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In 2010, India celebrated its 60th anniversary as an independent sovereign republic. India is the fourth largest economy by gross domestic product. Economically, it is building itself as a formidable force and global influence. At the same time India has fundamental challenges: its inequities are visible; its young population tread a thin line between opportunity and pitfall; its infrastructure has gaping holes; and it's a slow chaotic democracy. This book establishes that in spite of these challenges, a new India is emerging out of the old, colliding more often than collaborating with the old India. Much of the new India is built on the economic momentum established 20 years ago and built by private entrepreneurs. The new economic climate, together with talent and entrepreneurship, is also making India a net supplier of innovation. Going by current trends, India will become an innovation super power by 2035. This book will establish that India is not just leveraging innovation for global competitiveness alone, but is also leveraging innovation as the specific instrument for inclusive growth. This book identifies gaps in the current innovation ecosystem and recommends a portfolio approach and calls for a National Innovation System (NIS) as a blueprint to fix the gaps. It suggests that for India to succeed in identifying, funding and sustaining a balanced innovation portfolio, India will also have to succeed in eliminating poverty, increase its rural GDP manifold, and provide employment, education and health for all its citizens. Click Here to view the official page for this title on Facebook. Establishes and analyses the trends that support India's global emergence as an Innovation SuperpowerIdentifies three critical levels of innovation namely grassroots innovation, national innovation and innovation for global competitivenessRecommends a portfolio approach as a blueprint for the creation of a National Innovation System

The future of interfirm contract research : opportunities based on prior research and nontraditional tools / Libby Weber, Kyle J. Mayer, Rui Wu -- Reprinted article putting patents in context : exploring knowledge transfer from MIT / Ajay K. Agrawal, Rebecca Henderson -- Alliances and performance / Joanne E. Oxley -- Reprinted article appropriability hazards and governance in strategic alliances : a transaction cost approach / Joanne E. Oxley -- A strategic look at the organizational form of franchising / Steven C. Michael, Janet E.L. Bercovitz -- Internal organization from a transaction cost perspective / Nicholas S. Argyres -- Organizational economics insights from acquisitions research / Jeffrey J. Reuer -- Limits to the scale and scope of the firm / Todd R. Zenger, Jeffrey Xiaofei Huang -- Diversification, industry structure, and firm strategy : an organizational economics perspective / Peter G. Klein, Lasse B. Lien -- Transaction costs in technology transfer and implications for strategy / Ajay K. Agrawal -- Intellectual property regimes and firm strategy : putting Hall and Ziedonis (2001) in perspective / Rosemarie H. Ziedonis -- Reprinted article the patent paradox revisited : an empirical study of patenting in the U.S. semiconductor industry, 1979-1995 / Bronwyn H. Hall, Rosemarie H. Ziedonis -- Value creation and appropriation through geographic strategy : evidence from foreign direct investment / Miguel A. Ramos, J. Myles Shaver -- Strategic organization of R&D / Bruno Cassiman, Alfonso Gambardella -- Beyond the economic institutions of strategy : strategic responses to institutional variation / Witold J. Henisz -- Reprinted article the institutional environment for multinational investment / Witold J. Henisz -- Integrated political strategy / John M. de Figueiredo -- Contracting with governments / Eric Brousseau, St(c)Øephane Saussier -- New frontiers in strategic management of organizational change / Jackson A. Nickerson, Brian S. Silverman -- Opportunities and new business models : transaction cost and property rights perspectives on entrepreneurship / Nils Stieglitz, Nicolai J. Foss -- The problem solving perspective : a strategic approach to understanding environment and organization / Michael J. Leiblein, Jeffrey T. Macher -- Foreword to economic institutions of strategy / Oliver E. Williamson -- Introduction / Jackson A. Nickerson, Brian S. Silverman

Business incubation as an instrument of fostering new venture formation is widely discussed in the research field of entrepreneurship. Numerous aspects of Business Incubators (BIs) have already been investigated in more depth: e.g. the organizational structure, funding, objectives, provided services, incubatee selection policy, impacts on the survival and growth of incubatee firms etc. So far, researchers focused their work on public-sponsored, private-sponsored, and nonprofit-sponsored BIs as well as on university-related BIs. In the case of University Business Incubators (UBIs) research basically circulated around the question of how UBIs can support technology transfer. This paper focuses on a new type of UBI: the University Business Pre-Incubator (UPI). UPIs are facilities that support embryonic businesses during their planning stage by providing office space, consultancy and training, and mentoring services. In the scope of a comprehensive support program of the German government called "EXIST – Existenzgruendungen aus der Wissenschaft" that started in 1998, a couple of German universities established pre-incubators to assist the development of new enterprises. So despite the lack of research literature concerning business-related pre-incubators, in practice, these institutions play an important role for German universities in fostering new ventures. This paper tries to make a substantial contribution to reduce the knowledge gap in the research area of UPIs. After defining the facility "University Business Pre-Incubator" based on metaphorical considerations and the business incubation literature, the paper presents results from a national survey of UPIs in Germany. On the one hand these results show that UPI's organization differs in many aspects: size, age, planned time horizon, and total financial volume. On the other hand similarities could be identified, such as: UPIs offer consultancy, training, mentoring and coaching services, set requirements for accessing the UPI program, have common target groups, and are integrated in external as well as internal networks. In addition, a case study of the UPI "Gruendungslabor" is presented before motivating possible fields for future research.

As a territory of the United States, Puerto Rico enjoys the benefits of key U.S. legal, monetary, security, and tariff systems, and its residents are U.S. citizens. In the decades following World War II, Puerto Rico emerged as one of the worlds fastest-growing economies. From 1950 to 1970 per capita income nearly doubled as a percentage of the U.S. average, making the island the richest economy in Latin America. Since the mid-1970s, however, labor force attachment has declined, economic growth has slowed, and the islands living standards have fallen further behind those on the mainland. Today more than half of all Puerto Rican children live below the U.S. poverty level. Why did Puerto Ricos economic progress stall? And more important, what can be done to restore growth? A number of overlapping concerns-- labor supply and demand, entrepreneurship, the fiscal situation, financial markets, and trade-- are at the heart of its economic difficulties. This is a companion volume to "Restoring Growth: The Economy of Puerto Rico" (Brookings, 2006), in which economists from Puerto Rico and the United States examine the islands economy and propose strategies for sustainable growth. This monograph summarizes the analyses published in that volume and presents a set of policy recommendations to increase employment, improve education, upgrade infrastructure, and fix government finances. Contributors include James Alm (Georgia State University), Barry P. Bosworth and Gary Burtless (Brookings Institution), Susan M. Collins (Brookings Institution and Georgetown University), Steven J. Davis (University of Chicago), Mara E. Enchautegui, Juan Lara, Luis A. Rivera- Batiz, and Orlando Sotomayor(University of Puerto Rico), Richard B. Freeman and Robert Z. Lawrence (Harvard University), Helen F. Ladd (Duke University), Rita Maldonado-Bear and Ingo Walter (New York University), Francisco L. Rivera-Batiz (Columbia University), and Miguel A. Soto-Class (Center for the New Economy)

Section1. Methodology. Economics and complexity / A. Kirman -- Simulations, theory and experiments. Notes from an historical perspective / M. Novarese -- JAS: Java agent-based simulation library, an open framework for algorithm-intensive simulations / M. Sonnessa -- Section 2. Microsimulation of labor dynamics. Matching, bargaining, and wage setting in an evolutionary model of labor market and output dynamics / G. Fagiolo, G. Dosi and R. Gabriele -- Endogenous matching functions: an agent-based computational approach / M. Neugart -- A search model of unemployment and firm dynamics / M. Richiardi -- Evolution of worker-employer networks and behaviors under alternative non-employment benefits: an agent-based computational study / M. Pingle and L. Tesfatsion -- Early retirement from the labor market: policy experiments in the Italian case / P. Vagliasindi, M. Romanelli and C. Bianchi -- Section 3. Understanding firm behavior. Business cycle fluctuations and firms' size distribution dynamics / D. Delli Gatti ... [et al.] -- Effects of the interaction of heterogeneous rationalities on the innovation output of firms - a multi-agent-system approach / A. Kaufmann -- Modular pyramidal hierarchies and social norms. An agent-based model / A. Dal Forno and U. Merlone -- Section 4. Industrial clusters and firm interaction. Growing Silicon Valley on a landscape: an agent-based approach to high-tech industrial clusters / J. Zhang -- Simulating knowledge dynamics in innovation networks / P. Ahrweiler, A. Pyka and N. Gilbert -- A generalised computational model of firms production and interactions: preliminary results on industrial dynamics / T. Ciarli and M. Valente -- Labor market, entrepreneurship and human capital in industrial districts. An agent-based prototype / R. Boero, M. Castellani and F. Squazzoni -- The role of small business based structures in promoting innovation, and creating employment, as compared to oligopolistic based structures / M. Khoshyaran -- Section 5. Mathematical tools. A finitary approach to clustering / D. Costantini, U. Garibaldi and P. Viarengo -- Conclusions. Open problems in using agent-based models in industrial and labor dynamics / N. Gilbert.

With the collapse of the Soviet system, the long-neglected history of the early capitalists is being recovered and rewritten. Once regarded as the "losers" in the Russian Revolution, these merchants can now be seen as early pioneers in Russia's transformation to a free market economy. This book is the first joint Russian-American collaborative project on the history of Russian entrepreneurship. Merchant Moscow puts a human face on early Russian capitalism. It presents thematic groupings of historic photographs paired with commentaries by contemporary Russian and American historians. The pictures provide a stunning, wide-ranging visual portrait of Imperial Russia's most influential entrepreneurial elite, the Moscow merchantry, while the accompanying articles interpret the photographs and place them in the larger cultural context of prerevolutionary Russia. Here is a surprising new view of the bourgeoisie during the Silver Age, revealed for the first time in this fascinating volume. The fourteen contributing historians selected and ordered photographs that best illustrate their specialized knowledge of the period. They have framed their topics in a variety of ways. Some have chosen to pursue traditional topics, such as collective biography, institutional history, or the history of business practices. Others have approached the photographs in more experimental ways, emphasizing the semiotics of dress, discourses of identity, or the history of daily life. Together they offer fresh perspectives on the successes and failures of Russia's first experiment with entrepreneurial capitalism. Originally published in 1998. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905

Canadian society is the product, if not a fusion, then a close coexistence of two cultures - English, Protestant and French, Catholic. It is natural that its cultural capital – values, traditions, perceptions, norms, etc. – is composed of elements of the cultural capitals of England (Britain) and France, or a mixture of them. Thus, Canada has inherited from them statism and communitarianism, while the United States has come to be dominated by anti-statist and individualistic sentiments. The harsh living conditions and remoteness from metropolitan areas have been instrumental in producing a "garrison mentality" and a "survival" orientation among Canadians, which provoked a more communitarian lifestyle. Direct observers of life in New France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries noted a sharp contrast between the French and the English – the former imitating the local nobility in trying to keep up with it in luxury, while the latter sought to toil hard and to invest their earnings in business. Differences in work and consumer ethics between English-speaking (Protestants) and French-speaking (Catholics) Canadians seem mostly to be a thing of the past, however, the rejection of mercantile orientation in some segments of Canadian society still persists to the present day. Canadian managers are not as aggressive and assertive as Americans and are more ready to take into account the public interest. True to some of its historical European roots, Canada has adopted many social democratic practices – a fairly developed welfare state (with free healthcare) and large-scale state entrepreneurship (however, its size has been significantly reduced lately). Proximity to such an economic giant as the USA has both pluses and minuses. The southern neighbor is suspected of trying to format the Canadian economy to suit its own goals and objectives, which causes rejection and resistance.

This paper explores whether and to what extent a scientific approach to decision-making can be a useful tool for helping entrepreneurs overcome limitations in the commercial exploitation of their idea, particularly when these limitations stem from their status as users of the products or services. Using data from a variety of sources, including three randomized control trials and LinkedIn data, and focusing on female entrepreneurs who develop a value proposition targeting female consumers as a case of user entrepreneurs, this paper shows that exposure to a training that encourages entrepreneurs to develop theoretical maps about their business propositions and validate them with evidence prompts more radical pivots on their initial ideas compared with entrepreneurs with a value proposition that does not target women explicitly. In turn, treated female entrepreneurs with a female-targeted value proposition who pivot radically show better performance in launching and sustaining their ventures compared with those who have not pivoted. Funding: This work received funding support from the ICRIOS—Invernizzi Center for Research in Innovation, Organization, Strategy & Entrepreneurship at Bocconi University, the Innovation Growth Laboratory, the Strategy Research Foundation, the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy of the U.K. Government (project 104754, "A Scientific Approach to SMEs Productivity"), City, University of London, The Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (PRIN project prot. 2017PM7R52, CUP J44I20000220001), and the Polytechnic of Turin. This research was approved by Bocconi Research Ethics Committee with protocol references 2016-III/13.696, 77133-2 and by City Ethics Committee with reference ETH1819-0351. The four studies presented in this article are included in the AEA RCT Registry [AEARCTR-0006578, AEARCTR-0002205, AEARCTR-0006579, AEARCTR-0003875]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.17235 .

Purpose
Despite the increasing popularity of women-owned businesses in the marketplace, relatively few studies in the hospitality literature have focused on these businesses. Hence, this study aims to examine the impact of femvertising and purplewashing on consumers' willingness to pay a premium at women-owned restaurants, as well as the role of feminist self-identification and psychological closeness underlying these associated effects. The study aims to provide insights into women-owned restaurant marketing strategies and to highlight the importance of authentic brand activism in consumer behavior in the restaurant industry.

Design/methodology/approach
Building on Construal Level Theory, this paper conducts two online experiments with 486 US participants who have dined at or ordered takeout from a restaurant. The studies aim to investigate consumers' opinions about brand activism strategies (i.e. femvertising and purplewashing) in restaurants.

Findings
The results of two experimental studies indicate that a femvertising strategy increases consumers' willingness to pay a premium for a women-owned restaurant compared to a non-women-owned restaurant. Moreover, consumers who identify more strongly as feminists are more likely to pay more for women-owned restaurants when purplewashing is absent (vs present). Additionally, psychological closeness serves as an underlying mechanism that explains these effects.

Practical implications
This study provides clear and actionable recommendations to help business stakeholders, owners and managers to market and advertise women-owned restaurants. For example, women-owned restaurant practitioners should feature women empowerment messaging in their advertisements to attract more consumers. However, they should avoid using purplewashing and other inauthentic brand activism practices in advertisements.

Originality/value
This research contributes to the hospitality literature on women entrepreneurship by exploring the effective marketing strategies of women-owned restaurants and investigating how to advertise women-owned businesses in the hospitality field. To the best of the authors' knowledge, it is also the very first study to explore the role of femvertising and purplewashing in consumers' food-related decision-making.

Purpose
Technological start-ups are significant contributor to the innovation and employment provider in an economy. Numerous technological start-ups are established every year; however, only a miniscule percentage of these technological start-ups sustain and scale up in the long run. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors that affect Indian technological start-ups' competitiveness.


Design/methodology/approach
Case study analysis of two technological start-ups (namely, WayCool and Moglix) is undertaken to study the factors affecting the competitiveness of technological start-ups in India. Being a relatively underexplored theme of study in entrepreneurship and strategy, case analysis facilitates exploration and validation of factors influencing competitiveness. Information for case study analysis is drawn from secondary sources of information. The collected data undergoes deductive thematic analysis to systematically identify and examine recurring themes and patterns relevant to the competitiveness of Indian technological start-ups.


Findings
Case analysis reveals that innovation intensity, organisational agility and internationalisation influence competitiveness of technological start-ups. The importance of the role of each of these factors for entrepreneurial ventures has been highlighted in literature; however, their effect on competitiveness has not been examined in extant literature.


Research limitations/implications
Being among the few studies on the competitiveness of technological start-ups in specific and start-ups in general, this study highlights the gap in the literature and suggests the need for examining the competitiveness of technological start-ups.


Practical implications
For the practitioners, this study reinforces the need for entrepreneurs to emphasise fundamental factors that build competitiveness. Subsequently, the sources of competitiveness shall enable the start-up to gain a competitive advantage.


Originality/value
This is among the few studies to have explored the competitiveness of technological start-ups in the Indian context.

Considered the causes and results of the economic achievements of South Korea, which for one generation's lifetime had managed to leapfrog from poverty to the top of the world's advanced economies. Analyzed the similarity between the problems of the Republic of Korea, which has been at war with its northern neighbor for more than 70 years, and Ukraine since 2014, as both countries are at the epicenter of strategic conflicts in Eurasia, in which basic interests of world powers collide. Confucianism is analyzed as a model of social and personal relations that has absorbed the wisdom and experience of the millennia-old civilization, demonstrated its exceptional viability, capacity to dynamically modernize and creatively assimilate the achievements of other cultures and civilizations. There is a unique synthesis of values of the two most competitive systems of work ethic in the modern world – Confucianism and Protestantism, which ensured the phenomenal success of the South Korean modernization. It is argued that the very combination of strong socially responsible state, competitive structural democracy and social and labor ethics based on the amalgam of Confucian and Christian values gave effect to the "Miracle on the Han River." It is shown that Ukraine and South Korea have a common position on the key issues of world order as well as promising bilateral relations, whereas the South Korean experience of economic modernization and development is of interest to Ukraine. Promising areas of Ukrainian-South Korean economic cooperation, such as electronics and IT technologies, renewable energy, aerospace and aviation industry, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and healthcare are substantiated. Ukraine may benefit from the ROK's positive experience in developing such areas as private entrepreneurship, small and medium business support, that would help practically solve the problem of microcredit and attract investment in the real sector of Ukraine's economy.

Introduction. The relevance of the study is caused by the challenges facing the vocational education system, the regional labor market, and the entrepreneurship system as a whole. Purpose of the study. The purpose of the study is to reveal the state of the secondary vocational education system in the Northwestern Federal District, to assess the structure of personnel training in the vocational education system. Methods. The research methodology is based on the continuity of the processes of dialectic development of the secondary vocational education system and the demand of the labor market, medium and small businesses in the current economic conditions. Based on the methods of structural-functional analysis and synthesis, it became possible to identify the main directions of training professional personnel. The object of the study is the system of secondary vocational education in the Northwestern Federal District. Results. The results of the study are a comprehensive analysis of the main characteristics of the secondary vocational education system in the Northwestern Federal District: the number of students, incl. for full-time education, for enlarged groups of training specialties, analysis of the quality of admission to professional educational programs in the context of vocational training groups in the regions of the North-Western Federal District, analysis of the state of the material and technical base of the vocational training system. Conclusions. The results of summarizing the directions of further research of the system of secondary voca-tional education made it possible to identify the leading directions of scientific discourse on the state of vocational training, to identify the leading structural characteristics of the coincidence of the state order and business needs, the organization of management in the system for improving the quality of implementation of educational programs implemented by institutions of the secondary vocational education system.

Research in the field of entrepreneurship has become an intriguing area for further investigation. In an era where digital advancements are ubiquitous, previous researchers have identified a gap: the lack of a specific instrument to identify digital entrepreneur skills. Therefore, this study aims to determine the constructs of students' digital entrepreneur skills. The analysis techniques include confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Pearson correlation, Kendall's, Spearman's, and Cronbach's alpha. The study was conducted over five phases with 235 participants from university students in Indonesia who run or own a business. The results revealed strong instrument validity with robustness ranging from significant Pearson, Kendall's, and Spearman's analyses (<0.05) and Cronbach's alpha (>0.60). The exploratory factor analysis indicated a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.954 (>0.05) and Bartlett's test (0.000 < 0.05), with all items having values of anti-image (>0.50), communalities (> 0.50), and factor loadings (> 0.40), uncovering three components. Lastly, the CFA demonstrated an overall good fit model, with high first-order factor loadings (>0.60) and a second-order construct digital entrepreneur skills comprising three components: interpersonal digital skills with a factor loading of 0.890, idea and technology management skills (0.920), and adaptation and innovation skills (1.020). The study highlights the critical need for students to develop digital entrepreneurial skills encompassing interpersonal digital skills, ideation, and technology management, as well as adaptation and innovation abilities to thrive in the digital economy and enhance their personal and professional growth.
AcknowledgmentI want to thank all those who have helped make this research a success, especially for Sebelas Maret University as a place of affiliation and all respondents willing to participate in my study.

PurposeThe shift toward a circular economy (CE) represents a collaborative endeavor necessitating the presence of efficient frameworks, conducive contexts and a common comprehension. This research serves as a pivotal stride towards this goal, presenting an exclusive prospect for the investigation and fusion of these frameworks, with particular emphasis on the Quintuple Helix Model (5HM), into a unified theoretical framework that underscores the core principles of the CE. This study is centered on three pivotal questions aimed at decoding the CE transition in specific regional settings.Design/methodology/approachAdopting an abductive approach firmly anchored in a two-stage qualitative process, this study specifically merges the foundational principles from institutional theory, entrepreneurship literature and CE frameworks to provide insights into the dynamics of circular ecosystems, with a specific focus on the Huelva region in Spain.FindingsThe findings demonstrate significant potential in the CE, ranging from the integration of product and service systems to innovations in eco-industrial practices. Yet, a notable deficiency exists: the absence of institutional entrepreneurs, highlighting the essential role that universities can play. As recognized centers of innovation, universities are suggested to be key contributors to the transformation toward a CE, aligning with their societal and economic responsibilities.Practical implicationsThis study highlights the importance of managing relationships with entities like SMEs and policymakers or academia for effective CE adoption. Policymakers can refine strategies based on the research's insights, while the impact of university-driven circular ecosystems on sustainable societies is another crucial area for research.Originality/valueThe sustainability models cited in CE literature may not be comprehensive enough to prevent problem shifting, and it can be argued that they lack a sound theoretical and conceptual basis. Furthermore, the connections between sustainability objectives and the three levels of the CE operating system remain vague. Additionally, there is insufficient information on how regions foster the involvement of the environment in fivefold helix cooperation and how this impacts the CE.

AbstractThe article discusses the transformations of technology in the last two decades, especially those related to privacy, based on the digital rights perspective. It debates how the concept of privacy is grounded on the distinction between public and private, a spatial metaphor no longer applicable in the face of the ubiquity of information and communication technologies. Hence, there is a premise stating the personal is increasingly more political nowadays, due to the phenomenon of surveillance capitalism. To anchor the theoretical debate in an empirically informed discussion, the work analyzes discourses about digital rights used in the main sessions of the Internet Governance Forum. The goal is to map the main Forum controversies about digital rights and their relation with contemporary democracies. Using a combined methodology based on both quantitative and qualitative data from the main sessions of the event, the analysis starts from a survey of the recurrence keywords related to the research; privacy, rights, surveillance, and freedom. From these results, a qualitative analysis of the discourses mobilized in these activities is conducted. The outcomes of the empirical analysis are then discussed from examples of technology regulation in the United States and the European Union. Among the main conclusions of the work, the emphasis lies on the need for transparency and accountability of the artificial intelligence algorithms.Related ArticlesGlen, Carol M. 2021. "Norm Entrepreneurship in Global Cybersecurity." Politics & Policy 49(5): 1121–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12430.Robles, Pedro, and Daniel J. Mallinson. 2023. "Catching Up with AI: Pushing Toward a Cohesive Governance Framework." Politics & Policy 51(3): 355–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12529.Zeng, Jinghan, Tim Stevens, and Yaru Chen. 2017. "China's Solution to Global Cyber Governance: Unpacking the Domestic Discourse of 'Internet Sovereignty.'" Politics & Policy 45(3): 432–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12202.