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This article argues that interactionist role theory holds much potential for complementing the ontological security literature in the field of International Relations. Concretely, the article argues that an interactionist role theory perspective promises to supplement the ontological security literature in at least two significant respects. First, it allows for a better understanding of how an international actor's (capacity to provide) ontological security is tied to its ability to realize its 'self' in society through the making and playing of roles (and the subsequent casting of others). Second, it emphasizes how reflective intelligence enables an international actor to address destabilizing disconnects between its 'self'-image and societal role-play, and to develop a measure of ontological resilience (a capacity to constructively engage with – and to recover from – ontological security challenges). To illustrate this argument, the article provides a case study, which explores, from an interactionist role theory perspective, how the European Union's ontological security has been strengthened, challenged and restored in its interaction with its Southern and Eastern Neighbourhood.

A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Laws (LL.B), of Strathmore University ; Cyber warfare for it is a new concept in the conduct of war and is thus not properly understood hence considered a grey area with inadequate legislation. This dissertation seeks to bring to light the emergence and steady growth of cyber warfare as a method of war and to emphasize on the pressing need to regulate such wars. War is inevitable and many States are adopting this method of war because it harbors many benefits for the perpetrators who at first instance have their identity sealed and this enables them to escape liability for such actions. International Humanitarian Law is presently the legal basis through which cyber warfare is regulated. This paper offers an in-depth understanding of the 'law of war' vis-à-vis Cyber warfare. It seeks to examine the principles, philosophies, scope, laws, policies, rules and the rationale of International Humanitarian Law as a foundational basis to its applicability to Cyber warfare. It also looks into the manifestations of cyber warfare in the recent past and present as well as other institutional and regulatory influences in this field such as the Tallinn Manual which further provides that there are no treaty provisions directly addressing cyber warfare and although International law may also derive from custom, it is difficult to establish given the novelty of the field whether there is always enough available material and practice to draw conclusions of customary law from. This dissertation also offers some recommendations for future success in the regulation of cyber war.

Abstract
Why does contentious history play such an outsized role in some international relationships? Why do these "history wars" endure, overriding incentives to reconcile? Despite their demonstrable importance, history wars have generally been neglected by conventional conflict and security literature; and, while scholarship concerning the international politics of memory has expanded significantly, overarching frameworks addressing these questions remain underdeveloped. In this article, drawing on theories of memory politics, relational identity and ontological security, I analyze history wars as mnemonic encounters: sites at which national identities are constructed in relation to one another through remembering and forgetting shared history. Within such encounters, history wars may arise and persist where each side's mnemonic practices involve conflicting, negative representations of the other, and such representations constitute an important element of their national identities. This occurs because the rearticulation of conflictual representations constitutes both a means by which the national community is reproduced and a defense mechanism against the ontological threat posed by the other side's counter-constructions. Illustrating this framework, I explicate the construction and persistence of Japan and South Korea's "history problem," drawing on extensive fieldwork and a discourse analysis of over one thousand original-language texts from both countries across politics, media and culture.

The 25th anniversary of the Finnish-Soviet FCA-Treaty was celebrated with solemn ceremonies in April, 1973. Referring to the fact that this treaty has been misunderstood frequently in international discussions and, more recently, also in Finnish domestic debate, the author makes an effort to analyze the role the treaty plays in International politics. He notes that the first two articles of the treaty, 'the military articles', are precise and detailed, while the rest of the operative articles, referring to friendship and cooperation between the parties, are general in nature. This is natural since the treaty was designed specifically to provide military security in the situation of 1948. The author maintains that the military role of the FCA-Treaty has not lost its signi ficance even now but that due to the tremendous changes in the European situation during the last 25 years the latter part of the treaty has assumed increasing importance in practice. Thus, while the text of the treaty remains unchanged and the whole treaty is revered by both parties, the operational center of gravity has moved, compared with the situation of 1948, more and more to the articles on friendship and cooperation.

Dieser Sammelband vereinigt Beiträge, die auf einem Symposium der Marx-Engels-Stiftung im Januar 1985 in Wuppertal gehalten wurden. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Rolle der Bundesrepublik in der Dritten Welt, das Verhältnis Arbeiterbewegung zur Kongo-Konferenz, ferner der Befreiungskampf in Namibia