inventar der Diskursforschung übertragen und es muss zweitens eine Methodologie entwickelt werden, die die Konstruktions- und Konstitutionsprozesse zwischen Räumen und Deutungssystemen erfassen kann. Anhand einer Beispielstudie werden eine mögliche Methodenanwendung und ein empirisches Vorgehen vorgeführt, die eine räumliche Dimension in der Diskursforschung erfassen lassen. Dabei werden auch die Probleme bei der Ordnung und Interpretation der diskursanalytischen Ergebnisse offengelegt. Die Analyse einer lokalen Diskursordnung wird für die Nachhaltigkeitsdebatte in Hamburg vorgestellt. Der Beitrag stellt ein raumbewusstes Forschungsprogramm vor, das durch seine formalisierte Methodologie eine Anleitung für ähnliche Studien bietet. Abschließend stellt der Beitrag die Erkenntnispotenziale einer raumsensiblen Diskursforschung zur Diskussion.' (Autorenreferat)
After the Euromaidan, decentralization, whereby certain authorities were devolved to local and regional administrative bodies, became one of the most successful reforms in Ukraine. Decentralization has strengthened the ability of local governments to respond to the needs of their communities and manage local resources, especially tax revenues. Since the introduction of martial law in 2022, however, Kyiv has significantly limited the powers of local governments. The means for doing so are contained in a decree President Zelensky signed urgently on the first morning of the invasion converting civil administrations in the regions to military ones. This change was subsequently fleshed out with the addition of military personnel to regional administrative bodies. The effect was to create a military-inflected chain of control across Ukraine that reaches down to the local levels of governance, where it meets resistance to some stipulations.For defense purposes—to fund the war—the government and its military-civil administrations have been increasing pressure on local self-governance structures, particularly by rejiggering tax flows to Kyiv. This has resulted in a growing gap between central and local governments in wartime Ukraine and disagreement between local self-governing authorities and the military authorities higher up the chain. In some cases the new arrangement has allowed antagonists to discharge old personal disputes or jockey for political space.Declining Trust in GovernmentPublic opinion surveys underscore the growing gap between central and local governments. In the fall, for the first time since the beginning of Russia's full-scale aggression in Ukraine, sociologists recorded a decline in Ukrainians' confidence in the actions of the president and government. By contrast, the level of trust in local authorities has remained stable, at 50 percent, over the past two years. This indicates that citizens perceive local governments as performing their functions effectively enough and meeting citizens' needs. Local authorities also actively support the military and civilians affected by the war. They have used their resources to accommodate internally displaced persons, treat wounded fighters, and ensure the security of the rear and the operations of businesses that had to relocate. Nonetheless, it seems that the central government does not currently see local self-government as a reliable partner. Since the beginning of martial law, the state authorities have legislated a number of restrictions on the powers of local authorities to ensure defense and the relevant security regime. But some of these restrictions did not comply with the law. For example, the government issued a decree depriving of their budgetary powers not only the regional and district councils that were under occupation or in a war zone but also all other councils at these levels in the territories that are in the rear. Regional and district budgets across Ukraine are increasingly managed by local state-level bodies rather than by local councils. Tensions also ratcheted up when the central government took away some tax revenues from the local communities that had previously been paid into community budgets in the form of personal income taxes. A significant part of the local tax revenue comes from the income taxes paid by military personnel, and it is these funds that Kyiv has decided are to be paid directly to the central state budget starting in November 2023 and continuing until the end of martial law. Kyiv says these funds are to be used for the army's needs, but their loss means curtailing the amount communities allocate to supporting the forces locally. Despite the pro-presidential, one-party majority in the Rada, this redistributive decision was approved only with difficulty. It took three attempts to be passed by parliament. MPs, especially those elected in majority districts, understood how unpopular the measure was at home.The central government provides some compensation out of the central state budget to communities affected by this decision. In conversations with me, however, some local leaders expressed doubt as to the ability of the central budget to fulfill the plan for revenue allotment. Accordingly, local communities cannot count on being able to address their basic needs or to devote part of their budget to helping local units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as has been the usual practice since 2022. Kyiv mayor Vitaly Klichko has been quite vocal in pointing out the problems with the measure, raising the possibility it might weaken rather than strengthen the nation's defenses. Unhappiness is growing not only locally but also in the regions. Regional military-civil administrations redistribute local budgets in accordance with their own plans. This creates many misunderstandings between them and local communities. The administrations cut spending on road reconstruction, sports events, and the like; one example here is the now withdrawn tender for reconstruction of the Novoyarivsk biathlon shooting range and skating rink, which was deemed an inefficient use of funds while the country is at war. Drones Instead of StadiumsThe central government parsed its decision as "drones instead of stadiums," meaning that the budget must be directed toward defense, not toward most civilian projects. It also hints at a belief on the part of the central government that local councils are spending their money not only on unnecessary goals but also for corruption. In response, local leaders say that they don't want to pay for "a military tax to those who buy eggs for 17 UAH and spend millions on a telethon."I believe that the solution to the current state of affairs lies in joint planning of expenditures from tax revenues, transparency in how funds are distributed, and clear rules around this matter. However, the local communities should be able to retain some of the monies scheduled to be directed to Kyiv local communities. Some method of balancing the needs and authorities of central and local administrations must be put in place, especially if the war turns into a war of attrition. If the central government is able to handle defense needs, local governments can focus on taking care of the rest of the population's needs. The growing tensions between the central and local governments during the war only amplify governance issues and limit trust among citizens, who continually hear each side accuse the other of corruption. It's true that some of these accusations are not groundless, especially in cases where civil and local community control is impossible, and in such cases the anti-corruption organizations should investigate. However, the level of corruption is many times lower than what the accusations might suggest, and politicization of this issue harms the political order. And a stable central government is critically important for Ukrainians' common aim—victory.The opinions expressed in this article are those solely of the author and do not reflect the views of the Kennan Institute
The contents of this dissertation represent the synthesis of a three-years academic research activity - from November 2000 to October 2003 - carried out in the frame of the XVI cycle of the doctoral programme 'Man and Environment' ('Uomo e ambiente'), activated at the Department of Geography (Dipartimento di Geografia) of the University of Padova (Università degli Studi di Padova). The research was conducted partly in Italy and partly in Germany, at the University of Freiburg (Universität Freiburg), within the frame of a co-tutoring agreement with the Institute of Forest and Environmental Policy (Institut für Forst- und Umweltpolitik) of the Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences (Fakultät für Forst- und Umweltwissenschaften). The research firstly generates from the candidate's confrontation with the recent revision process, occurring in the frame of the UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme, which lead to the publication (2002) of the book entitled 'Biosphere Reserves: special places for Nature and People'. The volume intended to comprehensively summarise the main steps of the Programme's history, as well as the conceptual evolution of its main implementation tools: the Biosphere Reserves (BRs). The first part of this dissertation (chapter I) reports the main trends in the MAB Programme history, by analysing its interrelations with the major international activities since its foundation. In particular, the issues of the biodiversity preservation and the local sustainable development promotion are considered, and the possible role that the BRs can play to foster them. The second part (chapter II) provides an overall picture of the main theoretical backgrounds which have been considered along with the research development: in particular, the key concepts of the ecosystem evolution and how they influenced the management practices are considered first; secondly, the contribution of the political ecology is analysed, as a relevant actor-based approach in dealing with the natural resources policy research; thirdly, the bioregional studies and the implication of the Bioregionalism in the natural resources management are considered; the conceptual evolution of the regional studies in geography and their links with the evolving issue of the development (namely, development, human development and sustainable development) are fourthly included; ultimately, the comprehensive analytical model of the local territorial systems is presented, in order to interpret the elements fostering the local sustainable development. None of the previously mentioned approaches was considered fully satisfactory to deal with the original working hypothesis: can the BR model foster the reconciling of biodiversity preservation and local sustainable development in the context of the South-Eastern-European countries (SEEcs)? The Grounded Theory supported the continuous activities of reformulating working hypothesis in the attempt of generating a new conceptual frame. In fact, the various sources of data used for this research range from the UNESCO historical archives to the outputs of the recent international meetings dedicated to the SEEcs in the frame of the MAB Programme; additional information were collected from the SEEcs MAB case-studies - specifically prepared for the EuroMAB 2002 bi-annual meeting - and from the in field visits to the selected areas in Serbia; namely, the recently nominated (2001) 'Goljia-Studenica' BR and the National Park 'Tara', one of the next sites to be designated in the MAB Programme. The results of the three-scale analysis (regional, national and local) are reported in the chapter IV, where the horizontal and vertical relationship between the various levels are emphasised. The fifth chapter reports the concluding remarks generated by the research; the findings tend to demonstrate that the original flexible concept of the BR is an appropriate conceptual and planning instrument, to foster the reconciling of the biodiversity preservation and the local sustainable development. In particular - at the condition that all the three pertinent scales actors are properly relating each other - the BR model may generate additional 'territorial value', by platforming innovative and flexible management practices able to support the negotiation of 'territorial pacts', better adaptable to the rapidly changing socio-economic scenarios of the SEEcs. ; Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit ist das Ergebnis einer drei Jahre umfassenden wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung, die im Rahmen der XVI. Auflage des Dissertations-Programms 'Man and Environment' ('Uomo e ambiente') erfolgte, anfangs begonnen an der Abteilung für Geographie (Dipartimento di Geografia) an der Universität Padua (Università degli Studi di Padova). Die Forschungsarbeiten wurden teilweise in Padua, später teilweise am Institut für Forst- und Umweltpolitik der Universität Freiburg durchgeführt, und zwar auf der Grundlage eines bilateralen Abkommens zwischen der Universität Padua und der Fakultät für Forst- und Umweltwissenschaften der Universität Freiburg, in Anlehnung an das seit langem bestehende Partnerschaftsabkommen zwischen den beiden Universitäten Padua und Freiburg sowie unter der gemeinsamen Anleitung der wissenschaftlichen Betreuer Prof. Dr. Paolo Faggi, Padua (Tutor) und Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Hans-Friedrich Essmann, Freiburg (Co-tutor). Die Dissertationsschrift wurde in englischer Sprache abgefasst unter der Maßgabe einer deutsch- und einer italienischsprachigen Zusammenfassung. Die Untersuchung basiert auf der intensiven Beschäftigung des Autors mit der jüngsten Revision des UNESCO 'Man and Biosphere (MAB)' Programms, welche ihren sichtbaren Ausdruck in der Schrift von 2002 'Biosphere Reserves: Special Places for Nature and People', fand. In der Veröffentlichung wird versucht, in zusammenfassender Form die wichtigsten Schritte des Programms im historischen Rückblick sowie die konzeptionellen Veränderungen des wichtigsten Instruments des Programms dar zu stellen: des Biosphären-Reservats. Der erste Teil der Doktorarbeit (Chapter I) ist denn auch den wesentlichen Entwicklungstrends in der Geschichte des MAB-Programms gewidmet, indem, angefangen mit seiner Begründung, die Zusammenhänge mit den hauptsächlichen internationalen Aktivitäten analysiert und dar gestellt werden. Vor allem werden Fragen des Erhalts der Biodiversität und die Förderung der lokalen nachhaltigen Entwicklung betrachtet und insbesondere die Rolle, die Biosphärenreservate spielen könnten, um nachhaltige Entwicklungen zu fördern. Der zweite Teil (Chapter II) liefert einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Aspekte der theoretischen Hintergründe, welche parallel mit dem Fortgang der Untersuchung reflektiert werden. An erster Stelle wird die Entwicklung des Konzept von Regionalstudien in der Geographie und deren Bezüge zu den aufgeworfenen Fragen von Entwicklung überhaupt, z.B. Entwicklung des Menschen, nachhaltige Entwicklung etc., betrachtet; an zweiter Stelle werden bio-regionale Studien und die Implikationen des 'Bioregionalismus' bei der Bewirtschaftung natürlicher Ressourcen analysiert; ein dritter inhaltlicher Beitrag ergab sich aus Überlegungen, auf welche Weise das Schlüsselkonzept der 'Ökosystementwicklung' die Bewirtschaftungspraktiken beeinflusst hat bzw. haben könnte; viertens wurde der Beitrag der politischen Ökologie näher betrachtet und zwar als ein relevanter, auf die Akteure gerichteter analytischer Ansatz einer Forschung über die Politik der Naturressourcen; zuletzt wird das umfassende Analysemodell der 'Lokalen Territorialen Systeme' vorgestellt, mit dessen Hilfe die entscheidenden Elemente angesprochen werden können, welche die lokale nachhaltige Entwicklung unterstützen. Keine der angesprochenen Ansätze wurde jedoch als voll befriedigend angesehen, um auf die zentrale Arbeitshypothese angewandt zu werden, nämlich die Frage: Ist das Modell der Biosphärenreservate in der Lage, die Aussöhnung der unterschiedlichen Ziele 'Erhaltung von Biodiversität' und 'Lokale Nachhaltige Entwicklung' zu fördern und zwar im Kontext der südosteuropäischen Länder im Übergang (SEECs in transition)? Die 'Grounded Theory' schließlich unterstützte das ständige Umformulieren der Arbeitshypothesen in dem Versuch, ein neues Rahmenkonzept zu entwickeln. Die verschiedenen Datenquellen für die Untersuchung reichten in der Tat von der Geschichtsarchiven der UNESCO bis zu den Ergebnissen erst kürzlich abgehaltener internationaler Konferenzen, die die südosteuropäischen Länder (SEECs) im Rahmen des MAB Programms zum Gegenstand hatten. Zusätzliche Informationen konnten aus SEECs MAB Fallstudien - speziell zusammengestellt für das alle zwei Jahre stattfindende EuroMAB 2002 Treffen - und durch eigene Feldstudien in ausgewählten Gebieten in Serbiens gewonnen werden, vor allem im erst kürzlich nominierten 'Goljia-Studenica' Biosphärenreservat und 'Tara' National Park, welcher als nächster ansteht, ein MAB Programmgebiet zu werden. Die Ergebnisse der dreistufigen Analysen (national, regional und lokal) werden im Kapitel IV (Chapter IV) dargestellt, in dem insbesondere die horizontalen und vertikalen Zusammenhänge unter und zwischen den einzelnen territorialen Ebenen heraus gearbeitet werden. Das fünfte und letzte Kapitel (Chapter V) umfasst die abschließenden Bemerkungen wie sie sich aus der Untersuchung ergeben. Die Erkenntnisse tendieren dahin zu zeigen, dass das ursprüngliche, offene Konzept der Biospärenreservate ein geeignetes inhaltliches und planerisches Instrument ist, die Aussöhnung von Erhalt von Biodiversität auf der einen und örtliche bzw. regionale nachhaltige Entwicklung auf der anderen Seite zu fördern. Insbesondere kann das Modell der Biosphärenreservate zusätzliche territoriale Werte erzeugen, vorausgesetzt, alle drei relevanten scales actors? stehen in richtiger Weise mit einander in Beziehung, indem es nämlich eine Plattform liefert für innovative und flexible Bewirtschaftungspraktiken, geeignet, Verhandlungen über Gebietsvereinbarungen zu unterstützen, die dem schnellen Wandel der sozioökonomischen Bedingungen der SEECs besser gerecht werden. als der offene Wettbewerb der drei räumlichen Ebenen um die nur sehr begrenzt verfügbaren Ressourcen.
This capacity-building seminar titled 'Seminar on International Finance: Challenges and Opportunities in Modern International Finance', was jointly organized and sponsored by the ADB Institute, the ADB and the Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP), from 17-21 September 2001, Seoul, Korea. The participants were middle- to senior level government officials from nine Asian countries of the ADB. The main objective of the seminar was to enhance participants' understanding of various issues involved in the changing international financial environment and to provide them the opportunities to discuss methods of strengthening domestic and international financial sector through countryspecific, regional and international approaches. The seminar provided an in-depth learning experience for participants and a forum to discuss various conceptual and practical policy issues in financial reform and capital market development. Comprehensive presentations by eminent resource speakers from the academia and multilateral financial institutions provided the knowledge base for the seminar. Participants were also given the opportunity to present their own analysis and opinions about issues addressed during the seminar and to exchange views with one another and with resource speakers in interactive discussions.
Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- List of Images and Table -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- PART I. THE BACKGROUND -- 1. Introduction: Reconnecting Central Asia as the Crossroads of Euras -- 1.1. Nation Building and Challenges of Transition from Central Planning -- 1.2. Outline of the Book -- 2. Creating Market-Based Economies -- 2.1. Initial Conditions and Choice of Economic Policies -- 2.2. Economic Performance in the Decade after Independence -- 2.3. Distributional Consequences of Transition -- 2.4. The Situation in the Early 2000s -- 2.5. The Twenty-First Century -- 3. The Role of Natural Resources -- 3.1. Is Natural Resource Abundance a Curse? -- 3.2. Oil and Natural Gas -- 3.3. Minerals -- 3.4. Agriculture and Pastoralism -- 3.5. Cotton -- 3.6. Hydroelectricity -- 3.7. Conclusions -- PART II. THE NATIONAL ECONOMIES -- 4. Kazakhstan -- 4.1. The Dismal 1990s -- 4.2. The Boom Years, 1999-2007 -- 4.3. Agriculture -- 4.4. The Social Sectors -- 4.5. The 2007-8 Banking Crisis, Resource Nationalism, and Samruk-Kazyna -- 4.6. Kazakhstan 2050 -- 4.7. Conclusions -- 5. Uzbekistan -- 5.1. The Uzbek Paradox, 1991-96 -- 5.2. The Reintroduction of Exchange Controls, 1996-2003 -- 5.3. Economic Reform and Social Unrest -- 5.4. Responding to Crisis and Facing New Challenges in 2014-16 -- 5.5. The Karimov Era in Retrospect -- 5.6. Prospects for the Mirziyoyev Era -- 6. Turkmenistan -- 6.1. The Turkmenistan Economic Model -- 6.2. External Relations -- 6.3. Economic Performance, 1991-2006 -- 6.4. Natural Gas: Part One -- 6.5. From Turkmenbashi to Berdymuhamedov -- 6.6. Natural Gas: Part Two -- 6.7. Conclusions -- 7. The Kyrgyz Republic -- 7.1. Creating a Market Economy -- 7.2. Economic Development -- 7.3. Kumtor -- 7.4. Transit Center Manas -- 7.5. Retail Trade and Value Chains -- 7.6. Migration and Remittances -- 7.7. Economic and Political Developments in 2010 and After -- 7.8. Conclusions -- 8. Tajikistan -- 8.1. Civil War and Its Aftermath -- 8.2. The Economy in the Twenty-First Century -- 8.3. Narcotics and Governance -- 8.4. Conclusions -- PART III. THE EXTERNAL CONTEXT -- 9. Regional Problems and Opportunities -- 9.1. The Central Asian Countries' Trade Patterns and Policies -- 9.2. Regionalism -- 9.3. Why Are the Costs of International Trade So High in Central Asia? -- 9.4. Water Disputes, Border Clashes, and Security -- 9.5. Conclusions -- 10. Central Asia in the Wider World -- 10.1. Pipeline Politics -- 10.2. Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union -- 10.3. China and Central Asia -- 10.4. The Rise and Fall of US Interest in Central Asia -- 10.5. The EU Looks East -- 10.6. Economic Relations with Other Countries -- 10.7. Private Foreign Direct Investment -- 10.8. Mobile Phone Services -- 10.9. Conclusions and Prospects for the Future -- 11. Central Asia at the Center of Eurasia: Forging a New Silk Road -- 11.1. Landlocked or Land-Linked? -- 11.2. Responding to SDGs and COP21 -- 11.3. Is a Window of Opportunity Opening? -- 11.4. At the Center of Eurasia -- References -- Index
The present study is aimed at forming proposals to stimulate accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation in the conditions of increasing global crises associated with the influence of the unstable international situation in connection with the events in Ukraine and the introduction, as well as the prospect of sanctions against the Russian Federation, as well as the impact on both the world and the Russian economy of the consequences of significant restrictions due to the situation with coronavirus.Aim. Formation of proposals for accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation based on the use of strategic investment projects in the conditions of reconstruction of territorial production complexes, which will form the prerequisites for the advanced development of the regions.Tasks. To consider approaches to stimulating accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation and its assessment based on: the use of key performance indicators; diversification of the economic potential of the regions, as well as the use of venture financing; introduction of the concepts of strategic investment projects and strategic investment initiatives into strategic regional development programs; the use of the theory of the territorial-industrial complex in modern economic conditions.Methods. In this paper, using the methods of factorial, statistical and quantitative analysis, proposals have been developed for the formation of measures to achieve maximum success in the innovative development of advanced industries in the regions of the Russian Federation.Results. The study showed that in order to achieve the objectives of accelerated innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation, when forming strategic planning documents, it is necessary to focus on the main "development complexes", participation in the implementation of a new model of economic growth based on the prin ciples of public-private partnership based on a comprehensive theoretical and methodological approach to the formation of socio-economic policy and the active use of strategic investment projects.Conclusions. It is advisable in the strategic programs of the regions to determine the creation of hightech innovative projects for processing raw materials available on the territory in order to get out of the dependence of the economy on raw materials; to create the necessary conditions for improving the investment climate in order to attract high-tech projects of leading world states for their further use in their own needs; actively diversify existing own high-tech projects in order to maximize profits and create an image of a highly developed, competitive region; create high-tech divisions on the basis of financial and economic institutions to launch and finance innovative, knowledge-intensive projects with a view to their further diversification and integration both in the region and with third entities.
The South Sumatra Provincial Government Agency Performance Report is a report on the implementation of the South Sumatra Provincial Government in fulfilling the obligation to be accountable for the success of the organization's vision and mission in achieving the goals and objectives set out in the performance determination document and other planning documents as material for measuring and evaluating performance accountability for can be used in continuous improvement efforts (continues improvement) towards good local governance (Good Local Governance). This study is to analyze the role of Government Agency Performance Reports in improving Good Governance in the regional government of South Sumatra province. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The data obtained are then interpreted and analyzed, so as to provide information that can be used to solve the problems at hand. The role of the Government Agency Performance Report (LKJiP) in the 2015-2019 period in improving Good Governance in South Sumatra Province, the results can be seen from the Achievement of the Value of Government Agency Performance Reports (LKJiP) 2015-2019 averaging 76.59 with Very Good results and Targets. - targets that have been implemented effectively and efficiently are seen from the average achievement of targets reaching 100%. LKJiP is expected to consistently encourage the improvement of management processes in various government agencies so that it can be seen whether the performance achievements are as planned or not. Abstrak Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah Provinsi Sumatera Selatan merupakan laporan penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan dalam memenuhi kewajiban untuk mempertanggung-jawabkan keberhasilan visi dan misi organisasi dalam mencapai sasaran dan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan dalam dokumen penetapan kinerja dan dokumen perencanaan lain sebagai bahan pengukuran dan evaluasi akuntabilitas kinerja untuk dapat digunakan dalam upaya perbaikan secara terus menerus (continues improvement) menuju tata kelola pemerintahan daerah yang baik (Good Local Governance). Penelitian ini untuk menganalisis peranan Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah dalam meningkatkan Good Governance pada Pemerintahan daerah provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang diperoleh, kemudian diinterpretasikan dan dianalisis, sehingga dapat memberikan informasi yang dapat digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah yang dihadapi. Peran Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah (LKJiP) pada periode tahun 2015 – 2019 dalam meningkatkan Good Governance di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan hasilnya dapat dilihat dari Capaian Nilai Laporan Kinerja Instansi Pemerintah (LKJiP) tahun 2015-2019 rata-rata 76.59 dengan hasil yang Sangat Baik dan Sasaran-sasaran yang telah dilaksanakan secara efektif dan efisien dilihat dari pencapaian rata-rata sasaran-sasaran mencapai 100%. LKJiP diharapkan secara konsisten mendorong perbaikan proses manajemen di berbagai instansi pemerintah sehingga dapat dilihat capaian kinerja apakah sesuai dengan yang direncanakan atau tidak. Kata kunci: LKJiP;Good Governance;Akuntabilitas.
Introduction. Developed countries began to digitize their national economies resulting in transformation of human capital with digital and information technologies by making new demands on education. Transformational changes in the conditions of the world society development in the context of globalization put forward the need to reform the system of training, retraining and advanced training, as well as to promote the development of human capital creative abilities in accordance with the needs of the digital economy.The purpose of the study is to provide a scientific bases for the definition of the «digital economy» concept and to distinguish its key components, to outline the digitalization features and identify «digital gaps» in the EU countries using the Index of Digital Economy and Society (DESI).Methods. According to the purpose of the study, modern scientific methods of cognition were used, in particular: general scientific research methods (logical analysis, theoretical grounding, ascent from abstract to concrete, formalization and generalization), as well as the method of statistical observation.Results. The article presents the author's views on the interpretation of the "digital economy" concept which allowed detailing the individual properties and structural elements of the digital economy. Based on the research by the Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD), three main components of the digital economy are presented. The infrastructure of the digital economy is identified with market and planning approaches. Using the DESI Index on the example of EU countries, an analysis of five key components was performed, including communications, human capital, the Internet use, integration of digital technologies and digital public services. The current state of digital economy in the EU countries was also presented. The author emphasizes the importance of governments role and their prudent policy to motivate the population to use digital and information technologies, to increase awareness in this area and the overall level of country digitalization.Discussion. The success of the country in the digital economy development will further depend on the national digital and information capabilities, the development of internal infrastructure, the readiness of society for transformational changes, dictated by globalization. The necessary legal framework of the digital economy, balanced state strategies for IT development, formation of the potential for professional skills development and basic ICT literacy, as well as professional career in the information field will result in positive changes in national economies under context of digitalization.Perspectives. Prospects for further research include the need for statistical analysis of the digital economy key components in the regional context of the world countries, actions ranking and sequencing in the theoretical and methodological support of measures to enhance the use of digital and information products by countries.
[EN]In the last decades, we have witnessed a remarkable success of algorithms solving the Boolean Satisfiability problem (SAT) on instances encoding application or real-world problems arising from a very diverse number of domains, such as hardware and software verification, planning or cryptography. These algorithms are the so known Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) SAT solvers. Interestingly enough, the reasons for the success of these solvers on this diverse range of problems are not completely understood yet. A common issue when facing this open challenge is the heterogeneity of this set of benchmarks. Another problem is the limited number of existing instances. In this context, random models of SAT formulas capturing features shared by the majority of these application benchmarks become crucial, for both theoretical and practical purposes. On the one hand, it is undoubtedly necessary to have random models where theoretical properties, like hardness, can be studied. Therefore, realistic random SAT models may contribute to explain the success of these solvers on these industrial problems. On the other hand, the limited number of benchmarks and their hardness in practice makes the evaluation of new solving techniques a costly task. Therefore, these realistic random SAT generators can provide an unlimited number of pseudo-industrial random SAT instances with some desired properties. In this work, we present a random SAT instances generator based on the notion of locality. This notion is complementary to the popularity of variables, which is present in the scale-free structure, observable in actual application problems and achievable by previous generators. Our random SAT model combines both locality and popularity, and we show that they are two decisive dimensions of attractiveness among the variables of a formula, and how CDCL SAT solvers take advantage of them. Locality is closely related to the community structure, another important feature of application SAT benchmarks, which is indirectly achieved by this model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first random SAT model that generates both scale-free structure and community structure at once. ; This work is partially supported by the EU H2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the LOGISTAR project (Grant Agreement No. 769142), and by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the Spanish National Agency of Research (AEI) under the projects RASO (TIN2015-71799-C2-1-P) and EXASOCO (PGC2018-101216-B-I00), and by the Andalusian Government and the University of Granada under project AIMAR (A-TIC-284-UGR18), including European Regional Development Funds (ERDF). The first author is also supported by a MICINN Juan de la Cierva fellowship (grant FJCI-2017-32420). ; Peer reviewed
Modern society is critically dependent on information as a strategic resource and information and communications technology, which carries out its transmission, processing and exchange. Information and communications technology has created a new environment, cyberspace, in which tensions, disagreements and incidents are becoming more frequent. In recent years, the mentioned area has increasingly appeared as a domain of conflict between the leading world and regional powers. The paper gives a brief description of the concept of operations in several domains and elements of the new concept of joint warfare of the US Armed Forces. The importance of cyberspace for the US has been pointed out with a review of organizational changes and the adoption of certain strategic and doctrinal documents. The paper presents certain events and activities in cyberspace, in recent years, between the United States on the one hand, and Iran and North Korea on the other. The United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) was created in 2009. USCYBERCOM was elevated to the status of a full and independent unified command in May 2018. It indicates the importance of cyberspace for the Pentagon. In many ways, the separation of USCYBERCOM from Strategic Commands, which oversees strategic rejection, is a symbol of the change in the US attitude in cyberspace from "defensive" to "persistent engagement." The United States is still the strongest force in cyberspace and shows ambition to carry out cyber operations at all levels of command. It is unlikely that Iran will provoke the United States into a large-scale military conflict and wage a direct war in cyberspace. Iran has rapidly improved its ability to operate in cyberspace, and it is estimated that this trend will continue. The imbalance can prevent Iran from a direct military conflict with the United States and its allies. Greater action is expected with an asymmetric arsenal such as e.g. cyber attacks. Iranian and North Korean operations are similar in target selection, planning and exploitation of attacks. Both countries undertake different variants of phishing attacks in an attempt to deceive their victims into downloading malicious software by presenting it as a legitimate link or file. Whereas Iran usually had a motive only to cause disruption to the functioning of financial institutions, North Korean motive was both financial and political retaliation. Certain discovered incidents indicate that North Korea devotes much more time to conducting invasive surveillance before carrying out attacks. Numerous examples show that some activities have been prepared over the years and with the support of certain state bodies. Regardless of the fact that an investigation has been launched against certain groups, most often sponsored by states, it is unlikely that this will deter countries such as North Korea and Iran from giving up further activities and will pose an increasing threat to the US security.
Abstract Currently Jakarta's regional government is planning a regulation regarding the prohibition of groundwater use for its residents. This is caused by the fact that the land's surface in Jakarta experiences a continuous derivation. On the other hand, Jakarta's residents still have a very high dependence on groundwater, either to fulfil household or industrial needs. This causes a conflict of interest between the government's attempt to protect the environment and residents' ground water needs. The constitution stipulates that water and natural resources are used as much as possible for the welfare of the people so that the prohibition on the use of groundwater in Jakarta should actually take into account the water rights of people which are guaranteed by the constitution. The efforts to distribute piped water evenly as a substitute for groundwater are often deadlocked, it will also be seen on how Mexico and Kenya also have problems regarding groundwater overcome this problem, where these countries implement a licensing and monitoring system that restricted the use of groundwater, which can be applied while the installation of piped water to 100% of Jakarta area is completed. The method used in this research is a normative research method using secondary data. Keywords: Conflict of Interest; Government's interest; Ground Water; Right of Water. Abstrak Saat ini pemerintah daerah Jakarta sedang merencanakan regulasi perihal pelarangan penggunaan air tanah bagi penduduk Jakarta. Pelarangan ini dilatar belakangi oleh fakta bahwa permukaan tanah di Jakarta mengalami penurunan terus-menerus setiap tahunnya. Di sisi lain masih banyak penduduk daerah Jakarta yang menggunakan air tanah sebagai sumber air utama baik untuk menunjang kebutuhan rumah tangga atau kebutuhan industri. Konstitusi menegaskan bahwa air dan sumber daya alam dipergunakan sebesar- besarnya demi kemakmuran rakyat, sehingga pelarangan penggunaan air tanah di jakarta ini sejatinya harus secara hati-hati memperhatikan hak air yang dimiliki rakyat yang dijamin oleh konstitusi. Hal ini menyebabkan timbul benturan antar kepentingan antara kepentingan pemerintah daerah dalam melindungi lingkungan dengan kebutuhan warga akan air tanah. Usaha untuk menyalurkan air pipa secara merata sebagai pengganti air juga sering kali menemui titik buntu, daripada hal itu dapat diterapkan pengaturan di negara Meksiko dan Kenya sebagai negara yang mengalami masalah yang sama sebagai suatu solusi. Kedua negara tersebut mengatasi permasalahan ini dengan menerapkan sistem perizinan dan pengawasan yang ketat terhadap penggunaan air tanah. Solusi tersebut dapat diaplikasikan sembari menunggu proses instalasi air pipa merata 100% wilayah Jakarta. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian secara yuridis normatif yang menggunakan sumber data kepustakaan sekunder. Kata Kunci: Air Tanah; Benturan Kepentingan; Hak atas Air; Kepentingan Pemerintah.
