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Official Website: Click Here Feel Good Knees for Fast Pain Relief is the holistic solution you've been looking for – and the best part? It's designed for men and women over the age of 45. This was like a breath of fresh air because I was so tired of seeing these natural remedies for knee pain that requires you to move like a 20-year old. If we can move like a 20-year-old, we must not have that bad of knee pain. So, if there's one thing I can tell you about Feel Good Knees for Fast Pain Relief, it's that you – yes, even you can do it. Even if you have severe knee pain, you'll be able to do this program because it's based on three levels that gradually decrease pain and build up your knee strength. Intrigued? As you should be! Here's what else I discovered. About the Feel Good Knees for Fast Pain Relief Program Feel Good Knees for Fast Pain Relief is a three-step system that provides you with 5-minute exercises to do each day to start alleviating that nagging knee pain. The exercises are based on a 1000-year-old holistic ritual that was used back in time to treat all kinds of pain and discomfort. As the world progressed towards pharmaceuticals and nasty side effects, many of the best natural remedies were forgotten. It's only now that people are starting to recognize that prescription medications aren't doing what they're supposed to be doing and/or are resulting in harmful side effects that the world is starting to go back to ancient practices. And I know you can relate because you're here reading this. You're either taking those harmful drugs and hating every moment, or aren't taking anything and are living in pain. Well, this holistic ritual will help you finally get what you're going after – pain relief. Feel Good Knees for Fast Pain Relief is broken down into four different sections to help you easily progress through, both the program, and your knee pain. They are: Introduction Guide Quick start to the ritual Companion Guide Detailed instructions and videos of the movement Pain Reduction Tracker Follow your progress to keep improving your knee strength Video Library Videos showing you how to do the movements As for the holistic remedy itself, it consists of a 5-minute set of movements to do each day. However, you simply can't jump into exercises – pardon the pun. So, the Feel Good Knees for Fast Pain Relief has broken down everything into a three-step system: Level 1: Pain Eliminator Stage (2 weeks)Level 2: Knee Rejuvenation Stage (2 weeks)Level 3: Knee Renewal Stage 2 weeks) In the first week, you do basic exercises that help alleviate pain and build strength, muscle and ligaments around your knee. The second level increases the movements just a bit to keep the strength going, and the third ups the movements even more. It's actually funny because when you look at the movements in the third level before starting the system, you're like "There's no way I can do that!" But once you've completed two weeks at level one and another 2 weeks at level 2, you can do the level 3 movements. So, the real way of looking at it is, "Wow! I'll be able to do that in four weeks!?" In addition to the contents of the program specifically, you receive some extra bonuses, which are: 1-Minute Rejuvenation Finishers and Video Library Postural Alignment Guide and Video Library This help you to continue on your newfound journey to youthful, healthy and comfortable movements. Now for the best part – all of this comes with a 60 Day Money Back Guarantee. Since you only need 6 weeks to complete the 3 different levels, you have more than enough time to see its effects and decide whether or not it's something you wish to continue with. And the entire program is online. So, all you have to do is download the content onto your desktop, laptop, tablet or smartphone and you're ready to go. About the Creator The creator of the Feel Good Knees for Fast Relief is certainly worth mentioning because this is where the pudding is. Todd Kuslikis is a personal trainer and injury prevention expert who specializes in Eastern and Western holistic practices. He has helped thousands of people alleviate pain naturally, from nursing home residents to professional athletes and even the US military. In fact, his expertise is so highly sought after that he even contributes to various online health publications. Brief Summary of the Feel Good Knees for Fast Pain Relief System Now, as a 45+ individual with knee pain, I understand that your biggest concern is likely whether or not you can do the movements. I was concerned about the same thing, and although I mentioned how the three-levels progress you naturally without adding strain, you may still be weary. I don't blame you. I was too! So, I wanted to give you a sneak peek at some of the movements you'll be doing in each level. This should help you see just how easy and viable the program is for you. Level 1: Pain Eliminator Stage (2 weeks) Some of the exercises include: Standing Pigeon (slight back bend stretch) Reach the Sky (big stretch upwards) Seated Pillow Squeezers (squeezing a pillow in-between your knees) Level 2: Knee Rejuvenation Stage (2 weeks) Some of the exercises include: Seated Towel Presses (pressing knee downwards into a rolled-up towel) Seated Leg Raises (lifting legs up and down) Laying Pillow Squeezers (squeezing a pillow in-between your knees) Some of the exercises include: By this point, your knees are feeling great! So, it's time to up the movements just a bit. Here are some examples of these exercises: Wall Sit (sitting against a wall) Wall Sit With Towel Squeeze (sitting against a wall while squeezing a pillow in between your knees) Reverse Lunge (shifting your weight into your front foot, and then switching) The Verdict To make it even easier, everything you need to know to properly do the movement is provided to you in each level of the Feel Good Knees for Fast Pain Relief. You get pictures, detailed, step-by-step instructions, videos and even the number of sets you should do. The tracker makes it easy to follow your tracker and if at the end of it, you decide it's not for you, you can opt for the 60 Day Money Back Guarantee. But can you really go wrong with a 5-minute ritual that comes straight from Western and Eastern holistic practices?

Global change is a complex process encompassing environmental, climatic, social, economic, cultural and political changes. It has always affected agro-pastoral systems worldwide and compromised their sustainability resulting in tremendous changes of the pastoral systems including a decline in rangeland resources and the number of herds, sedentarism trends, diversification of livelihoods and even abandon of farming activities.Based on the hypothesis that agro-pastoralists in contrasted areas of the world face similar challenges and share same concerns but their adaptive strategies are affected by their local context which either enhances or weakens their sustainability, this research project aims at assessing the sustainability of agro-pastoral systems in Lebanon which are undergoing global forces of changes.First, the challenges affecting the sustainability of agro-pastoral systems in Lebanon have been identified through a review of the literature on pasture and land use in Lebanon. Six main challenges have been identified: i) Lack of policies and laws related to pastoralism and land tenure; ii) Urbanization and rural migration; iii) Encroachment by agriculture; iv) Deforestation and overgrazing; v) Lack of technical skills and data for range management; and vi) Climate variability.Second, the perception of change of small ruminant farmers in the West Bekaa of Lebanon has been assessed and their adaptation strategies identified. The constraints perceived by the farmers varied based on the production system they belonged to and were mainly related to pasture access and quality, market and political uncertainties, climate variability, on-farm socio-economic conditions and animal health. In the absence of government support, farmers from all systems developed short-term adaptive strategies involving more time spent on pastures, more feed supplementation and a decrease in herd size. Moreover, herd movement was limited to the pastures around the villages hence evincing the shift to sedentarism.Thirdly, the sustainability of agro-pastoral systems in the West Bekaa and Chouf was evaluated through the analysis of the value chain of the traditional cheese "kishk" typically prepared with goat milk. Kishk production has been maintained by rural women and kishk proved to be a resilient product despite the changes in wheat varieties and fluctuations in the source and quantity of milk. Small ruminant systems were found to be more resilient than wheat production systems.Fourthly, the dairy bovine systems in the West Bekaa and Chouf-Aley were identified using a system typology, in an attempt to present them as a model for intensification for some agro-pastoralists particularly in feed optimization, use of appropriate technologies, diversification of activities and market access. The dairy bovine system provided an insight for the intensification of the small ruminant sector in Lebanon for those who can afford it.At last, a comparative analysis was done between the Lebanese case-study and seven short movies filmed in contrasted areas of rangelands (Tibetan Plateau, Canadian Great Prairie, Egyptian Bedouin area, Senegalese Sahel, Uruguayan Pampa, Brazilian Serra Gaucha and French Provence). The gaps and challenges reported in the seven movies were found comparable to those identified in Lebanon specifically in regard to climate variability and the need for specific policies that regulate the use of rangelands and valorize their diversity.Agro-pastoralists in Lebanon and around the world are facing similar forces of change namely climate variability, inadequacy of rangeland policies and the uncertain future of youth. The implementation of specific rangeland policies integrating the perception of agro-pastoralists ensures the efficiency of these policies and the sustainability of traditional pastoral systems. ; Le changement global est un processus complexe englobant des changements environnementaux, climatiques, sociaux, économiques, culturels et politiques. Il a toujours affecté les systèmes agropastoraux du monde entier et compromis leur durabilité, entraînant de profonds changements tels qu'un déclin de la ressource pastorale, du nombre de troupeaux, une tendance au sédentarisme, une diversification des moyens de subsistance et même un abandon d'activités pastorales.Partant de l'hypothèse que les agro-pasteurs de régions différentes font face à des défis similaires et partagent les mêmes contraintes mais que leurs stratégies d'adaptation sont affectées par leur contexte local qui améliore ou affaiblit leur durabilité, ce projet de recherche vise à évaluer la durabilité des systèmes agro-pastoraux au Liban face au changement global.Premièrement, les défis affectant la durabilité des systèmes agro-pastoraux au Liban ont été identifiés à travers une revue de la littérature sur les pâturages et l'usage des terres. Six principaux défis ont été identifiés : i) Manque de politique spécifique au pastoralisme et au régime foncier, ii) Urbanisation et migration rurale, iii) Concurrence de l'agriculture, iv) Déforestation et surpâturage, v) Manque de compétences techniques et de données pour la gestion des parcours et vi) Variabilité climatique.Deuxièmement, la perception du changement des éleveurs de petits ruminants de la Beqaa Ouest a été évaluée et leurs stratégies d'adaptation identifiées. Les contraintes perçues par les pasteurs variaient selon le système de production auquel ils appartenaient et étaient principalement liés à l'accès et la qualité des pâturages, aux incertitudes de marché et politiques, à la variabilité climatique, aux conditions socio-économiques sur l'exploitation et à la santé animale. En l'absence de soutien gouvernemental, les agriculteurs de tous les systèmes ont mis au point des stratégies d'adaptation à court terme qui impliquent plus de temps consacré aux pâturages, davantage de fourrage et une réduction de la taille du troupeau. De plus, le mouvement des troupeaux se limitait aux pâturages autour des villages ce qui témoignait du passage au sédentarisme.Troisièmement, la durabilité des systèmes agro-pastoraux de la Beqaa Ouest et du Chouf a été évaluée à travers l'analyse de la filière du fromage traditionnel «kishk» typiquement préparé avec du lait de chèvre. La production de kishk a été maintenue par les femmes rurales et le kishk s'est révélé être un produit résilient malgré les changements dans les variétés de blé et les fluctuations dans la source et la quantité de lait. Les systèmes de petits ruminants se sont avérés plus résilients que les systèmes de production de blé.Quatrièmement, l'analyse de systèmes de bovins laitiers dans la zone d'étude a pour but de scénariser l'intensification possible pour quelques agro-pasteurs, notamment l'optimisation de l'alimentation, l'utilisation de technologies appropriées, la diversification et accès au marché.Enfin, une analyse comparative a été réalisée entre l'étude de cas libanaise et sept courts métrages filmés dans des zones de parcours contrastées (plateau tibétain, grande prairie canadienne, région bédouine égyptienne, Sahel sénégalais, pampa uruguayenne, Serra Gaucha brésilienne et Provence française). Les propos et contraintes signalées dans les sept films ont été confrontés à ceux du Liban en particulier la variabilité du climat et la nécessité de politiques spécifiques régulant l'utilisation des parcours et valorisant leur diversité.Les agro-pasteurs du monde entier sont confrontés à des forces similaires de changement comme la variabilité climatique, l'inadéquation des politiques et l'avenir incertain de la jeunesse. La mise en oeuvre de politiques pastorales spécifiques intégrant la perception des agro-pasteurs assure l'efficacité de ces politiques et la durabilité de ces systèmes.

The aim of this study is to identify the peculiarities of a hospitalization process of the health care institution X and to find out their optimisation possibilities, also to determine how this process is evaluated by health care professionals and their managers working in the orthopaedic traumatology units. The aim was to determine how the management methods of health service can be used in order to improve the quality of these processes. Recently, the ISO management quality standards have been used mainly, and Lean is often implemented as one of the most successful management concepts. Aim: to reveal the possibilities to optimise processes of orthopaedic services in the health care institution X in terms of employees and managers. Tasks: 1. To reveal features of planned hospitalization processes of orthopaedic services in the health care institution X; 2. To identify disadvantages of optimal functioning of planned hospitalization services in the institution X from the point of view of employees and managers; 3. To reveal the possibilities of improving services of planned hospitalization and health care process in the institution X. Methods and sample of the study: the study was carried out in March and April 2019 at the Orthopaedic traumatology units at the institution X. The research instrument was an anonymous standardized questionnaire, with a response rate of 89.47 percent. During the study it was chosen to analyze the non-random target sample for the evaluation of the processes of hospitalization. 51 respondents took part in the current study: 68.6 percent (n=35) of women and 31.4 percent (n=16) of men; 46.9 percent of doctors, 53.1 percent of nurses; 15.7 percent (n=8) of administrative staff and 84.3 percent (n=43) of clinical specialists. Results: 39.2 percent of respondents indicated that the implementation of information technologies was important for the work optimisation, 33.3 percent FOR updating of work procedures, 78.4 percent FOR upgrading of medical equipment, 72.5 percent FOR staff qualification improvement, 86.3 percent FOR salary increasy and motivation. 75 percent of managers pointed out that the implementation of information technology improves the efficiency of work, which was statistically significantly different from those employed in the medical unit (p=0.024). It was found that the lack of qualified professionals (51 percent) and medical equipment (52.9 percent) are the main obstacles for the improvement of medical services. 62.9 percent of female respondents noted that the lack of qualified professionals influenced the availability of orthopaedic services, which was statistically significantly different from men (p=0.012). 73.1 percent of nurses pointed to a shortage of skilled employees, and 78.3 percent of doctors indicated a sufficient number of qualified staff (p=0.001). According to the respondents, lack of funds (84.3 percent) was the main source of improvement in the quality of medical services. Managers stated that the lack of initiative of health system politicians and heads of the institution plays an important role for optimising quality of services compared to medical unit workers (75 percent), p=0.016. Planned hospitalization process was well rated by respondents (54.9 percent). The patient's transport process was well rated by 72.5 percent, and unsatisfactory only 9.8 percent (n=5), had no opinion 17.6 percent (n=9) of respondents. 37.5 percent of managers judged the process unsatisfactory, and medical staff 4.7 percent, p=0.01. 67.9 percent of nurses supported the establishment of a new courier unit for patient's transportation, p=0.017. The study revealed that the patient's hospitalization process is mostly prolonged by the insufficient number of medical staff (51 percent) and technical barriers (52.9 percent). 73.7 percent of nurses pointed out that late discharge of patient's from hospital is one of the reasons for prolonged hospitalization, doctors 26.3 percent, p=0.021. 87.5 percent of managers stated that medical equipment was not sufficient, and medical staff 42.2 percent, p=0.024. 65 percent of nurses indicated that the patient was insufficiently prepared, therefore the operation delayed, and doctors 35.0 percent, p=0.032. The prolonged discharge of patients from the hospital was mainly influenced by late document delivery (51.0 percent), late patient transfer to another department (39.2 percent), inadequate patient information about departure from hospital (31.4 percent). A statistically significantly more nurses than doctors indicated that late delivery of the medical documents to the patient was an important cause of late discharge, respectively, 69.3 and 34.8 percent, p=0.016. More doctors than nurses indicated that late patient transfer to another specialized department influences late patient discharge a lot, respectively 72.2 and 27.8 percent, p=0.007. Conclusions. 1. Stages of processes of planned hospitalization of the health care institution X and their peculiarities starting with arrival of patient to discharge from hospital were analysed, as well as the main obstacles of processes identified. The study revealed the following findings: insufficient number of professional workers is an obstacle to improve medical services. In order to optimise the process of a patient transportation in the orthopaedic units, a new courier unit could be established. Late discharge of patients from hospital is one of the reasons for prolonging hospitalization time in hospital. The greatest reason for a patient's delay in surgery is poor preparation of a patient. Delay of medical documentation to the patient was a more important cause for a late discharge compared to doctors. 2. The processes of implementing orthopaedic services of the institution X and their optimisation possibilities are differently perceived by medical staff and managers. Employees of the administrative division paid more attention to the implementation of information technologies in order to optimise work. They have stated that the lack of initiative of health politicians and heads of the institution is very important for improving the quality of medical services. A transportation process of patient's to an operating room was more unsatisfactory. Medical equipment was reported more often as inadequate for diagnostics, treatment, and research compared to the medical unit. The research indicated that managers (administrative staff) emphasize upgrading and purchasing of medical equipment. Medical staff though underlined qualification improvement, motivation incentive, and a lack of medical personnel. 3. It was found out that all staff should be involved in the improvement of processes, and processes of planned hospitalization of the institution X should be optimised. Questions and decisions concerning patient flow should be addressed to a social worker or unit administrator who does not require for medicine qualification, not to the medical staff. The Ministry of Health, international funds could be considered as a source to apply for finances for upgrade and purchase of medical equipment. Since the number of nurses seems to be too low search and hiring of new qualified nurses is advisable. Issuing patient's medical documentation on time ensures the process of hospital discharge. Informing patients timely about being discharged from hospital or moved to a different unit is also recommended.

Global change is a complex process encompassing environmental, climatic, social, economic, cultural and political changes. It has always affected agro-pastoral systems worldwide and compromised their sustainability resulting in tremendous changes of the pastoral systems including a decline in rangeland resources and the number of herds, sedentarism trends, diversification of livelihoods and even abandon of farming activities.Based on the hypothesis that agro-pastoralists in contrasted areas of the world face similar challenges and share same concerns but their adaptive strategies are affected by their local context which either enhances or weakens their sustainability, this research project aims at assessing the sustainability of agro-pastoral systems in Lebanon which are undergoing global forces of changes.First, the challenges affecting the sustainability of agro-pastoral systems in Lebanon have been identified through a review of the literature on pasture and land use in Lebanon. Six main challenges have been identified: i) Lack of policies and laws related to pastoralism and land tenure; ii) Urbanization and rural migration; iii) Encroachment by agriculture; iv) Deforestation and overgrazing; v) Lack of technical skills and data for range management; and vi) Climate variability.Second, the perception of change of small ruminant farmers in the West Bekaa of Lebanon has been assessed and their adaptation strategies identified. The constraints perceived by the farmers varied based on the production system they belonged to and were mainly related to pasture access and quality, market and political uncertainties, climate variability, on-farm socio-economic conditions and animal health. In the absence of government support, farmers from all systems developed short-term adaptive strategies involving more time spent on pastures, more feed supplementation and a decrease in herd size. Moreover, herd movement was limited to the pastures around the villages hence evincing the shift to sedentarism.Thirdly, the sustainability of agro-pastoral systems in the West Bekaa and Chouf was evaluated through the analysis of the value chain of the traditional cheese "kishk" typically prepared with goat milk. Kishk production has been maintained by rural women and kishk proved to be a resilient product despite the changes in wheat varieties and fluctuations in the source and quantity of milk. Small ruminant systems were found to be more resilient than wheat production systems.Fourthly, the dairy bovine systems in the West Bekaa and Chouf-Aley were identified using a system typology, in an attempt to present them as a model for intensification for some agro-pastoralists particularly in feed optimization, use of appropriate technologies, diversification of activities and market access. The dairy bovine system provided an insight for the intensification of the small ruminant sector in Lebanon for those who can afford it.At last, a comparative analysis was done between the Lebanese case-study and seven short movies filmed in contrasted areas of rangelands (Tibetan Plateau, Canadian Great Prairie, Egyptian Bedouin area, Senegalese Sahel, Uruguayan Pampa, Brazilian Serra Gaucha and French Provence). The gaps and challenges reported in the seven movies were found comparable to those identified in Lebanon specifically in regard to climate variability and the need for specific policies that regulate the use of rangelands and valorize their diversity.Agro-pastoralists in Lebanon and around the world are facing similar forces of change namely climate variability, inadequacy of rangeland policies and the uncertain future of youth. The implementation of specific rangeland policies integrating the perception of agro-pastoralists ensures the efficiency of these policies and the sustainability of traditional pastoral systems. ; Le changement global est un processus complexe englobant des changements environnementaux, climatiques, sociaux, économiques, culturels et politiques. Il a toujours affecté les systèmes agropastoraux du monde entier et compromis leur durabilité, entraînant de profonds changements tels qu'un déclin de la ressource pastorale, du nombre de troupeaux, une tendance au sédentarisme, une diversification des moyens de subsistance et même un abandon d'activités pastorales.Partant de l'hypothèse que les agro-pasteurs de régions différentes font face à des défis similaires et partagent les mêmes contraintes mais que leurs stratégies d'adaptation sont affectées par leur contexte local qui améliore ou affaiblit leur durabilité, ce projet de recherche vise à évaluer la durabilité des systèmes agro-pastoraux au Liban face au changement global.Premièrement, les défis affectant la durabilité des systèmes agro-pastoraux au Liban ont été identifiés à travers une revue de la littérature sur les pâturages et l'usage des terres. Six principaux défis ont été identifiés : i) Manque de politique spécifique au pastoralisme et au régime foncier, ii) Urbanisation et migration rurale, iii) Concurrence de l'agriculture, iv) Déforestation et surpâturage, v) Manque de compétences techniques et de données pour la gestion des parcours et vi) Variabilité climatique.Deuxièmement, la perception du changement des éleveurs de petits ruminants de la Beqaa Ouest a été évaluée et leurs stratégies d'adaptation identifiées. Les contraintes perçues par les pasteurs variaient selon le système de production auquel ils appartenaient et étaient principalement liés à l'accès et la qualité des pâturages, aux incertitudes de marché et politiques, à la variabilité climatique, aux conditions socio-économiques sur l'exploitation et à la santé animale. En l'absence de soutien gouvernemental, les agriculteurs de tous les systèmes ont mis au point des stratégies d'adaptation à court terme qui impliquent plus de temps consacré aux pâturages, davantage de fourrage et une réduction de la taille du troupeau. De plus, le mouvement des troupeaux se limitait aux pâturages autour des villages ce qui témoignait du passage au sédentarisme.Troisièmement, la durabilité des systèmes agro-pastoraux de la Beqaa Ouest et du Chouf a été évaluée à travers l'analyse de la filière du fromage traditionnel «kishk» typiquement préparé avec du lait de chèvre. La production de kishk a été maintenue par les femmes rurales et le kishk s'est révélé être un produit résilient malgré les changements dans les variétés de blé et les fluctuations dans la source et la quantité de lait. Les systèmes de petits ruminants se sont avérés plus résilients que les systèmes de production de blé.Quatrièmement, l'analyse de systèmes de bovins laitiers dans la zone d'étude a pour but de scénariser l'intensification possible pour quelques agro-pasteurs, notamment l'optimisation de l'alimentation, l'utilisation de technologies appropriées, la diversification et accès au marché.Enfin, une analyse comparative a été réalisée entre l'étude de cas libanaise et sept courts métrages filmés dans des zones de parcours contrastées (plateau tibétain, grande prairie canadienne, région bédouine égyptienne, Sahel sénégalais, pampa uruguayenne, Serra Gaucha brésilienne et Provence française). Les propos et contraintes signalées dans les sept films ont été confrontés à ceux du Liban en particulier la variabilité du climat et la nécessité de politiques spécifiques régulant l'utilisation des parcours et valorisant leur diversité.Les agro-pasteurs du monde entier sont confrontés à des forces similaires de changement comme la variabilité climatique, l'inadéquation des politiques et l'avenir incertain de la jeunesse. La mise en oeuvre de politiques pastorales spécifiques intégrant la perception des agro-pasteurs assure l'efficacité de ces politiques et la durabilité de ces systèmes.

This report summarises the main debates and major developments concerning migration and asylum in Luxembourg in 2018. 2018 was marked by the parliamentary elections in October 2018, which led to the renewal of the former Government coalition. The coalition agreement provides for a number of changes related to migration policies in Luxembourg. Luxembourg remains a country with significant immigration. The population growth is largely a result of migratory movements. Family and economic migration remains at a high level. The inflow of certain nationalities is stagnating or decreasing, whileothers are progressing. This is above all the result of two phenomena: firstly, a slowdown of overall migratory flows to the country and, secondly, high rates of naturalisation. The number of residence permits issued for economic reasons increased by more than 23% year-on-year compared to 2017, continuing the clear upward trend observed in recent years. This overall increase is due in particular to the larger numbers of residence permits issued to the "salaried worker", "European Blue Card" and "intra-corporate transferee" categories. The Law of 1st August 2018 introduced significant changes in the admission policy for international students and researchers in Luxembourg. This law transposes Directive 2016/801/EU, which allows students and researchers to stay for nine months after successfully completing their master's or doctoral studies in order to find a job or start a business. The Government elected in the parliamentary elections of October 2018 intends to organise legal immigration taking into account the needs of the economy. The 2018 political agenda also saw a large debate regarding Luxembourg signing the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM). This debate, both in Luxembourg and internationally, gave rise to suspicious and negative reactions, particularly in nationalist circles in some European countries. However, there was broad support for the GCM in Luxembourg with most of the political class (6 of the 7 political parties represented in the Chamber of Deputies) defending the GCM alongside the Government The number of people seeking international protection remained high but relatively stable in 2018 compared to the previous two years. The refugee recognition rate has continued to increase. Many beneficiaries of international protection (BIPs) remain in applicants for international protection (AIP) homes as they have difficulty finding housing in the private market or social housing. This in turn increases the pressure on accommodation facilities and it is one of the priorities of the national authorities, as reflected by the coalition agreement. Reception and accommodation conditions for AIPs and BIPs have sparked a number of debates and reflections within civil society. They were discussed in most political party manifestos for the 2018 parliamentary elections. It should be noted that the new multiannual National Action Plan on Integration (Integration NAP) has these as central themes, the reception and management of AIPs is one of the two main areas of action. A major institutional development is the extension, following the 2018 legislative elections, of the powers of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs to include the "Reception of applicants for international protection" portfolio. Previous this belonged to the Ministry for Family and Integration. Finally, at the European level the new Government confirmed its commitment to the Common European Asylum System, which emphasises European solidarity. Unaccompanied minors were another area of concern in 2018. A Bill was published, which aims to establish a multidisciplinary team to assess the best interests of the child in the context of a return procedure. In addition, there was a widely publicised debate around the practice of age assessment. The new Government has indicated that it intends to focus on unaccompanied minor AIPs, particularly in terms of improving care for these young people. In the area of integration, the Integration NAP was drafted. This document is the result of a wide consultation process with the different stakeholders involved in the reception and integration of non-Luxembourg nationals. The Integration NAP provides a general, strategic and sustainable framework to firstly develop programmes and tools to promote the integration of all non-Luxembourgers residents in the country, and secondly, to promtoe social cohesion between Luxembourgers and non-Luxembourgers. The Law of 8 March 2017 on Luxembourg nationality has had consequences for the number of individuals gaining citizenship. The impact of this law explains the stagnation, or even slight decline in the foreign population in Luxembourg and, in particular, of certain specific nationalities, as well as the increased electorate in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg since the law was introduced. Two advisory bodies representing the interests of foreign residents in Luxembourg are in operation: at the national level, the National Council for Foreigners (CNE), and, at the municipal level, Advisory Committees on Integration (CCCI) were renewed following the 2017 municipal elections. The new Government has stated that it intends to further increase the powers of these two bodies. Moreover, it intends to decentralise its Welcome and Integration Contracts (CAI), and to support the municipalities in their local integration work. The education system continues to face major challenges resulting from the heterogeneity of the school population. The second National Report on Education noted inequalities in the educational system caused by social origin and the migratory context of pupils. In order to cope with this situation, the authorities have focused on several measures such as expansion of the number of international and European schools; the development of specific classes for young migrants; the establishment of a mediator service for support, inclusion and school integration; and the introduction of the plurilingual education programme at nursery level. Knowledge of Luxembourgish as an integration factor was another concern throughout the year. The Law of 20 July 2018 presents a number of measures to promote the Luxembourgish language. The objectives of the Luxembourgish language policy, which aim to reinforce the importance of Luxembourgish, are to support the use and study of Luxembourgish, encourage the learning of the Luxembourgish language and culture, and promote culture in the Luxembourgish language. Several bodies have been set up to implement this action plan. The language question was ubiquitous during the election campaign. Most political parties emphasised the importance of the Luxembourgish language as an integration factor in their manifestos, while highlighting the advantage of multilingualism. Finally, there are some changes to note in the return policy of Luxembourg. There were two proposals to amend the Immigration Law: one, which authorises the police to enter residential premises to enforce removal orders in the case of forced return; and a second one, which provides for systematic oversight by the courts of prolonged detention beyond the 4-month period. The new Government has stated that it is committed to improving the current detention system through the creation of a specific detention structure for women, families and vulnerable persons.

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :행정대학원 행정학과(정책학전공),2019. 8. 금현섭. ; 여성의 경제활동 참여와 맞벌이 가구가 증가하면서 육아기 자녀를 둔 부모는 근로권과 부모권의 양립이라는 과제를 안고 있다. 정부는 두 권리의 양립사이에서 발생하는 문제를 해결하고 궁극적으로 여성의 경력단절, 저출산 등의 사회적 문제를 극복하고자 다양한 일ㆍ가정양립제도를 시행하고 있다. 공직사회에서도 여성공무원과 맞벌이 공무원이 증가하면서 일하며 자녀를 양육할 수 있는 환경 조성의 필요성이 커지고 있다. 이에 정부는 그동안 시행해 온 출산휴가, 육아휴직, 유연근무제 등의 일ㆍ가정양립제도 외에 근로시간을 단축할 수 있는 육아시간제를 새로 시행하게 되었다. 육아시간제는 만 5세 이하 자녀를 둔 공무원이 최대 24개월 동안 급여의 삭감 없이 하루 최대 2시간 이내에서 단축근무를 할 수 있는 제도로, 시행된 지 채 1년이 되지 않았기에 제도 정착까지는 일정한 시간과 노력이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 육아시간제 사용에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 육아시간제의 원활한 사용을 위한 정책적 대안을 제시하였다. 육아시간제 사용에 미치는 영향요인을 분석하기 위해 중앙부처 공무원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 수집된 자료는 STATA를 통해 분석하였다. 또한 설문을 보완하고 개인의 사례 및 제도 사용경험과 현장의 상황을 풍부히 이해하고자 인터뷰도 실시하였다. 분석결과, 업무적 요인인 업무의 상호의존성과 즉흥성은 육아시간제 사용경험에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 조직적 요인의 경우 과업지향적 문화와 비우호적 분위기의 세부지표 중 조직 내 제도 사용자가 드묾만 육아시간제 사용에 유의한 영향을 미치고, 비우호적 분위기의 세부지표 중 상사ㆍ동료의 눈치, 인사상 불이익, 동료에의 미안함은 유의하지 않았다. 제도적 요인의 경우 제도의 규정과 절차의 정비 지표 중 초과근무의 불인정만 유의한 영향을 미쳤고, 재량규정과 산정방식의 불합리함은 유의하지 않았다. 한편 질적연구에서는 각각의 요인들 모두 육아시간제 사용을 결정하는데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 종합해보면 제도 대상자들이 육아시간제 사용에 있어 업무적, 조직적, 제도적 요인의 영향을 모두 인식하고 있으나, 제도의 사용을 결정함에 있어서는 조직적ㆍ제도적 측면의 장애를 제일 심각하게 받아들이고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 육아시간제 사용을 활성화하기 위한 몇 가지 방안을 제시하였다. 첫째, 육아시간제에 대한 안내와 조직 내 가정친화적 분위기를 조성해야 하고, 둘째, 육아시간제 사용자 확대를 위해 강제적 제도 사용을 위한 인사평가 등의 제도를 개선해야 하며, 셋째, 단축된 근무시간에 맞는 업무량이 주어져야 하고, 마지막으로 현실과 어긋나는 제도 규정을 개선해야 한다. 이를 통해 육아시간제가 잘 정착하여 많은 육아기 공무원의 부모권과 근로권이 조화롭게 보장받기를 바란다. ; With the participation of women in economic activities and the rise of double-income households, child-rearing parents are facing the task of the compatibility of working rights and parental rights. The government has implemented a variety of work-family compatibility systems to solve problems arising between the two rights and ultimately to overcome social problems such as female career discontinuation and low birth rates. In officialdom, the need to create an environment, where female and dual-income civil servants can work and foster children, has grown. In response, the government has introduced a new childcare time system that can shorten working hours in addition to work-family compatibility systems of maternity leave, paternity leave and flexible work system that has been implemented so far. The childcare time system is a system that has been in place for less than a year, and it requires a certain amount of time and effort to settle the system. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the factors affecting the use of childcare time system and based on this analyze the paper also aims to propose an alternative policy for the smooth use of childcare time system. In order to analyze the factors that have influence on the usage behavior of the childcare system, the central government employees are surveyed and the collected data are analyzed through STATA. Interviews are also conducted to supply the survey and to provide a good understanding of the interviewee`s case and experience. The analysis shows that task`s interdependence and spontaneity, which are work-related factors, do not significantly affect the experience of using childcare time. In the case of organizational factors, among indicators of task-oriented culture and unfriendly atmosphere, unusual institutional users in the organization has significant influence on the use of childcare time system, and among the indicators of unfriendly mood, the look of supervisors and coworkers, personnel disadvantage, and their sorriness to coworkers are not significant. In the case of institutional factors, only the disapproval of overtime has a significant effect on the maintenance indicators of the system's regulation and procedures, and discretionary regulation and the absurdity of calculation methods was is not significant. Qualitative studies have shown that each factor has an effect on determining the behavior of childcare time system use. Overall, people are aware of the effects of work-related factors or organizational and institutional factors in the use of childcare time system, but they take organizational and institutional obstacles the most seriously in determining the use of the system. Based on the results of this study, several measures have been proposed to promote the use of childcare time system. Firstly, guidance on the childcare time system and the family-friendly atmosphere within the organization should be fostered. Secondly, the system should be improved to expand the use of the childcare system by connecting and evaluating the usage, Thirdly, the workload should be given according to the shortened working hours and finally, the system regulations that go against reality should be improved. It is hoped that the childcare time system will be well established and that many civil servants' parenting and working rights will be guaranteed during the childcare period. ; 제 1 장 서론 1 제 1 절 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 제 2 장 이론적 논의 및 선행연구 검토 4 제 1 절 일·가정양립의 개념 및 제도현황 4 1. 일·가정양립의 개념 4 2. 일·가정양립제도 현황 5 제 2 절 육아휴직, 유연근무제, 육아시간제 간의 관계 14 제 3 절 일·가정양립제도 사용에 미치는 영향요인 18 1. 개인적 요인 21 2. 업무적 요인 22 3. 조직적 요인 23 4. 제도적 요인 24 제 3 장 연구설계 26 제 1 절 연구문제 및 연구가설 26 1. 연구문제 26 2. 연구가설 26 제 2 절 연구모형 29 1. 연구의 개념적 분석틀 29 2. 변수설정 30 제 3 절 자료수집 및 분석 34 1. 양적연구 34 2. 질적연구 35 제 4 장 연구결과 38 제 1 절 기술통계분석 38 1. 종속변수 38 2. 독립변수 39 3. 통제변수 42 제 2 절 변수에 따른 종속변수의 차이 분석 44 1. 업무적 요인 44 2. 조직적 요인 45 3. 제도적 요인 47 4. 인구통계학적 요인 및 개인적 요인 48 제 3 절 육아시간제 사용경험에 따른 인식차이 분석 50 제 4 절 변수들 간의 상관관계 분석 53 제 5 절 회귀분석 및 가설검증 55 1. 업무적 요인 55 2. 조직적 요인 57 3. 제도적 요인 62 4. 종합 해석 65 제 5 장 결론 69 제 1 절 연구결과 요약 69 제 2 절 정책적 시사점 71 제 3 절 연구의 의의와 한계 73 참고문헌 75 설문지 80 인터뷰 질문지 87 Abstract 88 ; Master

Das Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist die Analyse der Motive der Mutterschaft und der Emanzipation in den Romanen "Lagerfeuer" und "Die Mittagsfrau" der deutschen Schriftstellerin Julia Franck, die 1970 in Ost-Berlin geboren wurde. Der Hauptcharakter des Romans "Lagerfeuer" ist Nelly Senf, eine junge Mutter zweier Kinder, die wegen des Selbstmordes ihres Geliebten und Vaters ihrer beiden Kinder trauert und in den Westen Deutschlands zieht. Neben ihrer Verzweiflung und Schmerzen, die sie während der Flucht erleidet und der schweren Situation zwischen ihr und ihren Kindern, wird im Roman durch die Figur der Nelly Senf auch das Motiv der Mutterschaft und Emanzipation behandelt. Im zweiten Roman "Die Mitagsfrau" gibt es zwei Mütter mit verschiedenen Charakteren und Eigenschaften. Im Verlauf des Romans wird anhand dieser beiden Figuren gezeigt, wie sich eine Mutter nicht verhalten sollte und wie sich eine Frau im Verlauf der Zeit und in im tristen Alltag zurechtfindet. Der Roman "Die Mittagsfrau" handelt von der unglücklichen Lebenssituation der Helene Würsich und ihrer Mutter, Alice Sehmisch, von ihrer Geburt in Bautzen im Jahr 1907 bis zu dem Zeitpunkt, als sie ihren siebenjährigen Sohn Peter 1945 auf einer Bahnhofsbank auf dem Weg nach Berlin verlässt, weil sie verhindern möchte, dass ihr Sohn nicht bei einer emotional kalten Mutter lebt, wie sie es selbst musste. Helene bemüht sich, ihrem Kind das Bestmögliche zu bieten. Den Hauptteil der Zeit widmet sie ihrer Karriere, um das gemeinsame Leben mit ihrem Sohn zu verbessern. Julia Franck beschreibt die Traumata aus Helenes Kindheit als emotionale Entfremdung, die Helenes junges Leben von Anfang an bestimmten. Helene verwandelt sich in eine apathische Mutter, die am Ende ihr eigenes Kind verlässt, um sich nicht selbst zu verlieren. Im Roman "Lagerfeuer" ist der Hauptcharakter Nelly Senf, eine junge Mutter zweier Kinder. Sie ist eine gebildete Frau, die ihre Lebensziele genau kennt. Nelly beweist, wie eine Frau gleichzeitig eine Ausbildung machen kann und eine gute Mutter sein kann, die sich um ihre Familie kümmert. Nelly Senf hat zwei Kinder, Katja und Aleksej. Beide Kinder wechseln in eine andere soziale Umgebung, verändern ihre Gewohnheiten und die Schule. In einigen Abschnitten des Romans liest man, wie Nelly eine verständnisvolle und liebevolle Mutter ist, während andere Stellen ihren emotional kalten Standpunkt beschreiben, der nicht zu einer Mutter passt. Anhand der Analyse beider Werke kommt man zum Schluss, dass die Mutterschaft und Emanzipation aus der Sicht dieser drei Mütter und Frauen, verschieden ausgelegt, verstanden und gelebt werden kann. Alle drei Mütter haben verstanden, dass die Mutterschaft eine Herausforderung ist, allerdings sind sie sich nicht alle darüber bewusst, dass sie auch eines der schönsten Dinge im Leben ist. Alle drei sind nicht stark genug, um diese Herausforderung richtig anzunehmen, zusätzlich hinterlassen das falsche Verhalten und die schlechte Erziehung, die sie selbst durchlebten, auch negative Folgen bei ihren eigenen Kindern. Aufgrund des großen Drucks der damaligen politischen Situation, der Zeit einer ausgeprägt politischen Ideologie, des Nationalsozialismus, geben sich einige von ihnen selbst auf. Am Beispiel der Nelly Senf sieht man, dass man trotz dieser schwierigen Zeiten seine Wünsche mit seinem Leben in Einklang bringen kann, wenn man nur einen ausreichend starken Charakter hat. Was das Motiv der Emanzipation betrifft, stellt dieser Begriff für Helene und Nelly ein Imperativ dar, während Selma sich immer mehr in sich selbst zurückzieht. Die Emanzipation bietet den Weg in eine bessere Zukunft, während andere sich mit ihrem Schicksal, wie immer es auch ausfällt, abfinden. ; Tema ovog diplomskog rada je analiza motiva majčinstva i emancipacije u romanima "Lagerfeuer" (2003; "Zapad") i "Die Mittagsfrau" (2007; "Poludnica") njemačke književnice Julije Franck, rođene 1970. godine u istočnom Berlinu. Središnja figura romana "Lagerfeuer" je mlada majka dvoje djece, Nelly Senf, koja dok prelazi na zapad žali zbog samoubojstva svog ljubavnika, oca svoje djece. U romanu se kroz lik Nelly Senf ističe motiv majčinstva i emancipacije. Roman "Die Mittagsfrau" prikazuje dvije majke različitih osobina i karaktera. Prikaz ženskih likova omogućuje uvid u majčinstvo kakvo ne bi trebalo biti i uvid u bitku koju žena vodi s vremenom i neprilikama koje joj život nosi. Roman "Die Mittagsfrau" nesretna je životna priča Helene Würsich i njene majke. Radnja prati razvoj događaja od njenog rođenja 1907. godine do trenutka kad 1945. godine napušta sedmogodišnjeg sina Petra na kolodvorskoj klupi na putu za Berlin. Julia Franck pokazuje kako je emocionalna otuđenost od početka odredila čitav život ove mlade žene. Djetinjstvo lišeno emocija Helene pretvara u apatičnu majku, u majku koja na kraju napusti svoje dijete kako ne bi izgubila sebe zauvijek. U romanu "Lagerfeuer" glavni je lik majka dvoje djece, Nelly Senf, obrazovana žena koja jasno zna svoje ciljeve. Nelly pokazuje kako žena i majka dvoje djece može postići svoje obrazovne ciljeve, a ujedno brinuti i o obitelji. Analizom djela dolazimo do zaključka da životna priča jedne žene i uloga kao majke ne sliči drugoj. Kada govorimo o motivu emancipacije, taj je pojam za Helene i Nelly imperativ, dok ga Selma zatomljuje duboko u sebi. Emancipacija jednoj znači put prema boljoj budućnosti, dok se druga miri s postojećom sudbinom. ; The theme of this thesis is the analysis of the motifs of motherhood and emancipation in the novels "Lagerfeuer" (2003; "West") and "Die Mittagsfrau" (2007; "The Blind Side of the Heart") by the German writer Julia Franck, born in 1970 in East Berlin. The central figure of the novel "Lagerfeuer" is the young mother of two, Nelly Senf, who laments the suicide of her lover and father of her children, as she travels to the West. With all the suffering and pain that she describes as she moves to the West and the troublesome situations Nelly and her children experience, the novel emphasizes the motif of motherhood and emancipation through her character. In the second novel, "Die Mittagsfrau", there are two mothers, of different traits and characters, who throughout the novel show what motherhood should not be and how one woman copes with time and difficulties her life carries. The novel "Die Mittagsfrau" is an unhappy life story of Helen Würsich and her mother, Alice Sehmisch, from her birth in Bautzen in 1907 until she left her seven-yearold son Peter in 1945 on the train station on his way to Berlin. With the desire that her child does not grow up as she did, with an emotionally cold mother, Helen strives to provide the best she can. She devotes most of her time to education and building a career that will make her life easier. Nevertheless, childhood traumas mark her. Julia Franck shows how emotional alienation has defined this young woman's life from the beginning. Helen's emotionless childhood turns her into an apathetic mother, who eventually abandons her child in order to save herself. In the novel "Lagerfeuer", the main character is the mother of two children Nelly Senf, an educated woman who clearly knows her goals. Nelly shows that it is possible for a woman, a mother with two children, to achieve the level of education she craves for and to care for her family. Both of her children, Katya and Alexey, are changing their living environment and habits, as well as their school. Their mother, in this difficult part of their lives, must comfort and support them. In some parts of the novel, Nelly's mother figure is full of understanding and love, and in others she shows a cool emotional attitude which is not fit for her role. Analysing the novels, motherhood and emancipation can be understood differently from the perspective of three mothers and women. All three mothers are aware that motherhood is hard work, but they are not aware that it is also the most beautiful job in the world. Likewise, not all of them are strong enough to do the job properly and to see that bad behaviour and poor upbringing have an effect on their children. Due to great pressure and the political situation of the time, great political ideologies and National Socialism, some of them give up. The example of Nelly Senf shows how everything can be done when desire and will are aligned. When it comes to the motif of emancipation, Selma obscures it deep within, while for Helen and Nelly this is an imperative. Emancipation marks the path for a better future for one mother, while the other reconciles with destiny as it is.

The loss of an intimate partner in the second half of life is a major challenge and a critical life event. Even if, for most individuals, a critical life event is stressful and psychologically and socially destabilizing, the ways of coping with it and the long-term outcomes (ranging from increased vulnerability to stabilization and growth) are very different. Whether or not this critical life event turns out to be a chronic stressor depends on the individual's personal and social resources. Based on recent research, we propose a complementary and extended view of the crisis and chronic stress models of adjustment to critical life events (Amato, 2000) Lorenz et al., 2006). In fact, turning point experiences bear the potential for new chances, the awakening of a person's potential, overcoming the crisis and contributing to personal growth. For others, however, the same turning point is not only a crisis, but can also mean the onset of chronic disadvantage and stress with the threat of loss of control and increased physical, psychological and social vulnerability. What we also know from life-span and differential psychology is that there is a considerable continuity in psychological well-being over the life-span, independent of adversities and losses (Perrig-Chiello, Jäggi, Buschkühl, Stähelin, & Perrig, 2009).
Based on these insights, the rationale of our project is a transactional model of personality, which claims that individuals try to cope with negative life events (turning points) by activating their available personal and external resources. This view postulates that individuals – based on their biographical experience (e.g., attachment style, past experiences with silent and age-normed transitions, quality of relationship with partner/spouse) and on their actual physical, psychological (e.g., personality; control beliefs; self-esteem; and personal, familial and cultural values) and social resources (e.g., having children, relatives, friends to rely upon) – develop strategies, which allow them to adapt their life perspectives in order to bring continuity in their lives and assure their well-being. We therefore expect that there is a considerable biographical continuity in the way individuals cope with critical life events, and that the loss of an intimate partner is solved in very similar ways. We conceptualize these strategies as adaptive mental mechanisms (such as control beliefs). Based on an integrated bottom-up/top-down conception of subjective well-being (Schimmak, 2007), we expect that the impact of both top-down (dispositional variables, personality) and bottom-up variables (life conditions, financial satisfaction) are essential for the explanation of the outcome variables. However, we anticipate that top-down processes contribute substantial amounts of variance to well-being measures compared to bottom-up effects, which are expected to be less important. Based on subjective well-being research, we hypothesize that the process of coping with loss involves several phases.
First, the period during which the loss occurs (i.e., the first year of loss) is a time of destabilization (periphase). This is followed by a phase of active adaptation to the new situation (second and third years after the loss, past-phase). Finally, a phase of stabilization and return to the habitual baseline level can be expected.
Building upon this theoretical framework and considering the different research gaps outlined above, this project will focus on the following areas:
a) The incidence of bereavement, separation and divorce (cause, point in time) in a representative sample belonging to two age groups (middle and old age). These groups will represent both the German and French-speaking parts of Switzerland.
b) The reasons and circumstances of bereavement, separation and divorce, i.e., the quality of the relationship, marital and sexual satisfaction, agency (initiator or reactor), perceived level of anticipation and control (mastery).
c) The determinants that lead either to (increased) vulnerability or growth after experiencing the loss of an intimate partner. This analysis will take into account the following individual resources: psychological resources (personality; coping style; character strength; personal, familial, cultural and spiritual values; control beliefs; early childhood experiences/attachment; experience of silent and age-normed transitions), social resources (having children, partner, parents, friends), and financial resources and SES.
d) The short-term and long-term outcomes and the process of coping with this critical life event: psychological well-being (mastery, life satisfaction, sense of life), physical well-being (subjective health, health complaints, medication intake), social well-being (emotional and social loneliness, quality of contacts) and financial well-being in the different phases of coping. We will examine the first year of loss (phase of destabilization, peri-phase), the phase of adaptation (2-3 years after loss) and the post-phase or phase of stabilization (3-5 years after loss).


More specially, tthe scientific goals are:
- To initiate a prospective study, where men and women recently divorced and widowed after a long-term marriage are compared to long-term married persons (controls) (data collection 1st wave 2012; second wave 2014, third wave 2016).
- To investigate the reasons and circumstances of bereavement, separation and divorce, i.e., the quality of the relationship, marital and sexual satisfaction, agency (initiator or reactor), perceived level of anticipation and control.
- To analyse the determinants that lead either to vulnerability or growth after experiencing the break-up of marriage or partnership. These analyses will take into account the following individual resources: past critical life events and life trajectories (using a life calendar); psychological resources (personality; coping style; character strength; personal, familial, cultural and spiritual values; control beliefs; early childhood experiences/attachment; experience of silent and age-normed transitions), social resources (children, partner, parents, friends), financial resources and SES.
- To examine the process of psychosocial adaptation to the critical life event and the short-term and long-term outcomes: psychological well-being, physical well-being (subjective health, health complaints, and medication intake), social well-being (emotional and social loneliness, quality of contacts) and financial well-being in the different phases of coping. We will examine the first phase of loss (phase of destabilization, i.e. first two years), the phase of adaptation (2-5 years after loss) and the phase of stabilization (5> years after loss).
The middle and long-term scientific goals of the study are (2013/2014 and beyond):
- Dissemination of research findings (publication in national and international journals, presentation at national and international conferences), and practice (publications, presentations, training, teaching).


Research aimes Phase II (2015 - 2018):

- Continuation of survey (3rd wave 2016):
a) to track the trajectories of psychological adaptation to spousal loss and marital breakup after a long-term relationship;
b) to explore continuities and change in marital satisfaction in long-term married.
- Intervention for vulnerable individuals (complicated grief after separation, divorce, widowhood) recruited from the 2nd wave 2014 (and additinal recruitement).
- Exploration of identity processes and social groups as resources for overcoming psychological vulnerability (especially due to loneliness) in older age.

Product Name: Flat Belly Fix Author Name: Todd Lamb Bonus: Yes Official Website: CLICK HERE Flat Belly Fix is a unique online system that's designed to help you shed several pounds of unwanted belly fat in as little as 21 days… Without starving yourself or doing hours of intense cardio. And I know, you've heard it all before and may have even tried other online fitness programs, only to not see the results you were promised. I've been there. However, there's something different about the Flat Belly Fix that I think will change your mind about online fitness systems and the incredible weight loss results you can achieve from them. I know it changed mine. So, if you're wanting to discover ways to achieve sustainable weight loss and without forking over a ton of cash on equipment, working out in a sweaty gym with strangers and without eating nothing but lettuce, then keep reading. About the Flat Belly Fix Program Just when you think you've heard of them all, you discover the Flat Belly Fix. Let me start off by saying that this online fitness program isn't like anything you've seen before. For one, it isn't just about fitness. Yes, Flat Belly Fix is highly focused on military-style, muscle building, fat burning workouts but it also incorporates nutrition into their system which is definitely worth mentioning, since achieving sustainable weight loss is just as much about what you put in your body as it is what you do with your body. I'll get into the nutritional side of this unique system in just a moment. First, let's get into the details of the entire program. You receive three different manuals when you purchase the program, which are: The 21 Day System7-Minute Flat Belly ProtocolSmoothie Recipe Guide These 3 different guides provide you with all the knowledge you need to not only achieve weight loss with the program but also, to keep the weight loss off moving forward. You're also provided with detailed instructions on the specific exercises to do, all which come with photo instructions, as well as written instructions and the days to execute each. And then, of course, it's time for a hefty dose of deliciousness that comes in the form of smoothies. The 21 Day System also provides you with a lot of information about nutrition and even has detailed meal plan instructions on what to eat and when. So, there's a nice combination of both fitness and nutrition provided. Now, the really interesting thing is that the smoothie recipes coincide with everything you learn about weight loss and nutrition. So, not only are you provided with all the information you need to succeed but you're also provided with an action plan for both your fitness and diet. It's also worth mentioning that since the entire program is online, you have the freedom to do it whenever and wherever you are. You simply download the content onto your desktop, laptop, smartphone or tablet, and access it when you're ready to do some reading, workout or mix together a delicious smoothie. I really liked this because there are many times when I'm working out in a hotel or in my basement or in my backyard and then heading to the kitchen to make something to snack on. So, being able to take this program with you wherever life takes you is definitely a huge benefit. It also makes it easier to stick to the regime. Additionally, Flat Belly Fix comes with a 60 Day Money Back Guarantee. So, if you decide that working out isn't for you and that you'd rather sit around waiting for stubborn belly fat to simply disappear with next to no effort than you can opt for a refund. But let's be honest here, we all know that weight loss doesn't come without some effort. About the Author Behind Flat Belly Fix This unique system was created by Todd Lamb, who has a long list of certifications. He's a veteran police officer of 17 years, a retired SWAT team leader, a SWAT and Canine dog handler, has military experience and the list goes on. Now, you may be wondering what this has to do with fitness. Well, everything Todd has done in the past has a lot to do with keeping in shape and being strong. Police officers, SWAT members, dog handlers, and military members all have an intense fitness regime they must follow. So, what he has learned from his previous careers ultimately shaped his current endeavor, all of which can be found in this program. Brief Summary of the Flat Belly Fix Program Now it's time to dive into the good stuff – the details. Here you'll find a breakdown of the different sections of this program. The 21 Day System The 21 Day System is "the main" portion of the program. This is where you'll find absolutely everything there is to know about this unique approach to eliminating belly fat, from nutrition to human anatomy, eating schedules, proportions, insulin, triglycerides and much more. There's even a chapter that breaks down the different benefits for men and women, which I thought was really great because let's be honest, we aren't the same and we certainly don't lose weight the same either. Knowledge is power, and this section of the system definitely provides you with just that. The 7-Minute Flat Belly Protocol The 7-Minute Flat Belly Protocol is where you'll find all of the exercises needed to put your newfound information into action. Each movement is broken down into pictures and detailed instructions on how to execute the movement, for how many reps, how long to rest in between sets and much more. Smoothie Recipe Guide Just as the name reads, this is where you'll find all of the recipes needed to drink the knowledge you learned in the first section of the program. And don't be fooled – these smoothies aren't gross either. You just can't go wrong with chocolate and avocado, banana nut, chocolate almond smoothies or any of the other delicious recipes provided. Conclusion The Flat Belly Fix program is really easy to follow. It gets straight to the point, eliminates all of the nonsense no one actually wants to learn about and gets you working towards better eating and more effective exercise. The only downside is that the meal timings and composition was a little different to follow, and I would have loved to see all of the quality information laid out in an easy-to-read table. The good news is that you do have it; it's just not laid out as pretty as I had hoped. From your fitness to your nutrition and everything in between, The Flat Belly Fix sets you up on a path towards finally getting rid of that stubborn belly fat. The workouts are intense and will push your muscles to the limits, and the smoothie recipes will make you want to eat smoothies for the rest of your life, and when combined, you're in for one hell of a fat burning regime. Purchase the program today and receive access to it right now. Official Website: CLICK HERE

In this presentation, I will address the possibility of an imminent mass extinction of all living beings from planet Earth, and the implications of such a catastrophic event for games studies. The Anthropocene, a term popularized by the end of the 20th century to refer to the geological impact of human beings on planet Earth, assumes a temporal development, a 'before' and 'after' the appearance of humankind. The 'after' period, known as the Post-Anthropocene, is repeatedly claimed by scientists to be approaching within the next few decades, as over-consumption is destroying vital resources of the planet. Allegedly, the sixth mass extinction in the history of our planet is already unfolding, and might determine the disappearance of life from Earth and, as far as we know, from the Universe and beyond (Zylinska 2014; Wark 2015; Haraway 2016; Thacker 2010). Video games have been responding to the arrival of the Post-Anthropocene. In recent years, an increasing number of games appear to capture the fascination and creepiness of a world with no humans. This impending future is not just imagined in fictional settings (e.g. The Legenda of Zelda: Majora's Mask, Nintendo, 2000; Horizon: Zero Dawn, Guerrilla Games, 2017), but within game design. In the last decade an increasing number of video games requiring limited human intervention has been released. Idle games such as Cookie Clicker (Julien Thiennot, 2013) and AdVenture Capitalist (Hyper Hippo Productions, 2014) require an initial input from the player to start, and then keep playing themselves in the background operations of a laptop or smartphone. Virtual environments can be entirely designed by algorithms, as experimented by Hello Games for No Man's Sky (2016). Artificial Intelligence is also used to play games. Screeps, a massive-multiplayer online game, requires players to program an AI that will play the game in their place, and which will 'live within the game even while you are offline' (Screeps Team, 2014). Ghost cars in racing games replace the human actor with a representation of their performance. The same concept is further explored by the Drivatar of the Forza Motorsport series (Microsoft Studios, 2005-2017), which simulates the driving style of the player and competes online against other AI-controlled cars (Bittanti 2015). These are only some of the example that suggest that human beings are becoming peripheral in the act of playing games. The video installation Emissaries, at MoMA PS1, by Ian Cheng (2017), and Twitch streaming of computer-controlled avatars in Grand Theft Auto by Ben Watanabe (San Andreas Deer Cam, 2016; San Andreas Community Cam, 2017) are further investigations in how games could play themselves even after the disappearance of human beings. Drawing on Sonia Fizek's analysis of the concept of interpassivity in digital games (via the work of Robert Pfaller and Slavoj Zizek), and on studies on gamification and self-tracking, I argue that Non-Human Gaming is not necessarily an exception to oppose to 'standard' video games, or a (con)temporary trend (Fizek 2018; Ruffino 2016). The non-human has always been haunting the medium, and studies on interactivity, agency, and player's skills and competences have been providing, so far, a comforting perspective that places the human at the center, or at an equal hierarchical importance than the machine (Giddings 2005; Björk and Juul 2012). Alexander Galloway imagined how machines could take the lead in the process of enacting a video game, creating 'ambience acts' where the game plays itself with no need for the human being to be present (Galloway 2006). Galloway was concerned with the allegories that computer games provide, and the ways in which games mimic the social reality in which we live in. Since 2006, fears of economic, political, social, and geological crises at global level have been prominent. Non-Human gaming can be interpreted as a response to those fears, and put in relation to the rise of self-driving cars, algorithmic trade exchange, and remote warfare, which similarly operate by replacing human beings. In fact, Non-Human Gaming is an adequate response to the disappearance of life from Earth – as it has been imagined, feared, and prophesized by scientists in recent years, and even more insistently since the time of Galloway's contribution. In this talk I will attempt to map the broad category of Non-Human gaming. Roger Caillois, in his early work on mimicry and mythology, was already describing how living beings develop forms of dispersal and waste of energy that cannot be explained through a rationalistic view on evolution and preservation, and which bring the organism closer to its own disappearance and assimilation in the surrounding environment, but are nonetheless defining characteristics of life (Caillois 1934; 1935). My concern is to highlight the weirdness and creepiness, the irony and spoofs, the paradoxes and contradictions of video games made by no one and/or for no one. As Haraway's vision of the cyborg did with cybernetics, Non-Human gaming confuses and complicates the ontologies of digital texts, and could be used to shed light on the situatedness, temporality, and partiality of our knowledge, of both humans and games (Haraway 1991; Kember 2018). Life might be disappearing from Earth at some point, but we are not there yet. We are in-between birth and death, the beginning and the end, and we have always been. Non-Human gaming helps us articulating this space and time in-between, and has the potential to re-route gaming (and game studies) from false myths of agency, interactivity, and instrumentalism (the 'games for' health, education, self-improvement, and so on). Non-human games are companions for earthly survival. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bittanti, M. (2015) Orizzonti di Forza: Fenomenologia della Guida Videoludica, Edizioni Unicopli Björk, S. and Juul, J. (2012) 'Zero-Player Games, or: What We Talk About When We Talk About Players', presented at the Philosophy of Computer Games Conference, Madrid 2012 Caillois, R. (1934) [2014] 'The Praying Mantis: from Biology to Psychoanalysis', in The Edge of Surrealism: A Roger Caillois Reader, Durkham: Duke University Press Caillois, R. (1935) [1984] 'Mimicry and Legendary Psychastenia', in October (31), Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press Fizek, S. (2018) 'Interpassivity and the Joy of Delegated Play'. ToDiGRA Journal (to be published). Galloway, A. (2006) Gaming: Essays on Algorithmic Culture. Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota Press. Giddings, S. (2005) Playing with non-humans: digital games as technocultural form. In: Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views - Worlds in Play, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 16-20 June 2005. Haraway, D. J. (1991) Simians, Cyborgs and Women. The Reinvention of Nature. London: Free Association Books. Haraway, D. J. (2016) Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene, Duke University Press Kember, S. (2017) 'After the Anthropocene: the photographic for earthly survival?' in Digital Creativity, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 348-353 Ruffino, P. (2016) 'Games to Live With: Speculations Regarding NikeFuel' in Digital Culture and Society, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 153-`159 Thacker, E. (2010) After Life, London and Chicago: Chicago University Press Wark, M. (2015) Molecular Red. Theory for the Anthropocence. London: Verso. Zylinska, J. (2014) Minimal Ethics for the Anthropocene. Michigan (MA): Open Humanities Press

A large divide in environmental science exists between the developed ("Northern") and developing ("Southern") countries. The latter, mainly located in tropical and subtropical regions, have been neglected as environmental research subjects and have only been marginally involved in generating knowledge and in setting research priorities. Only approximately 6% of all papers published in the most-cited nine environmental science journals from 1993-2003 focused in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. Yet, tropical ecosystems account for 52% of the Earth's surface, are critical to the global carbon and hydrogeological cycles, harbor most of the world's biodiversity, and are a source of valuable renewable and non-renewable resources. This North-South disparity precludes the contribution of research from the South to national and global environmental governance, and limits the visibility of issues that concern the South in the global policy agenda. The Northern bias also results in a narrow, incomplete understanding of environmental systems and biased global environmental assessments. Within this North-South divide, significant knowledge gaps exist in the Tropics regarding the use patterns, properties, fate, transport and effects of pesticides, some of which are even classified as persistent organic pollutants. In the Tropics, pesticides are mainly used for the control of vector-borne diseases endemic to these areas, and as the main method of pest control in conventional agriculture. Pesticide use intensity and frequency is higher in the Tropics as the climates favor increased pest pressure and year-round crop growth. Pesticide use is expected to increase as tropical agricultural lands expand to satisfy the growing worldwide food demand. Several studies in the Tropics have detected pesticide residues in environmental matrices, biota, and humans in non-target sites. However, most of these studies are snapshots that often do not take into account temporal and spatial variability, resulting in scattered insights on pesticide behavior and limiting the ability to assess exposure. This thesis seeks to contribute to narrowing the North-South knowledge divide by coupling monitoring data with dynamic multimedia models to investigate the environmental fate and transport of pesticides used for health-care and agricultural purposes in the Tropics. The research presented herein capitalizes on the existing knowledge base in the South on chemical behavior, including grey literature and the field experience of Southern collaborators, and builds up on it through suitable approaches developed in the North, namely multimedia models. The first case study presented in this thesis addresses the cycling of a legacy pesticide used for malaria vector control in a remote community in the Brazilian Amazon, which relies on local sources of water and food. In Brazil, DDT was officially used for indoor residual spraying (IRS) against malaria and leishmaniasis from the 1960s up to a ban in 1998. In the community of Lake Puruzinho, DDT levels measured in human breastmilk in 2004 were significantly higher than WHO recommendations, and than those measured in neighboring communities with a similar history of DDT use for IRS. To investigate the fate of DDT and its transformation products in Puruzinho and to assess environmental exposure, soil and sediment measurements were conducted from 2005-2014 and a dynamic multimedia floodplain model was developed. The daily-resolved model takes into account the variable lake water levels, rainfall, and changes in emissions patterns based on legislation. Model results and measurements showed that DDT and its metabolites, DDE, and DDD (collectively, DDX), accumulate mainly in upland soils and sediments. Measurements show significant increases of DDX levels in the soil from 2005-2014 in association with decreasing DDE/DDT ratios, which disagree with model results assuming that DDT use ceases after 1998. This comparison and the availability of DDT stockpiles in the region suggest that post-ban DDT emissions are very likely, so two additional scenarios were tested: one assuming DDT use for IRS after a malaria upsurge, and another assuming its use against leishmaniasis and termites. Under both re-emissions scenarios, model results for DDX concentrations and DDE/DDT in soils agree with measurements, while those in sediments were between the two re-emissions scenarios. The model-measurement agreement in soils suggests that the fractions of formation and half-lives used to describe degradation in soil were adequate in the model. Further sediment measurements and research to refine highly uncertain parameters associated with degradation and partitioning in sediments are required to improve the model's representation of DDX cycling. The second case study addresses the fate and transport of pesticides currently used for banana and pineapple cultivation in the Caño Azul River drainage basin in Costa Rica, the world's 3rd largest banana producer. Pesticide monitoring programs in Europe and the United States, the main importers of Costa Rican bananas, show that residues in bananas are not of concern to consumer health. However, in banana-producing regions of Costa Rica, located mainly on the Caribbean Coast, pesticides have repeatedly been detected in rivers, canals, and wetlands, at levels associated with negative acute and chronic effects on aquatic organisms. Pesticide concentrations above USEPA recommendations for chronic exposure have also been detected in children and pregnant women living in the vicinity of banana plantations. Most studies on pesticide residues in the Costa Rican environment are scattered in time and space, which prevents adequate exposure assessments given the variable pesticide use patterns and characteristic pesticide pulses observed in surface waters. To capture these dynamics, a multimedia model was developed for the Caño Azul River drainage basin, which is influenced by two banana plantations and one pineapple plantation, and where pesticide measurements in water and air were available for model validation. The model estimates concentrations of three representative chemicals—the herbicide diuron, the nematicide ethoprofos, and the fungicide epoxiconazole—in water, air, soil, sediments, and banana plants. Model results show highly variable concentrations in water, with peaks that are driven by rainfall and emissions and that sometimes exceed thresholds for ecosystem health. Conversely, concentrations in the fruit remain below the EU and US maximum residue limits. Model improvements to better estimate pesticide concentrations include fine-tuning sediment dynamics and incorporating the impact of adjuvants on the properties of active ingredients. The models developed here have a flexible design, so additional processes and compartments can be incorporated as new insights are gained into pesticide partitioning, degradation, and mass transfer processes in the Tropics, perhaps in response to the research calls within this thesis. Upon further validation, the models can be used to evaluate the environmental fate of pesticides proposed as alternatives and of problematic degradation products of existing chemicals. They can also be used to assess environmental exposure to pesticides that have not been measured in the environment due to analytical limitations, yet are widely used, such as fungicide mancozeb in banana cultivation. It is important to note that even though multimedia models are valuable decision support tools for identifying opportunities to reduce pesticide exposure and transfer to non-target sites, they should complement pesticide safe handling and use practices suitable for the Tropics, and strategies to minimize pesticide use such as integrated pest management.

Not Available ; The socio-economic outputs for the Gopalagiri Colony-2 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 49 to 51 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 75.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among the all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all households.  About 90 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 20.0 percent of farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent. 2  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among the all sample households.  Institutional participation is only 10.2 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 63.9 % and irrigated land is 36.1 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 73.4 per cent followed by the agriculture is the main and government service is subsidiary occupation of 2.1 percent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.59791 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 129479 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 19749 per household; all sample household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 731.6 grams (1574.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 43153 per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1199. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 642 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 76428 per year for the total area of 576.5 ha. 3  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 26640/ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 68252) followed by turmeric (Rs. 52922), maize (Rs. 33910), beans (Rs. 30467), ragi (Rs. 13282), horse gram (Rs. 12725) and groundnut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3474/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 5592) followed by maize (Rs. 2608) and ragi (Rs. 2223).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs.416385) followed by maize (Rs. 57387), turmeric (Rs. 35812), sunflower (Rs. 30236), horse gram (Rs. 22808), onion (Rs. 20155), groundnut (Rs. 19448) and ragi (Rs. 15092). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (27.7 %) followed by sunflower (25.4 %), turmeric (14.8 %), horse gram (11.4 %), ragi (10.3 %), groundnut (5.1 %) and onion (5.0 %),  In Gopalagiri colony-2 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of Annurkeri (ARK) soils are very deep and well drained soil depth covered around 9.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize. Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soils are very deep and well drained soil depth cover around 7.7 % of area; the crops are maize (32.6%), ragi (32.6 %) and sunflower (34.6 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soils are very deep and moderately well drained, soil depth covered 2.7 % of areas, crop are beans (8.2 %), groundnut (6.7%), horse gram (6.3%), maize (20.9%), onion (6.3%), ragi (6.3%), sunflower (25.8 %) and turmeric (19.0%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 39630/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 2.02) and Rs.27088/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.38023/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.08) and Rs.30398/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.32).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.21275/ha (with BCR of 1.87), and Rs.20086/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.84).  In beans the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs 25108/ha (with BCR of 2.40). 4  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in BMB soil Rs. 39793/ha (with BCR of 1.02).  In horse gram cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.16915/ha (with BCR of 1.75).  In onion the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs 79948/ha (with BCR of 1.85) and turmeric the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.106172/ha (with BCR of 1.51).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (38.0 to 55.3 %), groundnut (59.1 %), horse gram (24.1 %), onion (69.6 %), ragi (59.5 %), sunflower (45.5 %) and turmeric (7.2 %). ; Karnataka Watershed Development, Under Sujala-III project

Persistently high unemployment rates are a major threat to the social cohesion in many societies. To moderate the consequences of unemployment industrialized countries spend substantial shares of their GDP on labor market policies, while in recent years there has been a shift from passive measures, such as transfer payments, towards more activating elements which aim to promote the reintegration into the labor market. Although, there exists a wide range of evidence about the effects of traditional active labor market policies (ALMP) on participants' subsequent labor market outcomes, a deeper understanding of the impact of these programs on the job search behavior and the interplay with long-term labor market outcomes is necessary. This allows policy makers to improve the design of labor market policies and the allocation of unemployed workers into specific programs. Moreover, previous studies have shown that many traditional ALMP programs, like public employment or training schemes, do not achieve the desired results. This underlines the importance of understanding the effect mechanisms, but also the need to develop innovative programs that are more effective. This thesis extends the existing literature with respect to several dimensions. First, it analyzes the impact of job seekers' beliefs about upcoming ALMPs programs on the effectiveness of realized treatments later during the unemployment spell. This provides important insights with respect to the job search process and relates potential anticipation effects (on the job seekers behavior before entering a program) to the vast literature evaluating the impact of participating in an ALMP program on subsequent outcomes. The empirical results show that training programs are more effective if the participants expect participation ex ante, while expected treatment effects are unrelated to the actual labor market outcomes of participants. A subsequent analysis of the effect mechanisms shows that job seekers who expect to participate also receive more information by their caseworker and show a higher willingness to adjust their search behavior in association with an upcoming ALMP program. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of training programs can be improved by providing more detailed information about the possibility of a future treatment early during the unemployment spell. Second, the thesis investigates the effects of a relatively new class of programs that aim to improve the geographical mobility of unemployed workers with respect to the job search behavior, the subsequent job finding prospects and the returns to labor market mobility. To estimate the causal impact of these programs, it is exploited that local employment agencies have a degree of autonomy when deciding about the regional-specific policy mix. The findings show that the policy style of the employment agency indeed affects the job search behavior of unemployed workers. Job seekers who are assigned to agencies with higher preferences for mobility programs increase their search radius without affecting the total number of job applications. This shift of the search effort to distant regions leads to a higher probability to find a regular job and higher wages. Moreover, it is shown that participants in one of the subsidy programs who move to geographically distant region a earn significantly higher wages, end up in more stable jobs and face a higher long-run employment probability compared to non-participants. Third, the thesis offers an empirical assessment of the unconfoundedness assumption with respect to the relevance of variables that are usually unobserved in studies evaluating ALMP programs. A unique dataset that combines administrative records and survey data allows us to observe detailed information on typical covariates, as well as usually unobserved variables including personality traits, attitudes, expectations, intergenerational information, as well as indicators about social networks and labor market flexibility. The findings show that, although our set of usually unobserved variables indeed has a significant effect on the selection into ALMP programs, the overall impact when estimating treatment effects is rather small. Finally, the thesis also examines the importance of gender differences in reservation wages that allows assessing the importance of special ALMP programs targeting women. In particular, when including reservation wages in a wage decomposition exercise, the gender gap in realized wages becomes small and statistically insignificant. The strong connection between gender differences in reservation wages and realized wages raises the question how these differences in reservation wages are set in the first place. Since traditional covariates cannot sufficiently explain the gender gap in reservation wages, we perform subgroup analysis to better understand what the driving forces behind this gender gap are. ; Anhaltend hohe Arbeitslosigkeit stellt eine der zentralen Herausforderungen für den sozialen Zusammenhalt moderner Gesellschaften dar. Aus diesem Grund wenden viele Industrienationen einen beachtlichen Teil ihrer Staatsausgaben zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit und den damit verbundenen Konsequenzen auf. Obwohl sich bereits eine Vielzahl ökonomischer Studien mit den Effekten traditioneller Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik (AAMP) auf den nachfolgenden Erfolg am Arbeitsmarkt beschäftigt, ist ein besseres Verständnis des Einflusses auf das Arbeitssuchverhalten und das daraus resultierende Zusammenspiel mit dem Erfolg am Arbeitsmarkt notwendig um die Gestaltung und Zuweisung dieser Maßnahmen zu optimieren. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse vorheriger Studien, dass viele traditionelle Maßnahmen nicht den gewünschten Erfolg erzielen. Dies unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit, zum einen die Wirkungsmechanismen aktiver Arbeitsmarktpolitik besser zu verstehen, und zum anderen innovative wirkungsvollere Maßnahmen zu entwickeln. Die vorliegende Dissertation liefert hierbei neue Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich verschiedener Faktoren. Zunächst wird der Einfluss subjektiver Erwartungen auf die Effektivität von Trainingsmaßnahmen untersucht. Diese Erwartungen betreffen die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer zukünftigen Programmteilnahme, sowie den erwarteten Einfluss auf den Erfolg am Arbeitsmarkt, und erlauben eine Verknüpfung von sogenannten Antizipationseffekten –einer Anpassung des Suchverhaltens vor einer tatsächlichen Teilnahme– mit dem traditionellen Vergleich von Teilnehmern und Nicht-Teilnehmern bezüglich ihres nachfolgendem Erfolgs am Arbeitsmarkt. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass Trainingsmaßnahmen einen positiveren Einfluss auf Teilnehmer haben, welche die Teilnahmewahrscheinlichkeit zu Beginn der Arbeitslosigkeit als hoch einstufen, verglichen mit Personen die diese Wahrscheinlichkeit als gering einschätzen. Im Gegensatz dazu besteht kein Zusammenhang zwischen den subjektiven Erwartungen bezüglich des Effekts der Maßnahme und dem tatsächlichen Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Teilnehmern. Es lässt sich feststellen, dass hohe Erwartungen bezüglich der Teilnahmewahrscheinlichkeit mit einer intensiveren Beratung durch die Arbeitsagentur und einer höheren Flexibilität der Suchstrategie verbunden sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Arbeitsagenturen die Effektivität von spezifischen Arbeitsmarktprogrammen direkt beeinflussen können, in dem potentielle Teilnehmer umfangreich über bevorstehende Maßnahmen und die allgemeine Arbeitsmarktlage informiert werden. Ein weiterer Teil der Dissertation analysiert Maßnahmen zur Förderung regionaler Mobilität von Arbeitssuchenden. Im Speziellen, werden Reisekosten zu Jobinterviews, Fahrtkosten zum Arbeitsplatz oder Umzugskosten finanziell gefördert. Ziel dieser Maßnahmen ist es bestehende finanzielle Hindernisse zu beseitigen, welche die regionale Mobilität von Arbeitssuchenden einschränken. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass die Verfügbarkeit des Programms Arbeitssuchende dazu anhält sich auf Stellen zu bewerben welche einen Umzug erfordern und ihre Suchaktivitäten vom lokalen Arbeitsmarkt hinzu geografisch entfernten Regionen zu verlagern, ohne jedoch die Anzahl der Stellenbewerbungen insgesamt zu beeinflussen. Darüber hinaus führt der erweiterte Suchradius zu einer höheren Wiederbeschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit und höheren Löhnen. Darauf aufbauend wird der Einfluss der tatsächlichen Nutzung einer spezifischen Mobilitätshilfe, der sogenannten Umzugskostenbeihilfe, auf den langfristigen Erfolg am Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass Arbeitssuchende die zur Aufnahme einer neuen Beschäftigung umziehen und hierfür eine Unterstützung der Arbeitsagentur erhalten signifikant höhere Löhne beziehen und stabileren Beschäftigungsverhältnisse aufweisen. Des Weiteren wird die Relevanz von typischerweise nicht beobachtbaren Variablen bezüglich Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen, subjektiven Erwartungen, sozialen Netzwerken und generationenübergreifenden Informationen, im Kontext der Evaluierung typischer AAMP Programme, wie Trainingsmaßnahmen und Lohnkostenzuschüssen untersucht. Basierend auf einer Kombination von administrativen Daten und individuellen Befragungsdaten zeigt sich, dass diese Variablen einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Teilnahmewahrscheinlichkeit haben, ihre Nichtberücksichtigung aber zu keiner Verzerrung der geschätzten Effekte führt. Abschließend wird die Rolle von Reservationslöhnen bei der Entwicklung von geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieden untersucht. Die empirische Analyse zeigt, dass der realisierte Lohnunterschied zwischen Männern und Frauen mit einem geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschied in Reservationslöhnen einhergeht. Dieser kann nicht durch Faktoren wie Bildung, unterschiedliche Erwerbsbiografien, sozio-demographische Eigenschaften und Persönlichkeitsmerkmale erklärt werden. Eine umfassende Subgruppenanalyse deutet an, dass, unterschiedliche Tätigkeitsvorlieben, der Erwartung von Diskriminierung gegenüber Frauen und unbeobachtbaren Produktivitätsunterschiede sowohl Unterschiede im Reservationslohn als auch im realisierten Lohn zwischen Männern und Frauen hervorrufen.

The essence of the legal nature of relations between the non-entrepreneurial company and its participants is revealed. Analyzed the views of scholars on the definition and content of corporate rights in non-entrepreneurial societies. It is concluded that in a non-commercial partnership there are two types of legal relationships regulated by different methods of civil law: internal corporate relations or organizational, regulated by a method in which the decision of the majority is mandatory for minority, and property relations, which are regulated by the legal equality of parties, with all legal consequences.Formulation of the problem. Today many non-entrepreneurial companies have shown themselves to be active in such a way that real social issues are solved, which for a number of reasons the state does not manage. Among them, supporting and protection of the rights of socially vulnerable groups of the population (children, youth, women, military personnel, veterans, refugees, settlers, invalids, etc.); defending the rights of citizens to a favorable environment; complex of issues related to local self-government; leisure organization, education, retraining, social rehabilitation, etc.The variety of forms of non-entrepreneurial company directly depends on the specific purpose for which it is created and its functions. Some of them are created and operate for the sake of providing economic benefits to an indefinite number of people who are not participants of the non-entrepreneurial company itself (charities, institutions, foundations), others in order to meet the needs of all, the participants themselves of non-entrepreneurial company (public organizations, associations of co-owners of multi-apartment buildings residential buildings, credit unions).Analysis of the recent research materials and publications. The searching of certain issues of the legal status of NT was given attention in the works of V.I. Borisova, I.V. Spasibo-Fateyeva, I.M. Kucherenko, V.I. Zhukov, I.P. Zhigalkin, V.F. Poddubnaya, OO Belyaeva, VV Cochin, N.Y. Filatova and many other scientists, emphasizing the relevance of the research topic.Despite the considerable interest of scientists in the issues of non-entrepreneurial company activities, many outstanding issues remain, including the legal nature of the relationship between non-entrepreneurial company and its participants.Purpose of the article – to identify the legal nature of the relationship between non-entrepreneurial company and its participants, depending on the type of non-entrepreneurial company and the purpose of its creation.Presenting the main material. The legal nature of the relationship between the non-entrepreneurial company and its participants is based on the "right of participation" in the society enshrined in the law. For its researching it is necessary to determine the legal nature of the "right to participate" in non-entrepreneurial company as a legal entity. Along with the "participation", the term "membership" is also used by law, which in some cases is generally identified. It follows from the conclusion that for non-entrepreneurial company it is not fundamental, but it is more expedient to use the term "right of participation" to unify the use of the definition.Definition of the"right of participation" Civil Code is not provided. Therefore, in clarifying the essence of this right should proceed, first of all, from the general understanding of the concept of "participation" and to analyze the rights enshrined by law to the members of the companies. The legal nature of the right to participate in a company as a legal entity is the right of a companion to act on his own, which causes another person - the companion of the state of affiliation. It can be argued that the right to participate implies involvement in something that the person is involved in, that is, the fact that the person is in a certain connection with other persons is confirmed. This association is not an obligation. However, this is a right that is not opposed to any obligation.The peculiarity of the right of participation of a society is the actions of a companion in a company, which at the same time is both a power and a duty. The right to participate in the "union of persons" is simultaneously a duty in the "union of deposits". The "Union of Persons" adopted the method of legal regulation of intra corporate law, which consists in the decision of the body of the company, adopted by the majority, mandatory for the minority of companions. The method of democratic centralism. Does not have the right to veto, but there is a certain, intracorporate, subordination. In its legal nature, this is an organizational relationship (the right to participate), the subject of civil law. The "Union of deposits" inherent method of legal regulation is a method of civil law. This is a method of legal equality, that is, not subordination of subjects of civil legal relations to each other. This is a property relationship, in which its members, being companions, are related to each other as equal.Conclusions. Based on the foregoing can conclude that in the company, including non-entrepreneurial, two types of legal relations governed by various methods of civil law: internal corporate relations or organizational, regulated by the method in which the majority decision is mandatory for the minority, and property legal relations, which are regulated by the method of legal equality of the parties, with all legal consequences.In the non-entrepreneurial company, in which property contributions are significant and perform functions similar to functions of property contributions in entrepreneurial associations, there is a need for additional protection of the rights and legitimate interests of participants (members), which can be ensured, in particular, by improving the system of reporting on the activities of non-entrepreneurial company and the cost of material resources; mandatory creation in the non-entrepreneurial company of the bodies that control the activities of the organization; the extension of the list of questions submitted to the exclusive competence of the supreme management body of non-entrepreneurial company, etc. If the non-entrepreneurial company simply gives its participants (members) goods, works, and services typical of the external market for a fee, then they act in a role equivalent to the role of creditors. At the same time, the participants (members) are subject to general rules on the protection of creditors' rights. ; Раскрыта сущность правовой природы отношений между непредпринимательским товариществом и его участниками. Проанализированы взгляды ученых на определение и содержание корпоративных прав в непредпринимательских товариществах. Сделан вывод, что в непредпринимательских товариществах существуют два вида правоотношений – внутрикорпоративные и имущественные, которые регулируются различными методами гражданского права. ; Розкрито сутність правової природи відносин між непідприємницьким товариством і його учасниками. Проаналізовано погляди науковців щодо визначення та змісту корпоративних прав у непідприємницьких товариствах. Зроблено висновок, що в непідприємницькому товаристві існують два види правовідносин – внутрішньокорпоративні та майнові, які регулюються різними методами цивільного права.

In the past, several futile attempts were carried out at different forums to change the name of subject of Forensic Medicine to Forensic Pathology. In that scenario, it is pertinent to seriously review that matter to have crystal clear concept about the subject of Forensic Medicine and to critically evaluate the effects of changing its name to Forensic Pathology particularly keeping in view the in vogue Medicolegal System in our set up. I will try my level best to present here a factual ground reality base picture. Let's start with definition of Forensic Medicine, "as branch of medicine which deals with the application of principles of medical knowledge for the purpose of law, both civil and criminal, to furthering of the justice". It also deals with legal aspects of medical practice and doctor patient relationship and medical ethics. Traditionally, it includes pathological anatomy and Forensic Toxicology. Forensic Pathology is defined as the special branch of pathology dealing with the medicolegal investtigation of death. A simple comparison of the definitions of two entities have made it clear that Forensic Medicine is broader/wider/more comprehensive subject and more in parlance with the present medicolegal system in our country than Forensic Pathology. Our medicolegal system has a similarity with the continental medicolegal system, hence designated as modified continental medicolegal system where the role of investigating agency (police) and doctor (medical officer) is well defined in the following legal frame work. This crucial point will be more evident by just briefly observing the following rules and regulations governing the present medicolegal system of our country.1. Criminal procedure code, sec. 174, 174A, 176. (part relevant to medical man is reproduced below) 174. (1).(3) When there is any doubt regarding the cause of death, or when for any other reason the policeofficer considers it expedient so to do, he shall, subject to such rules as the Government may prescribe in this behalf, forward the body, with a view to its being examined, to the nearest Civil Surgeon, or other qualified medical man appointed in this behalf by the Government, if the state of the weather and the distance admit of its being so forwarded without risk of such putrefaction on the road as would render such examination useless.176. (1) When any person dies while in the custody of the police, the nearest Magistrate empowered to hold inquests shall, and, in any other case mentioned in section 174, clauses (a), (b) and (c) of subsection (1), any Magistrate so empowered may hold an inquiry into the cause of death either instead of, or in addition to, the investigation held by the policeofficer, and if he does so, he shall have all the powers in conducting it which he would have in holding an inquiry into an offence. The Magistrate holding such an inquiry shall record the evidence taken by him in connection therewith in any of the manners hereinafter prescribed according to the circumstances of the case.(2) Whenever such Magistrate considers it expedient to make an examination of the dead body of any person who has been already interred, in order to discover the cause of his death, the Magistrate may, cause the body to be disinterred and examined.2. Qisas and Diyat ordinance 1990/Criminal amendment act 1997.Authorised Medical Officer 299 C: It means a medical officer/ medical board howsoever designated, authorised by Provincial Government.3. Health Department, Government of the Punjab, instructions regarding postmortem and medicolegal examinations 2009.4. Police ordinance 2002.5. Police rules, i.e., 25.19 (medicolegal opinion), 25.21 (dying declarations), 25.22 (medical examination of women), 25.34 (Disinterment of bodies) clause 5, 25.36 (postmortem examination when and by whom held, 25.37 (post-mortem examinations), 25.38 (unidentified bodies), 25.43 (procedure in poisoning cases), 25.47 (report of medical officer). A simple review of above relevant portions of the laws makes it clear that in our set up medico-legal examinations (of living and dead) are conducted by medical officers who are trained and taught the subject of Forensic Medicine in the 3rd year MBBS as depicted in the curricula issued by the PM&DC, Islamabad. The dead body is shifted to the nearby authorized medical man for autopsy. It is pertinent to mention that the autopsy rate is very high (about 1000 medico-legal autopsies are being conducted annually in the Forensic Medicine department of KEMU, Lahore, Pakistan). The subject of Forensic Medicine is a state subject. The existing facilities are extremely deficient. There is no forward planning in spite of severe threat of terrorism leading to mass disaster. The paramedical staff required to work in the city morgues is not only deficient but is also untrained. Now compare this situation with the states where Forensic or medico-legal autopsies are conducted by Forensic Pathologist who are medical persons highly qualified in the subject of pathology and then trained in Forensic Pathology. The facilities are enormous and mortuary staff is very well trained. The autopsy rate is low. These Forensic pathologist do not conduct medico-legal examinations of living cases of assault (physical and sexual), poisoning or alcohol intoxication etc. This task is done by the clinical Forensic Medicine examiner or Forensic physicians or by police surgeons as in U.K. Hence, it is evident that Forensic Pathology is a limb or branch of Forensic Medicine, how can it replace Forensic Medicine. If there are intentions to introduce it as a subject in the curricula first it should be decided whether it will be a undergraduate or post-graduate entity, then its curriculum/syllabus should be prescribed then mode of training should be categorised. Mere changing the name of Forensic Medicine to Forensic Pathology is a mockery with the medical science and leads to provide the opportunity to the civilized world to laugh on us. So, if we start to produce subject specialist of Forensic Pathology today, it will take a decade to have first batch of Forensic Pathologist as shown below:-MBBS, five years,House job, one year,Post graduate qualification like PhD or MD or FCPS or M.Phil in Histopathology or morbid anatomy, four to five years then training in Forensic Pathology for one to two years). So it is advisable not to open Pandora box leading to complete collapse and disarray of our medicolegal system. What will be the service structure of that Forensic Pathologist? Will that come under teaching cadre or specialist cadre? So thorough discussions/deliberations required but my considered opinion is that this settled issue may not be unsettled because of reasons already mentioned. The existing rules and laws mentioned above shows that medical officer conduct medico-legal examinations how the Forensic Pathologist will act as authorized medical officer when he is a specialist not an ordinary medical officer. Therefore, prima faciae, to change the name of subject (Forensic pathology instead of Forensic Medicine) keeping all other modalities as such will lead only to deterioration and mockery. It will be an unjusttified step in all aspects, i.e., academically, legally and ethically. So, It is suggested that bring the change keeping in view the latest advancements in medical sciences, please do not bring the change by just changing the name.