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Abstract
ContextHuman disturbance threatens many bird species worldwide. Flight-initiation distances (FIDs) offer a scientific basis for separation distances between fauna and agents of disturbance, such as people. However, most available FIDs are from single-species groups. Multi-species flocks have received scant attention with regard to their FIDs; yet, they are extremely common in nature.
AimTo examine suitable separation distances for mixed-species shorebird flocks by comparing single-species FIDs with those of the same species in mixed-species flocks.
MethodWe examined FIDs in mixed- and single-species flocks of four shorebirds (double-banded plover, Charadrius bicinctus, red-capped plover, Charadrius ruficapillus, red-necked stint, Calidris ruficollis, and curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea). FIDs were collected in comparable habitat and sites with similar (i.e. highly restricted) regimes of human occurrence.
ResultsFIDs of single-species flocks of these species differed in their FID to an approaching walker. Different species permutations in mixed-species flocks resulted in different FIDs. FIDs of mixed-species flocks were lower than or the same as the FIDs of single-species groups of constituent species.
Conclusions and implicationsIn our study system, separation distances (e.g. buffers; zones that exclude humans to reduce shorebird disturbance) based on FIDs of single species also would be efficacious for mixed-species flocks containing those species.

REMEMBRANCE AND EDUCATION ABOUT THE HOLOCAUST AND GULAG CRIMES IN SELECTED MUSEUMS AND MEMORIAL SITES IN THE CONTEXT OF LEARNING FROM THE PAST AND HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATIONDiff erent historical narratives and collective memories linked to the constructions of national identity still divide Western and Central-Eastern Europe. The framework of Human Rights Education addressing universality and interdependence of Human Rights may have a potential to overcome divisions connected with national approaches to history. They may connect young people to "negative" memory and shameful, hidden, distorted historical narratives of the past of their own countries. The attitude of European societies towards the Holocaust is one of the themes still not included in many curricula. The history of the Holocaust and Soviet crimes in many countries still waits for contextual approaches. Museums and memorial sites in this context are carriers of memory of wars, genocides, slavery, totalitarian regimes, crimes against humanity, mass atrocities and memories of their victims. They are also signifi cant agents of historical socialisation. History education at memorial sites is a form of historical education based not on teaching about but rather on learning through the past. The text deals with empirical studies focused on education at museums and memorial sites and will explore issues related to education about the Holocaust and Gulag in selected case studies.

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
Stalking is a complex social phenomenon that can take on many different forms. Stalking is a vicious, subtle and devastating crime, and the victims of stalking seem to suffer long-lasting consequences. A clear relationship emerges between the functioning and dissemination of gender stereotypes and stalking as a form of gender-based violence. In this study, the way in which stalking occurs is discussed, and the defendants' and victims' backgrounds are taken into account. This article discusses the criminalization of stalking, the reasons for stalking being criminalized and the sanctions applied for stalking.
This article also addresses a range of issues that expressly substantiate a need for effective measures to be taken against stalking. The prevention of stalking is certainly a long process and cannot be done without the inspiration and activity from the state police, non-governmental organizations and the collaborations of victims, which are all essential if law enforcement agents are to gather useful information and understand the exact nature of the occurrences. Hence, more research needs to be conducted in this field. Additional attention, research and training are required to better understand the most effective responses to reduce the risk of recidivism.

AbstractEmpowered by virtualization technology, service requests from cloud users can be honored through creating and running virtual machines. Virtual machines established for different users may be allocated to the same physical server, making the cloud vulnerable to co‐residence attacks where a malicious attacker can steal a user's data through co‐residing their virtual machines on the same server. For protecting data against the theft, the data partition technique is applied to divide the user's data into multiple blocks with each being handled by a separate virtual machine. Moreover, early warning agents (EWAs) are deployed to possibly detect and prevent co‐residence attacks at a nascent stage. This article models and analyzes the attack success probability (complement of data security) in cloud systems subject to competing attack detection process (by EWAs) and data theft process (by co‐residence attackers). Based on the suggested probabilistic model, the optimal data partition and protection policy is determined with the objective of minimizing the user's cost subject to providing a desired level of data security. Examples are presented to illustrate effects of different model parameters (attack rate, number of cloud servers, number of data blocks, attack detection time, and data theft time distribution parameters) on the attack success probability and optimization solutions.

AbstractThe notion of responsible innovation suggests that innovators carry additional responsibilities (to society, stakeholders, users) beyond those commonly suggested. In this paper, we will discuss the meaning of these novel responsibilities focusing on two philosophical problems of attributing such responsibilities to innovators. The first is the allocation of responsibilities to innovators. Innovation is a process that involves a multiplicity of agents and unpredictable, far-reaching causal chains from innovation to social impacts, which creates great uncertainty. A second problem is constituted by possible trade-offs between different kinds of responsibility. It is evident that attributing backward-looking responsibility for product failures diminishes the willingness to learn about such defects and to take forward-looking responsibility. We will argue that these problems can be overcome by elaborating what it is exactly that innovators are responsible for. In this manner, we will distinguish more clearly between holding responsible and taking responsibility. This opens a space for 'supererogatory' responsibilities. Second, we will argue that both innovation processes and outcomes can be objects of innovators' responsibility. Third, we will analyze different kinds of responsibility (blameworthiness, accountability, liability, obligation and virtue) and show that the functions of their attribution are not necessarily contradictory. Based on this conceptual refinement, we will argue that accountability, responsibility-as-virtue and the willingness to take responsibility are crucial for responsible innovation.

Abstract
This paper investigates the rapport management (Spencer-Oatey 2005) that collections agents at a UK-based utilities company call centre are expected to perform during debt collection telephone interactions. It examines the rapport-relevant information communicated in the textual materials, including training manuals, through which a prescribed debt collection style is implemented. The analysis reveals that there are tensions in the rapport-concerns that collectors must attend to when using the style. Collectors are instructed to perform potentially face-threatening behaviours in order to collect debt, whilst simultaneously engaging in linguistic behaviour that may be interpreted as face-enhancing and which functions to develop rapport with the debtor. It is suggested that the local deployment of this contradictory "helping you to pay us" philosophy is problematic on multiple levels and may give rise to relational tensions between collectors and debtors who have conflicting expectations about rapport management entitlements. In turn, this may contribute to a culture of sanctioned face-attacks in call centres (Archer and Jagodziński 2015). Therefore, I suggest that call centres may need to loosen the synecdochical hold they have over their employees, thereby affording them the flexibility and volition to cope with the complex face demands, unpredictability and potential volatility of debt collection encounters.

AbstractThis paper will argue that to understand Naga sovereignty, one must take into account the intimate connection between Christianity and nationalism. This relationship is centred on the idea of 'Nagaland for Christ', a central slogan (also seen as a covenant) for all Naga nationalist groups. It suggests that God is the primary agent in sovereignty, and that the land is connected with the idea of Nagaland for Christ. I argue that national territory is not an object or a place that can be fixed in time, but rather an act of narration and imagination with the power to shape where it belongs. I will make the case that we need to rethink modular forms of sovereignty that are based on a strong national state. Instead, it would be more useful to think about sovereign territories as the organisation of space, or territoriality (Sack 1986). Robert Sack argues that territoriality is 'intimately related to how people use the land', how they 'organize themselves in space and how they give meaning to place' (Sack 1986: 2). If history has shown us that ascertaining the precise territorial lines of national units are always a challenge, it is more helpful to try and understand how people give meaning to place regardless of boundaries.

L'eliminazione dell'infezione da HCV entro il 2030 è uno degli obiettivi dell'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità. Date le restrizioni all'uso dei farmaci ad azione diretta (DAA) in quasi tutto il mondo a causa dei prezzi elevati, abbiamo valutato la costo-efficacia di due strategie terapeutiche: Politica 1 (universale): trattare tutti i pazienti, indipendentemente dallo stadio di fibrosi; Politica 2 (prioritizzata): trattare solo i pazienti con malattia avanzata del fegato e i rimanenti quando raggiungono uno stadio F3. Il modello è basato sui dati di pazienti inclusi nello studio di coorte PITER. Abbiamo dimostrato che il trattamento di tutti i pazienti con infezione cronica da HCV, anche in stadi di malattia lieve, migliora lo stato di salute ed è sostenibile ; The World Health Organization foresees the elimination of HCV infection by 2030. In light of this and the current, nearly worldwide, restriction in direct-acting agents (DAA) accessibility due to their high price, we aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two alternative DAA treatment policies: Policy 1 (universal): treat all patients, regardless of the fibrosis stage; Policy 2 (prioritized): treat only prioritized patients and delay treatment of the remaining patients until reaching stage F3. The model was based on patient's data from the PITER cohort. We demonstrated that extending HCV treatment of patients in any fibrosis stage improves health outcomes and is cost-effective.

The world will experience an estimated 40% freshwater supply shortage by 2030, converting water scarcity into one of the principal global challenges that modern society faces. Urban water reuse is recognized as a promising and necessary measure to alleviate the growing water stress in many regions. The transformation to widespread application of water-reuse systems requires major changes in the way water is governed, and countries such as Spain already find themselves involved in this process. Through the systematic assessment of the city of Sabadell (Spain), we aim to identify the main barriers, opportunities and transferable lessons that can enhance governance capacity to implement systems for non-potable reuse of treated wastewater in cities. It was found that continuous learning, the availability and quality of information, the level of knowledge, and strong agents of change are the main capacity-building priorities. On the other hand, awareness, multilevel network potential and implementing capacity are already well-established. It is concluded that in order to undertake a widespread application of water-reuse practices, criteria examining water quality according to its use need to be developed independently of the water's origin. The development and implementation of such a legislative frame should be based on the experience of local water-reuse practices and continuous evaluation. Finally, the need for public engagement and adequate pricing mechanisms are emphasized.

UrbanSim is an open source software platform for agent-based geospatial simulation, focusing on the spatial dynamics of urban development. Since its creation UrbanSim has been used in the official planning processes for at least a dozen regional governments which were used to help allocate billions of dollars in regional investments in transportation infrastructure. UrbanSim was first conceptualized in the late 1990's and implemented using the Java programming language. The technology landscape for scientific computing changed dramatically after that, and by 2005 UrbanSim was converted to Python, making heavy use of Numpy to vectorize calculations. By 2014, it became clear that UrbanSim should be reimplemented again to take advantage of significant advances in the libraries available for scientific Python. The new version of UrbanSim, called UrbanSim2, makes extensive use of community-supported scientific Python libraries to reduce the amount of domain-specific customized code to a minimum. UrbanSim is an excellent case study for the power of leveraging the work of the scientific programming community as scaffolding for a domain-specific application, as opposed to building an extensive customized solution in each domain. Additionally, the open and participatory nature inherent in nearly all of the open source projects described here has been particularly embraced by governments, who are often reticent to support large commercial institutions and balkanized and private data formats and software tools.

Sustainability is typically discussed in a siloed fashion in the United States. Cradle-to-cradle production and regulation to curb greenhouse gas emissions are proffered as salves for evidenced degradation, but little attention is directed to how a society can enable sustainability as a cultural norm. Further and related, the role of the individual economic agent as consumer, investor, and government participant is seemingly not acknowledged. To a large extent, the population majority delegates the powers conferred in the three roles to a minority largely through indifferent conveyance posited on trust, leaving outcomes impacting society as a whole dependent on incentives of a few, who may or may not be aligned with the public welfare. Therefore, given the evidence of marketed demand fostered by a consumerism based economy, perhaps the most significant, powerful, and traction-inducing vehicle for instituting sustainability may be found in enabling conscious consumption at the individual level. Arguably, the conduit for conscious consumption would then be education not limited to defining sustainability, but inclusive of the rationale for sustainability, the patience requisite for implementation, and the acceptance of sustainability as a societal norm of behavior. However, the building block for conscious consumption is found in understanding the basis of present consumption decisions, ultimately the values that shape the behaviors that lead to observable economic outcomes.

Within the broader landscape of the European Higher Education Area, teacher education receives increasing significance as an academic field that contributes to the quality of the teaching labour force and consequently impacts student learning. This paper aims to explore the European Teacher Education Area (ETEA) by analysing to what extent and how mechanisms, processes, and key agents of Europeanisation, internal or external to the European Union (EU), influence the transformation of teacher education policies and practices in Europe. Transformation is understood in the context of Europeanisation, and emphasis of the analysis is placed on the process rather than the content of transforming teacher education in Europe. To this end, data have been collected through document review and expert interviews with European policy officials. As a result of qualitative content analysis, the data have been clustered and analysed according to the following categories, which mutually reinforce each other: (1) policy coordination; (2) cross-sectoral instruments; (3) evidence-based management; (4) the Bologna process; (5) educational programmes; and (6) stakeholder pressure. Findings provide a conceptual framework for mapping the ETEA as a complex policy ecosystem that includes vertical and horizontal procedures of Europeanisation. The EU has developed extensive capacities to influence teacher education in Europe and increasingly involves other sectors, such as employment, in this process. (DIPF/Orig.)

This qualitative case study research aimed to investigate the notions of power and hegemony in research consultations around the construct of language ideologies. The study employed purposive sampling by selecting two MS (Education) research supervisees with their supervisors. It identified a social wrong of power and hegemony in research supervision practices and with a transformative spirit, hoped to bring about awareness and modifications in research supervision. Methodically, the study followed the analytical approach of Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (1989; 2003). The data were collected through observations and transcriptions of research consultation meetings and interviews of the participants. The textual analysis of case one revealed how language became a source of establishing asymmetrical power relations between the participants. Contrastingly, in case two the consultations were not hinged on language aspects and had more equality and homogeneity between the partners. The finding of the study indicated that language ideologies played a very important role in sustaining the dominant position of the powerful agent, that is, the supervisor. Based on the findings, it is hoped that this research would lead to more democratic styles of supervision and equity and emancipation in supervision as a social practice. Keywords: critical discourse analysis, power and hegemony, language ideologies, research supervision

This thesis is about my efforts to locate Fort Holes – a civilian fortification built in September of 1862 in response to the nearby threats of Native American violence. A decade after the western parts of Minnesota were opened to Euro-American settlement, the actions of government agents, traders, and a small group of Native American actors led to violence on the frontier. The citizens of Saint Cloud constructed Fort Holes in a week and it only stood for a couple of years before they removed the lumber for the growing city. Throughout Minnesota, citizens constructed over 50 of these expedient "settlers' forts," sometimes in as little as 24 hours. As of 2014, none of these forts from the U.S. – Dakota War of 1862 had been examined archaeologically. In the summer of 2015, I began work on studying Fort Holes. The project included archival research, a gradiometer survey, and a targeted shovel test survey based on the results of the gradiometer survey to identify archaeological features or artifacts associated with the fort. The artifacts of that excavation were then cleaned, analyzed, and inventoried. While no definitive features or artifacts were found, the archival resources, as well as the gradiometer results show that this is likely the location of the fort, and larger excavations may reveal features missed in this project.

This research discusses efforts to develop civic values spirit for college students. This is important to deter radicalist thought and act in education sphere, such as gangs fight, demonstration, anarchist action, and also the involvement of students in radical Islamic movement, like "Islamic Indonesian State". As religion based on radical phenomenon occurs within society, it is important to agree upon diversity. Therefore, the civic culture should be strengthened, such as values of democracy, pluralism and multiculturalism, involving mass media, mass organization, and education institutions. Students are the most important element to be involved in developing civic culture movement. In high level education, college students could be a civic education agent to minimize potential radicalism by giving them comprehensive civic knowledge. Furthermore, the values are actuated into civic disposition action and mindset, as well as daily actuation of civic skills. The college students' role is significantly important by referring to its historical facts, academic culture and an ability to build network. Unfortunately, nowadays, many students are trapped into practical politics and culturally trapped. While actually the cultural role of students can be effectively deter radicalism potential. The role of students is mediator of cross cultural and religion dialogue, formally and informally. Keywords: civic values, students, terrorism, deradicalisation