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This thesis is a study of how the American author Edith Wharton (1862-1937) in a number of novels and short stories written between 1876 and 1937 depicts cultural encounters between Americans and Europeans, mostly Frenchmen. Chiefly concerned with Fast and Loose, "The Last Asset", Madame de Treymes, "Les Metteurs en Scène", The Custom of the Country and The Age of Innocence, each of which articulates ideas relevant to the theme investigated, the thesis also contains a supplementary discussion of The Reef, The Glimpses of the Moon, The Mother's Recompense and The Buccaneers. Borrowing terms and theoretical perspectives from Pierre Bourdieu and postcolonial literary criticism, particularly Homi Bhabha's theories about inbetweenness, mimicry and otherness, the study contends through detailed analyses of single works that Wharton's descriptions of Franco-American encounters are dynamic processes through which the parties involved are made aware of their own and "the other's" distinguishing qualities and, in some significant cases, reach a heightened state of consciousness resembling Bhabha's inbetweenness. Wharton's cultural encounters often involve people with different levels of education and different economic and social positions, which justifies the use of Bourdieu's method of analyzing the relationship between educational and social status in terms of different kinds of capital. While in her early works Wharton merely intimates the contours of the cultural encounter, in mature works such as Madame de Treymes and The Age of Innocence she views it as a highly complex process the many stages of which are intimated through the use of subtle narratological techniques. Throughout her work Wharton makes intricate use of imagery and keywords, some of them testifying to her interest in anthropology, to suggest the manifold dimensions of the cultural encounter, which is seen as both tempting and repelling. Her accounts of the Franco-American encounter are complexly related to the different phases of the American political and social situation described in her novels. The American experience of the meeting of the 'old society' and the 'new' is rendered even more complex by being seen as the background against which Europeans and Americans negotiate transactions of symbolic and economic capital. In most of her works these lead to tragic or tragic-comic misunderstandings; only in her last, unfinished novel does she describe a full-fledged Euro-American identity, a successful fusion of American and European experiences. ; Den här avhandlingen är en studie i hur den amerikanska författarinnan Edith Wharton (1862-1937) i ett antal romaner och noveller skrivna mellan 1876 and 1937 skildrar kulturella möten mellan amerikaner och européer, främst fransmän. Avhandlingen behandlar huvudsakligen verken Fast and Loose, "The Last Asset", Madame de Treymes, "Les Metteurs en Scène", The Custom of the Country and The Age of Innocence, som alla uttrycker idéer om kulturmöten; den innehåller även en kompletterande diskussion av verken The Reef, The Glimpses of the Moon, The Mother's Recompense and The Buccaneers. Med termer och perspektiv hämtade från Pierre Bourdieu och postkolonial litteraturforskning, främst Homi Bhabhas teorier om in-betweenness ("mellanskap"), mimicry och otherness hävdar studien genom detaljerade analyser av enskilda verk hur Whartons beskrivningar av fransmäns och amerikaners möten är dynamiska processer där i bästa fall båda parter blir medvetna om sin egen och "den andres" särart, och i vissa fall även når ett intensifierat medvetande som påminner om Bhabhas in-betweenness. Whartons kulturmöten sker oftast mellan personer med olika bildning samt ekonomisk och social position, vilket gör att Bourdieus perspektiv för analys av relationen mellan utbildning och social status som styrd av olika sorters kapital kommer till användning. I sina tidiga berättelser antyder Wharton konturerna av det kulturella mötet, i mogna verk som Madame de Treymes and The Age of Innocence gestaltar hon det som en mycket komplex process vars många skeden antyds via hennes användning av subtil berättarteknik. Alltigenom sina verk tillämpar Wharton ett komplext bildspråk och nyckelord, varav vissa vittnar om hennes intresse för antropologi, som antyder kulturmötets många dimensioner, framställt som samtidigt lockande och frånstötande/avskräckande. Hennes redogörelser av det fransk-amerikanska mötet är komplext relaterat till de olika faser av den amerikanska politiska och sociala situation som beskrivs i hennes berättelser. Den amerikanska erfarenheten av mötet mellan den "gamla sociala grupperingen" och den "nya" skildras som mer komplext genom att ses som den bakgrund mot vilken européerna och amerikanerna förhandlar transaktioner av symboliskt och ekonomiskt kapital. I merparten av hennes verk leder dessa transaktioner till tragiska eller tragikomiska missförstånd; bara i hennes sista, ofullbordade roman beskriver hon en fullt utvecklad euroamerikansk identitet, en lyckad sammansmältning av amerikanska och europeiska erfarenheter.

The existing practice of state planning not only providing a reasonable decision making aimed at the achievement of strategic goals of the country development, but also does not consider any reasonable and scientific procedure of decisions support. Currently, the regulation of the decision making procedure contents is replaced by the formalization of document control planning procedures. At the moment the necessity of strategic, including medium-term and long-term planning of social and economic development of the country is acutely experienced at all management levels federal, regional, local. The attempts for implementation of goal-oriented planning and medium-term budget planning are recently made at the federal level, "national projects" are being promoted. Most big cities elaborate strategic development plans. However all these useful measures don't have any serious theoretical substantiation, generally accepted procedural guidelines and are not coordinated with each other. It should be noted that it's been a long time as planning is recognized in the international practice as a complex social process that is way beyond the scope of the economics subject field. The understanding of this fact by society is an independent problem that can be solved by planning experts acting jointly with other experts and civil society representatives. Other vital task, facing experts of this field is mediation in assimilation of planning technique by economists. The problem is that the possibilities of scheduling and network goal-oriented planning techniques have not been assimilated yet. Therefore a priority should be given to planning methodology development, considering influence of all the factors, significant for the life of the country, major active forces and their objectives, using a scenario approach and able to find out the optimal way to achieve the most favorable future. One of the most elaborated and most popular approaches to the research of complex multilevel systems is an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)1. It is successfully used by dealing with management problems in various fields of human activities, including the field of state planning. The generation of the state planning scheme begins with the developments of the long-range forecasting technique, whereby should be considered the influence of all key factors on social and economic development of the country, such as economic, political, social, technological, ecological and other factors, revealing not only internal but also external limits. There are not only quantitative figures, but also actors, events, conditions and their risks, policies, strategies and other factors. One of the main advantages of the proposed scheme is the major forces (actors) having influence on these factors and accordingly on the future of the country. Both governmental authorities (federal and regional) and society as a whole, large business, foreign countries, international organizations, other significant participants of economic and political processes can be considered as the actors. The development of the country depends on the objectives and policies within the context of achievement of these actors objectives, which are the basis for the consideration of the country developments scenarios. The actors activity is oriented on the implementation of these scenarios. Combination of the developed scenarios, containing main macrocharacteristics of the development level (e.g. number of population, GDP per capita, actual household disposable income and others), depending on the priority grade of each of them enables to calculate a generalized forecasting scenario, representing an implementation of the contrast scenarios. Finally, only one of possible scenarios can be implemented and it will be a combination of various actors attempts to form it in such a way that its own interests will be met. Many (often controversial) interests, implemented under this scenario can result in the «weakened version» of what each actor intends to observe as an outcome. This forecasting process is called a direct planning process or exploratory forecast. In consequence of the first forecast iteration consideration one or several actors can start working on changing some of their policies, in order to attempt to carry out a new outcome, which is closer to a desirable outcome (this procedure is called a reversed process or normative forecast). Eventually, particular model and/or scheme changes are usually carried out after forming the first version of the forecasting model (it is clear that the model is also changing then). Such iteration is usually repeated several times. The scheme and model of the reverse2 process can be updated simultaneously. Iterations of this sort can differ greatly and model updating requires a certain analytical culture. This approach means that next stage will require forming a specific algorithmic procedure and methods of binding scenario conditions, forecasts, target programs and other elements of social and economic development of Russian economy, based on this procedure. This working stage will require making graph fragments, preparing relevant inquiry forms, canvasing specially selected experts, process and interpreting results.

Although these cases present their specific urban and social contexts, they do have characteristics in common. On the one hand they occurred in suburban areas which developed rapidly and chaotically due to intense migration in the sixties and seventies.This uncontrolled urban growth produced, within a large number of structural problems, a lack of public space in the peripheral areas of the city, including San José and Oliver. Urban sociologists Gaviria and Grilló after a field work done in 1974 stated an outstanding conclusion: In the period from 1940 to 1965 the proportion of public space in Zaragoza related to the population rate (m2/person) was reduced to its half.On the other hand, in both cases citizens have directly participated in the production as well as in the management of these public spaces, through diverse associations. These were founded firstly to claim amelioration of services, streets,…etc. and they were also important in the process towards democracy during the late times of Franco's dictatorship. Subsequently the associations worked specifically on the improvement of their neighbourhoods as they do today. In both cases, after a very long time of demanding these public spaces and working together citizens and technicians, their projects were included in PGOUGeneral Urban Development Plan- of 1986 and the spaces were inaugurated in the nineties. Not only Parque Oliver but also Jardín de la Memoria is the result of a wide consensus among different social communities from Oliver and San José neighbourhoods, in design of spaces, uses, symbolical items…etc.In Jardín de la Memoria public art was part of the early first project, Julio Le Parc was going to produce some work but afterwards local sculptors developed it. Citizens in Parque Oliver through a coordinating comitee are in charge of a great part of the space.And in both of them neighbours are involved in the care of productive vegetable gardens, this work is specially well carried out by the eldest neighbours, most of whom migrated from rural areas. Another fact common to both public spaces, contrary to most of others in the city, is that they are well respected and preserved. May these cases show a possible model of production and management of public space as they seem to be socially integrative and ecologically sustainable. ; Si bien, estos casos específicos se presentan en sus contextos sociales y urbanos, tienen características en común. Por un lado se produjeron en las zonas suburbanas que se desarrolló rápida y caóticamente debido a la intensa migración en los años sesenta y setenta. Este crecimiento urbano incontrolado produjo, dentro de un gran número de problemas estructurales, la falta de espacio público en las zonas periféricas de la ciudad, como San José y Oliver. Gaviria y Grillo, sociólogos urbanos, después de un trabajo de campo realizado en 1974 indicaron una notable relevante: En el período de 1940 a 1965 la proporción de espacio público en Zaragoza relacionado con la tasa de población (m2/persona) se redujo a la mitad.Por otra parte, en ambos casos, los ciudadanos han participado directamente en la producción, así como en la gestión de estos espacios públicos, a través de diversas asociaciones. Estas fueron fundadas en primer lugar para reclamar la mejora de los servicios, calles, etc . y también eran importantes en el proceso hacia la democracia durante los últimos tiempos de la dictadura de Franco. Posteriormente, las asociaciones trabajaron específicamente en la mejora de sus barrios como lo hacen hoy. En ambos casos, después de mucho tiempo de exigir estos espacios públicos y ciudadanos trabajando junto a los técnicos, sus proyectos se incluyeron en el PGOU-Plan General de Desarrollo Urbano de 1986 y los espacios se inauguraron en la década de los noventa.No sólo el Parque Oliver, sino también el Jardín de la Memoria es el resultado de un amplio consenso entre las diferentes comunidades sociales de Oliver y los barrios de San José, en el diseño de espacios, usos, etc . elementos simbólicos En el Jardín de la Memoria el arte público es parte de los principios del primer proyecto, Julio Le Parc iba a producir algúna obra pero después las desarrollaron los escultores locales. Los ciudadanos del Parque Oliver a través de un comité de coordinación están a cargo de una gran parte del espacio. Y en ambos sitios los vecinos están involucrados en el cuidado de huertos productivos, este trabajo es especialmente realizado por los vecinos de más edad, la mayoría de los cuales emigraron de las zonas rurales. Otro hecho común a ambos espacios públicos, contrariamente a la mayoría de los demás en la ciudad, es que son bien respetados y protegidos. Espero que estos casos muestran un posible modelo de producción y gestión del espacio público, ya que parecen ser socialmente integradora y ecológicamente sostenible.

Šis darba saturs ir veltīts Latvijas pensiju sistēmas un ar to saistītām problēmām un perspektīvām izpētei, arī darbā dota analīze par veikto darbu un iegutiem rezultātiem pēc pensiju reformas īstenošanas un Latvijas pensiju sistēmas pilnveidošanas iespējām. Līdz pat 20.gadsimta beigām naudu veco cilvēku uzturēšanai pelnīja jaunā paaudze pēc paaudžu solidaritātes principa līdz brīdim, kad tika veikta pensiju reforma un pēc tās tika izveidota jaunā pensiju sistēma. Pētījuma teorētiskajā daļā autore ir veikusi detalizēto demogrāfiskas situācijas Latvijā, kā arī to ietekmes uz iedzīvotāju skaita izmaiņām, un Eiropas Savienībā izpēti, ir apskatījusi un salidzinājusi svarīgākos demogrāfiskās attīstības rādītājus un izpētījusi demogrāfiskās attīstības prognožu svarīgākos radītājus Latvijā un Eiropas Savienībā. Savukārt, darba analītiskajā daļā autore ir izvērtējusi demogrāfisko radītāju ietekmi uz veiktām izmaiņām pensiju jomā. Darba analītiskajā daļā autore novērtē kā minētās izmaiņas ietekmē pensijas, pabalsta un indeksācijas apmēru. Tapat šajā daļā autore dod analīzi par veikto darbu un sasniegtiem rezultātiem pēc pensiju reformas īstenošanas, kā arī autore dod savus priekšlikumus Latvijas pensiju sistēmas uzlabošanai un pilnveidošanai. Pētījuma beigās autore sniedz secinājumus un priekšlikumus. Veicot iepriekš minēto pētījumu, autore ir izmantojusi ekonomiskās analīzes, kā arī statistiskās analīzes metodes, tādas kā datu salīdzināšana, grupēšana. Darba pētījuma problēma ir Latvijas darbspējīgo vecuma iedzīvotāju samazināšana, ko ietekmē gan zema dzimstība, gan liela mirstība, gan migrācija. Darba pētījuma problēma ir demogrāfiskas situācijas novērtēšana Latvijas Republikā, pašreizējās sociālās jomas, it īpaši pensijas, izpēti, kā arī sasniegto rezultātu analīze. Iepriekš minēto pētījumu rezultātā autore ir secinājusi, ka demogrāfisko situāciju Latvijā raksturo divas galvenās tendences – zema dzimstība un strauja sabiedrības novecošana. Tas nozīmē, ka arvien vairāk kļūst to iedzīvotāju, kuriem drīz pienāks laiks saņemt pensiju un arvien mazāk to darbspējīga vecuma iedzīvotāju, kuri nodrošina pensiju pensijas vecuma cilvēkiem. Izvērtējot pastāvošu situāciju valstī, autore, pamatojoties uz pētījuma iegūtajiem rezultātiem, ir secinājusi, ka iedzīvotāju novecošanās un ar to saistītais sociālo izdevumu pieagums kļuva par pamatu Latvijā notikušai pensiju reformai. Kopumā, petījuma rezultātā, autore secināja, ka ņemot vērā demogrāfiskās situācijas attīstības tendences un tās ietekmi uz valsts ekonomisko attīstību, liela nozīme ir sabalansētai sociālās drošības politikas un finanšu plānošanai, lai nodrošinātu sociālās drošības sistēmas ilgtermiņa stabilitāti. Šo darbu ir iespējams izmantot tālākai Latvijas esošas pensiju sistēmas pilnveidošanā. ; The maintenance of this work is devoted to research of the Latvian pension system and the problems connected by it and prospects, and also in work the analysis of the done work and the received results after realization of pension system and opportunities of improvement of pension system of Latvia. Down to 20 centuries money for the maintenance of older persons earned young generation by a principle of solidarity of generations till the moment, pension reform has not been lead yet. In a theoretical part of research the author has carried out detailed research of a demographic situation in Latvia, and also its influences on changes of number of inhabitants, and research of a demographic situation of The European Union, has considered the most important comparative parameters of demographic development and has studied the major parameters of forecasts of demographic development in Latvia and the European Union. In turn, in an analytical part of work the author has estimated influence of demographic parameters on the changes made in pension sphere. In an analytical part of work the author has estimated, how the mentioned changes influence the size of pensions, the size of grants and indexation. In this part the author gives the analysis about the done work and the reached results after realization of pension reform, and also offers opportunities of improvement of pension system of Latvia. In the end of research the author has drawn conclusions and has given the offers. Carrying out the research mentioned above, the author used methods of the economic analysis, and also statistical, such as comparison and grouping of data. The problem of research of work - reduction of able-bodied population of Latvia, on what influences as low birth rate, high death rate, and migration. A problem of research of work - an estimation of a demographic situation in the Latvia, research of existing social sphere, especially pension, and also the analysis of the reached results. As a result researches mentioned above the author has drawn a conclusion, that the demographic situation in Latvia is characterized with two main tendencies - low birth rate and prompt ageing of the population. It means that becomes those inhabitants who provide pension to the people who are being on pension more and more. The author, being based on the results received at research, has drawn a conclusion, that considering tendencies of development of a demographic situation and its influence on economic development of the country, the balanced policy of social safety and financial planning has great value to provide long-term stability of system of social safety. The given work probably to use for the further improvement of pension system existing in Latvia.

International audience ; L'intérêt bibliographique-historiographique présent du phénomène complexe de la mémoire a été précédé, il y a une quarantaine d'années, par l'étude de sa construction, déconstruction et reconstruction par des groupes qui ont exercé le pouvoir en choisissant des événements du passé et en les interprétant en fonction de l'orientation idéologique et politique qu'ils suivaient et protégeaient.Une des périodes exceptionnelles de l'histoire grecque, fondement de la continuité de la nation, dotée des luttes et des sacrifices des ancêtres protecteurs, est celle des Guerres Médiques. Marathon, Thermopyles, Salamine, Platées constituent des fondations, des « Lieux de mémoire », qui jouent un rôle des plus importants dans la procédure de formation de l'identité nationale grecque. De ce point de vue, il serait maladroit d'éviter la définition qu'impose l'œuvre de Pierre Nora pour qui les lieux de mémoire n'ont pas nécessairement une dimension matérielle. « Ils sont lieux, en effet, dans les trois sens du mot, matériel, symbolique et fonctionnel, mais simultanément, à des degrés seulement divers… Les trois aspects coexistent toujours ». Compte tenu de cette coexistence et en combinaison avec la responsabilité souveraine dont dispose l'État dans le choix des programmes et des contenus, les manuels scolaires, notamment ceux d'histoire, et les leçons qu'ils contiennent comme la Bataille de Marathon, sont des « Lieux de mémoire » par excellence.L'analyse de contenu qui a été fondée sur un regroupement thématique et une étude quantitative de cette leçon des manuels scolaires de l'histoire ancienne grecque de 1953 à 2008, permet de faire deux remarques :- Premièrement, bien qu'à l'appel à l'aide n'aient répondu que les Platéens qui ont envoyé 1 000 hommes, la Bataille de Marathon est enseignée, racontée, comme une étape et un témoin essentiels de la continuité de la Nation grecque. - Deuxièmement, à partir de la publication du manuel de 1997, le nombre de pages dédié à la Bataille de Marathon s'est réduit considérablement, ce qui, depuis, met en doute son caractère de « Lieu de mémoire ».N'y a-t-il plus le même « devoir de mémoire » ? Si la réponse est affirmative, cela signifierait que les groupes qui exercent le pouvoir depuis 1997 ont moins « besoin » de ce lieu de mémoire qui s'est affaiblit brusquement. Dans les manuels scolaires grecs d'histoire, la Bataille de Marathon a perdu sa force de « Lieu de mémoire » dont elle bénéficiait jusqu'en 1997. Elle est devenue un fait historique auquel les « programmeurs » de l'éducation nationale grecque et en même temps bâtisseurs de l'identité nationale ont imposé provisoirement (?) silence et oubli. ; The present bibliographical-historiographical interest in the complex phenomenon of memory was preceded some forty years ago by the study of its construction, deconstruction and reconstruction by groups that exercised power by choosing events from the past and interpreting them according to the ideological and political orientation they followed and protected. One of the exceptional periods of Greek history, the foundation of the continuity of the nation, which rife with the struggles and sacrifices of ancient protectors, is that of the Persian Wars. Marathon, Thermopyles, Salamine, Platées form foundations, "Places of Memory", which play the most important role in the process of forming Greek national identity. From this point of view, it would be unwise to ignore the definition imposed by the work of Pierre Nora for whom places of memory do not necessarily have a material dimension. "They are places, in fact, in all three senses of the word, material, symbolic and functional, but simultaneously, only to varying degrees. The three aspects still coexist." Given this coexistence and in combination with the state's sovereign responsibility for the choice of programmes and contents, school textbooks, especially those of history, and the lessons they contain such as the Battle of Marathon, constitute excellent "Places of Memory". The content analysis, which was based on a thematic grouping and a quantitative study of this lesson from the textbooks of Greek history from 1953 to 2008, allows us to make the following two observations: - Firstly, despite the fact that only the Platéens, who sent 1000 men, responded to the call for help, the Battle of Marathon is taught and told, as an essential step and evidence to the continuity of the Greek Nation. - Secondly, from the publication of the 1997 textbook, the number of pages dedicated to the Battle of Marathon has been constantly and considerably reduced, which puts in doubt its nature as a "Place of Memory". Is there no longer the same "duty of memory"? If it is so, it would mean that the groups that have been in power since 1997 have less "need" for this place of memory that has suddenly weakened. In Greek history textbooks, the Battle of Marathon lost its strength as a "Place of Memory", which used to have until 1997. It became a historical fact to which the "programmers" of the Greek national education and at the same time, builders of national identity, have temporarily (?) imposed silence and oblivion.

Jan Beyer Dissertation: Sportlehrerausbildung in Schule und Seminar Zusammenfassung: Die Arbeit ist ausgerichtet auf die wissenschaftlich fundierte Begründung von Reformvorschlägen für die Lehrerausbildung (im Bundesland Hamburg). Dies wird an der Sport-Lehrerausbildung exemplifiziert. Seinen Einstieg in dieses Projekt sucht der Autor bei der Rückbesinnung auf die eigene Berufsbiographie und bei der Beschreibung des Weges, auf dem er sich in die "Inszenierungen" des Ausbildungsinstituts (i.e. Seminarsitzungen, Hospitationen, Unterrichtsversuche und die daran gebundene Abfassung von Examensarbeiten, Lehrproben und mündliche Prüfungen) hineinarbeitete (Kap. 1 und 2). Die durch die Pensionierung und die Auswertung eines nach-beruflichen Zweitstudiums von praktischen Alltagszwängen enthobenen Reflexionen ermöglichen dann im 3.Kapitel eine kritisch bilanzierende Distanz zu geleisteter Berufsarbeit. Daraus entwickelt der Autor im 4. Kapitel seiner Arbeit theoretisch und begrifflich eine neue Orientierung für professionelle Ausbildung, die im Wesentlichen zwei Ansprüche anmeldet: den Güteanspruch (Was kennzeichnet "gutes" Unterrichten im Fach Sport ?) und den Qualifikationsanspruch (Was müssen angehende Sportlehrer wissen und können, um entsprechend "gut" zu unterrichten, und wie sind dieses Wissen und Können erlern- bzw. vermittelbar ?). Diese Ansprüche werden zunächst in einem Leitbegriff verdichtet, den der Autor in konsequenter Anlehnung an den gegenwärtigen wissenschaftlichen Sprachgebrauch fachunterrichtliche Handlungskompetenz nennt. Dieser Leitbegriff wird im 5. Kapitel der Arbeit inhaltlich aufgeschlüsselt und als Modell eines Sportlehrer-Kompetenzprofils operationalisiert. Es ist im Kern strukturiert und beschrieben als das Zusammenspiel von vier Schlüsselkompetenzen (Sach- und Sozialkompetenz, Lehr- und Organisationsgeschick), die allerdings infolge notwendiger Reflexionsakte während des Unterrichtens nur mit Hilfe einer berufsspezifischen Entscheidungskompetenz bzw. vor und nach dem Unterricht mit Hilfe einer alles umfassenden Reflexionskompetenz abgerufen werden können. Das auf diese Weise zur Wirkung gebrachte Kompetenzgefüge bedarf allerdings noch der Komplettierung durch die Erarbeitung einer Selbstkompetenz. Sie soll angehende Lehrer befähigen, ebenso kritisch wie selbstverantwortlich mit den eigenen Kräften hauszuhalten und sich den Notwendigkeiten zu stellen, die ihnen die Bereitschaft zu berufslebenslanger Fortbildung abverlangen. Im abschließenden 6. Kapitel entwickelt der Autor dann im Rückgriff auf akribische Begriffsarbeit und auf die Operationalisierung des o.a. Kompetenzprofils in aller Konsequenz Reformvorschläge für die (Sport-)Lehrerausbildung, die auch vor Eingriffen in das herkömmliche und scheinbar unerschütterliche Ausbildungssystem nicht halt machen. Dabei geht es in dem Bedingungsgefüge zwischen Systemzwang und Selbstbestimmung im Wesentlichen um eine Stärkung der Autonomie von Auszubildenden, denen damit allerdings – ebenso konsequent –ein deutlich höheres Maß von Eigenverantwortlichkeit abverlangt werden soll. ; Jan Beyer The training of PE-teachers . Abstract The publication aims at an academic substantiation for propositions that could bring about a reform of the professional training of PE-teachers. The author finds an entry to his project in his professional biography and in the description of the way on which he, as a teachers' trainer, managed to learn how to deal with the settings of the training college (seminars, lessons under observation by college officials, sets of lessons on subject matters and their critical evaluation in examination papers, test lessons and oral examinations) (chapters 1 and 2). His retirement und post-professional studies at Hamburg University helped him – free from any workday embarrassments - to sum up his life's work from a critical distance (chapter 3). So (in chapter 4) he is able to find a new orientation in the professional training of junior teachers. This orientation reveals two titles: the title of substantial quality (What are the characteristics of "good" teaching in PE ?) and the title of professional qualification (What do PE-teachers have to know, what enables them to teach "well", and how can they learn, respectively how can they be taught to do so ?). Substantial quality of work and professional qualification find a condensed expression in the term "competence to act professionally as a PE-teacher". This is a key term. It is explained by means of theoretical and abstract confirmation and is operationalized as a model of a PE-teacher's competence profile. It is, in its fine-meshed structure, an interplay of four key compentences (subject matter-competence , social competence, organizational and teaching skills). It is – inevitably – again and again an act of reflecting that helps teachers to make use of their competences. SCHÖN (1987) once distinguished "reflection in action" from "reflection on action", which according to the author of the thesis either has to go together with a competence that enables teachers to make quick and at the same time reasonable decisions to keep their teaching under professional control ("reflection in action"). On the other hand SCHÖN's distinction makes a competence indispensable to be able to reflect on what should reasonably be (have been) done ("reflection on action"). Junior teachers who have worked out such a professional competence profile additionally need another component to accomplish its fabric: they need what the author calls "self competence". Self competence helps them to make use of their personal resources as reasonably and carefully as must be; it also motivates them not to give up perfecting their education and professional training as long as they are "on the job". In the concluding 6th chapter of his thesis the author, on the grounds of his endeavour to work out concise definitions and construct a competence profile that works, develops a number of propositions for a reform of the professional training of (PE-)teachers. In strict consequence of what he so far has worked out he accounts for ideas some of which might or even should change the educational training system. In the set of conventional training conditions that use to confront the trainees with a conflict between the constraints of the system and the desire for self-determination, the author pleads for an increased amount of their autonomy. This, however, in a consecutive tie of right to obligation, should be bound to an increased amount of self-responsibility. So the author finishes his paper with a long list of corresponding practical proposals.

Public Administration has been, since the dawn of our Republic, a refuge of politicians and public officials entrenched in their positions during successive presidential terms. We are not referring to the legion of workers who live on their meager salaries as public employees, but to officers and directors of the highest state levels. The servants and public officials have duties that are inherent to the positions they are in. When those exercise their functions irregularly, the problem of "accountability" arises. GASCÓN Y MARTÍN says that "public officials accountability is the most important tool in order to prevent abuse of power in the bureaucracy and to ensure effective guarantees for citizens. It can not be said that a rule of law exists if the employee's responsibility can't be real. It requires laws that declare it and facilitate it being demanded, and for public opinion to claim its effectiveness". During Mariscal Castilla's government, various criminal provisions were given to punish public officials and employees for acts that, at present, are considered serious offenses. It means that over the years, regulation and the principle of authority have relaxed, which has resulted in overt acts of corruption that should be punished with the deprivation of liberty. Public Administration has always been in the eye of the storm, for various reasons: 1. The high number of public servants, permanent and hired, who before public opinion can't justify their employment in the administration. 2.The slow procedures. 3. High salaries of many high ranking officials. 4. Everyday corruption acts brought out, not by the action of the administration itself but because of the reports on mass media. The profusion of illegal acts, almost entirely on commission rather than omission, are related to the management of public funds, especially when these are intended to acquisitions. One might think that this alarming situation is the result of the absence or loopholes in regulation. However, it is not. By contrast, in our country there is sufficient legislation that should, theoretically, have positive effect on the management of public affairs. From our analysis of the decisions of various public entities that imposed sanctions on public officials and servants for wrongdoing during the exercise of their functions, it follows that the regulatory framework for public ethics doesn't produce the desired effects. ; La Administración Pública ha sido desde inicios de la República el refugio de políticos y funcionarios enquistados durante sucesivos periodos presidenciales. No nos referimos con ella a la legión de trabajadores que viven de sus magros sueldos de empleados públicos, sino a funcionarios y directivos de los más altos niveles estatales. Los servidores y funcionarios públicos tienes deberes que son inherentes a sus funciones. Cuando aquellos ejercen sus funciones en forma irregular surge el problema de la "responsabilidad". Dicen GASCÓN Y MARTIN "Es importantísima la responsabilidad de los funcionarios para evitar el abuso del poder de la burocracia y asegurar garantías efectivas a los ciudadanos. No puede decirse que se viva en estado de derecho si la responsabilidad del empleado no puede hacerse real. Precisa de leyes que la declaren y faciliten su exigencia y que la opinión pública reclame su efectividad" Durante el gobierno del Mariscal Castilla, se dieron diversas normas penales para sancionar a funcionarios y servidores públicos por hechos que, en la actualidad, son consideradas faltas graves. Quiere decir que con el paso de los años, se han ido relajando el control y el principio de autoridad, lo que ha derivado en actos de abierta corrupción, merecedores de pena privativa de la libertad. La Administración Pública ha estado siempre en el ojo de la tormenta, por diversas razones, entre las que destacan: 1.- El alto número de servidores, permanentes y contratados que, ante la opinión pública, no justifican su relación laboral con el Estado. 2.- La lentitud en la atención de los procedimientos. 3-. Los altos sueldes de muchos funcionarios de Alta Dirección. 4-. Los actos de corrupción que cada día son puestos en evidencia, no por acción de la propia administración, sino por denuncias de los medios de comunicación social. La profusión de actos ilícitos, en su casi totalidad por comisión y no por omisión, están relacionados con el manejo de fondos públicos, especialmente cuando estos están destinados a adquisiciones. Podría pensarse que esta alarmante situación es producto de la ausencia normativa o vacios legales, sin embargo no es así. Por el contrario en nuestro país existe suficiente legislación que teóricamente debiera surtir efecto positivo en el manejo de la cosa pública. De nuestro análisis de resoluciones de diversas entidades públicas que sanción a funcionarios y servidores públicos por actos irregulares cometidos durante el ejercicio de sus funciones, se desprende que el marco normativo en materia de ética pública no surte los efectos deseados.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we conducted a survey of all the institutions that provide treatment for psychoactive substances in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil during the period 2004-2005. METHOD: We used a snowball sampling technique to include all the treatment facilities in our State in which we employed a semi-structured interview instrument for key informants at each institution. We present descriptive results and test differences between groups using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: In Espirito Santo, 250 institutions provide treatment for psychoactive substances and are distributed as follows: governmental (17.6%), nongovernmental (22.8%), and self-help groups (59.6%). Of these 250 institutions, 85 provide direct care, with the majority found in the Central region (70.6%) and followed by the Northern (15.3%) and Southern (14.1%) regions. The majority of those that provide direct care are private nonprofit centers (16.8%) institutions with ties to religious organizations make up nearly one-third (30.6%) of direct care providers. The drugs most consumed by those seeking care are alcohol (82.4%), tobacco (81.2%) and marijuana (68.2%). The institutions generally give assistance to people in the 26-45 years age group (89.4%); with regard to gender, the institutions take care of: men (31.8%), women (5.9%), and both sexes (56.5%). The treatment models most used are psychosocial (58.8%), therapeutic community (47.1%) and biomedical (43.5%) and the work is evaluated through the team technique (72.9 %). CONCLUSIONS: In the state of Espirito Santo, indirect care services are many times greater than those that offer direct care and the majority of all services are in the Central region. The populations in the mainland have a comparative disadvantage when it comes to treatment options for psychoactive substance use. We observed that a significant number of institutions that provide drug abuse treatment have financial support from religious organizations. The Espirito Santo State survey demonstrates the necessity of a decentralized provision of specialized care for psychoactive substance users, with substantially more services directed to the Northern and Southern regions of the state. Moreover, the emphasis of these new institutions should be on outpatient care. ; OBJETIVO: Foi realizado um levantamento de todas as instituiçõesque proporcionam tratamento para dependência de substâncias psicoativas no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil, durante o período de 2004-2005. MÉTODO: Foi utilizado o método de amostragem bola-de-neve para incluir todos os estabelecimentos de tratamento no Estado e empregada uma entrevista semi-estruturada para informantes-chave em cada instituição. Os resultados descritivos foram apresentados e as diferenças testadas entre os grupos, utilizando o teste de qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: No Espírito Santo, 250 instituições proporcionam tratamento para dependência de substâncias psicoativas e se distribuem da seguinte forma: governamentais (17,6%), não-governamentais (22,8%) e grupos de auto-ajuda (59,6%). Destas 250 instituições, 85 proporcionam assistência direta e a maioria se encontra na região Central (70,6%), seguido pela região Norte (15,3%) e Sul (14,1%). A maioria daquelas que fazem o atendimento direto são instituições privadas e sem fins lucrativos (16,8%); as que possuem vínculos com organizações religiosas compõem quase um terço do total (30,6%) de prestadores de serviços diretos. As drogas mais consumidas pelos que buscaram atendimento são álcool (82,4%), tabaco (81,2%) e maconha (68,2%). As instituições geralmente atendem pessoas na faixa etária entre 26 e 45 anos (89,4%); com relação ao sexo, as instituições que atendem somente homens perfazem 31,8%; as que só atendem mulheres, 5,9%; e ambos os sexos, 56,5%. Os modelos de tratamento mais utilizados são o psicossocial (58,8%), a comunidade terapêutica (47,1%) e o biomédico (43,5%), sendo o trabalho avaliado por meio da técnica de grupo (72,9%). CONCLUSÕES: No Estado do Espírito Santo, os serviços de atendimento indireto são muito maiores do que os que oferecem atendimento direto; a maioria dos serviços está na região central do Estado. As populações do interior do Estado estão em desvantagem quanto às opções de tratamento para o uso de substâncias psicoativas. Foi observado que um número significativo de instituições que provêem tratamento para o abuso de drogas tem apoio financeiro de organizações religiosas. A pesquisa no Estado do Espírito Santo demonstra a necessidade da descentralização do atendimento especializado para os usuários de substâncias e de consideravelmente mais serviços direcionados às regiões Norte e Sul do Estado. Além disso, a ênfase dessas novas instituições deve ser o tratamento ambulatorial. ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Núcleo de Estudos sobre o Álcool e outras Drogas ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem ; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Unidade de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas ; University of Texas Unidade de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas Population Research Center ; UNIFESP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem ; UNIFESP, Unidade de Pesquisa em Álcool e Drogas ; SciELO

La Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia ha avviato nel 2005, in qualità di Lead Partner, il progetto ANSER, che mira a valutare il ruolo ecologico delle zone umide per la sosta e lo svernamento degli uccelli acquatici nell'Adriatico settentrionale ed a definire linee guida per la conservazione del patrimonio naturale marino costiero. Il progetto viene realizzato in partenariato con le Università degli Studi di Udine e Trieste, la Regione Emilia- Romagna, l' Ente pubblico per la gestione delle aree protette nella contea di Spalato e Dalmazia (Croazia) ed il Museo di Scienze Naturali di Tirana (Albania). L'esigenza di mettere in atto tale progetto deriva dalla considerazione dell'eccezionale importanza dell'area adriatica per la nidificazione, la sosta e lo svernamento di molte specie di uccelli, della contestuale fragilità delle zone umide costiere, tradottasi spesso in degrado degli habitat, e della odierna necessità di conciliare le esigenze di conservazione con il diritto, per gli abitanti delle aree interessate dalla presenza di zone umide, al raggiungimento di livelli economici e occupazionali analoghi a quelli di altri territori. Il progetto trova quindi ulteriore motivazione nella necessità per le amministrazioni competenti di dare piena attuazione agli strumenti legislativi di riferimento per la protezione della natura nei paesi dell'Unione Europea come la "Direttiva Uccelli" (79/409/CEE) e la "Direttiva Habitat" (92/43/CEE) che hanno permesso di individuare le aree particolarmente meritevoli di conservazione in previsione di un loro piano di gestione e sviluppo. Da questo punto di vista l'acquisizione di dati attraverso studi, ricerche, attività di monitoraggio costituisce la premessa indispensabile per orientare le scelte gestionali, affinché qualsiasi intervento di conservazione non si riveli inefficace o addirittura dannoso. In questa direzione, il progetto si pone tra gli obiettivi di individuare i fattori di sovrapposizione ecologica delle diverse componenti ambientali ed antropiche e di raggiungere un forte coordinamento ed una forte sinergia tra Amministrazioni pubbliche, Istituti di ricerca e Università, ai fini di una corretta gestione di un sistema così complesso quali sono le zone umide. A tale scopo si prevede la messa a punto di metodologie di monitoraggio che, ricorrendo a indicatori di interesse gestionale, possano fornire dati certi e immediatamente utilizzabili relativamente alla situazione in atto e alle tendenze evolutive degli ecosistemi considerati, così da consentire l'adozione di provvedimenti correttivi adeguati. Il progetto inoltre individuerà nuove metodologie strumentali di ricerca e contribuirà concretamente alla formazione di nuove professionalità tecniche nel settore del biomonitoraggio, che portino ad una maggiore integrazione tecnico-scientifica delle istituzioni partner e delle altre realtà, istituzionali e non, territorialmente coinvolte. acquatici nell'Adriatico settentrionale ; Since 2005, the Region Friuli Venezia Giulia is the lead partner of the project ANSER, aimed at evaluating the ecological role of wetlands for waterbird resting and wintering in Northern Adriatic. One of the final aims of the project is to define a series of guidelines for the conservation of coastal wetlands and waterbirds. The project is carried out in collaboration with the universities of Udine and Trieste, the Region Emilia-Romagna, the Institution for protected area management of Spalato and Dalmatia (Croatia) and the Natural History Museum of Tirana (Albania). With regard to the Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, the project will be carried out until december 2008 and will involve all regional coastal wetlands. The reason for carrying out such a project is related to the great importance of the Adriatic area for the breeding, resting and wintering of a high number of birds, to the fragility of coastal wetlands, that are often characterized by habitat degradation, and to the need of integrating the conservation requirements to the social and economic development of such areas. The project is also related to the need of implementing the European environmental legislation, and in particular the Birds (79/409/EEC) and Habitats (92/43/EEC) directives, that have allowed to identify the areas where conservation, management and development plans should be applied. Data collection through research and monitoring activities is of the utmost importance for the definition of efficient and exhaustive management strategies. Indeed, the project aims at determining the factors of ecological overlap between environmental and human components, and at reaching a strong coordination among public administrations, research institutions and universities, in order to achieve a proper management of wetlands. For this reason, the monitoring methods are related to the development of indicators of management interest, that are accurate and can be immediately used for describing the evolutionary tendencies of the ecosystems, and adopt the required adjustments. The project will also define new research methods and form experts in biomonitoring, leading to a stronger technical-scientific integration of the partner institutions and of the other stakeholders.

This working paper assesses the durability of Chinese-American political participation in the San Francisco Bay Area between 1996 and 2004. We are interested in this durability, which we call "survival," for two reasons. First, because it gives us a better understanding of the universe of the population we are trying to study. Our survey was culled from those members of the 1996 cohort who are on the most recent registration rolls, which means that it contains information on only those members of the 1996 cohort who remained politically active. It is therefore useful for us to learn more about the characteristics of this group, and to determine what characteristics contribute to their continued political action. In particular, we want to know if the continued Chinese-American participation is a specifically ethnic phenomenon; that is, if the durability of the Chinese-American registration is owed to their being Chinese American, rather than to other factors (such as income or age or gender). If the continued Chinese-American registration is ethnic in nature, this would lend credence to our hypothesis that the large surge in political activity in 1996 by Chinese Americans was a defensive reaction, and one that remains influential today. Our second reason for performing this analysis is more academic: the data themselves tell an interesting story about the durability of political involvement. Political scientists have long concerned themselves with patterns of electoral participation, and in efforts to determine why political participation increases for some individuals and declines for others. Thus while our primary purpose in this duration analysis is to better understand this Bay Area Chinese-American population, a secondary benefit is that it yields us a useful experiment that can contribute to the more general literature in political science. We use registration to vote as our proxy for political activity, and the sample is, again, drawn from the 1996 cohort of first-time Chinese-American registers. The 1996 cohort is a useful one to study because, as we have noted in previous sections, 1996 marked a significant upsurge in Chinese-American political activity in the Bay Area, largely as a reaction to anti-immigrant legislation. The 1980s and early 1990s witnessed an increase in anti-immigrant sentiment in both American politics at large and California in particular—a number of anti-immigrant measures were either proposed or passed by voters in California. The threat to immigrants posed by these measures prompted a significant increase in naturalization rates and voting on the part of Bay Area Chinese Americans, culminating in a large cohort of Chinese Americans that voted in the national elections of 1996. Naturalization was an understandable and predictable reaction for Chinese Americans. Naturalization not only provided protection against anti-immigrant measures, but also provided a voice with which the newly naturalized could help shape future policies. The durability of Chinese-American political engagement, however, is less easy to predict. Two conflicting dynamics are at work. On the one hand, ethnic mobilization, and particularly defensive mobilization, can be short-lived. Political activity spawned by a particular issue or threat also tends to be transitory; once the threat subsides, levels of political participation can also decay. Evidence also suggests, however, that political activity tends to predict itself—that once the initial foray into politics is made, subsequent involvement becomes easier and more common. In this framework ethnic mobilization, regardless of its root cause, would set in motion a positive cycle that leads to continued involvement. Lastly, of course, we should also include the possibility that the perceived threat has not subsided; if anti-immigrant sentiment remains strong, so too might the political participation of immigrant groups. We should note that Chinese Americans who registered for the first time in 1996 did not necessarily naturalize and register that year. Certainly some of them may have. But the sample may also include Chinese Americans who naturalized earlier but did not become impelled to register until 1996. Either way would represent a significant step toward political activity, and makes 1996 a useful starting point for our study. Anecdotal and descriptive data suggests that Chinese Americans have remained politically active in the Bay Area, and that indeed they have emerged as an important swing voting bloc in municipal elections (Lee, 2003). Chinese Americans have been credited with helping Gavin Newsom win the San Francisco mayoral race in 2004. In this study we use a survey and duration analysis to determine whether Chinese-American voting activity has in fact endured in the ten years since the 1996 cohort. Our results suggest that this is the case; Chinese Americans from the Bay Area cohort remain politically active.

Deze studie gaat over het in kaart brengen van het denken van de strateeg – het kwantitatief meten van de denkbeelden van leidinggevenden over de beste manier waarop strategische vraagstukken zouden moeten worden benaderd. De doelstelling was om een betrouwbaar instrument te ontwikkelen waarmee deze strategische denkbeelden zouden kunnen worden gemeten, op een wijze dat het herbruikbaar zou zijn in een brede scala van cognitieve onderzoeken. Het zou een Hofstede-achtig, universeel instrument moeten zijn, dat strategische denkbeelden in kaart zou kunnen brengen over branche- en landsgrenzen heen. Om dit te bereiken werd een conceptueel kader geconstrueerd, bestaand uit tien afzonderlijke dimensies waarlangs de strategiepercepties van leidinggevenden kunnen verschillen. Voor elke dimensie werden de twee polen (ook wel strategie perspectieven genoemd) kwalitatief beschreven en daarna omgezet in kwantitatieve meetschalen. Tijdens de studie werden deze twintig schalen bijeengebracht in een internet-gebaseerd enquête instrument, de Strategy Profiler, die gebruikt werd om de percepties van enkele honderden managers te meten. Als afronding van de studie werd ook exploratief gekeken naar de mogelijke samenhang tussen allerlei persoonlijke karakteristieken en het hebben van specifieke strategie-perspectieven. Er werd gevonden dat enkele contextuele variabelen van managers zoals hun functioneel gebied en nationaliteit, significant gecorreleerd waren met een brede scala strategische denkbeelden. Dit resultaat geeft aan dat verder onderzoek naar de invloed van omgevingsfactoren (functie, organisatie, industrie en nationaliteit) op de strategievoorkeuren van leidinggevenden gewenst is. ; Ron Meyer is managing director of Strategy Works, an international strategy consulting and coaching firm, specialized in facilitating boardroom decision-making and guiding companies through processes of strategic renewal (www.strategy-works.com). He is also director of the Strategy Academy, an international research and training company, dedicated to improving companies' competences in the areas of strategy, leadership and business innovation (www.strategy-academy.org). Ron studied Political Science at the University of Alberta in his native Canada. After receiving his bachelor's degree he moved to the Netherlands and got his MBA at the Erasmus University in Rotterdam. From 1987 to 1998 he was a professor of strategic management at the Rotterdam School of Management / Erasmus Graduate School of Management. During this period he taught strategy in 15 countries, at universities and in companies, and acted as consultant to a wide variety of firms. For two years he was also Associate Director of RSM, in charge of managing the MBA Program. Since establishing Strategy Works and the Strategy Academy in 1998, together with Bob de Wit, Ron has remained associated with RSM as Adjunct Professor. However, most of his time is spent managing the two companies, and working as consultant / coach and trainer. He works with many top international companies on such topics as corporate strategy, business innovation, strategic alliances and strategies for growth, but his clients also include various mid-sized companies, searching for ways to grow and internationalize. Ron has given seminars and training courses to hundreds of companies around the world and lectured at more than 30 universities. He has written numerous articles and books, among which the internationally leading textbook on strategic manage-ment, Strategy - Process, Content, Context: An International Perspective, together with Bob de Wit. Over 125.000 copies have been sold so far and the book is used at more than 200 business schools around the world. In 2005 the 2nd edition was published of another book with Bob de Wit, Strategy Synthesis: Resolving Strategy Paradoxes to Create Competitive Advantage. ; This study is about mapping the mind of the strategist – quantitatively measuring the core beliefs that executives have about the best way to approach strategic issues. The objective is to develop a reliable instrument for measuring these strategy beliefs, which can be reused across a broad range of cognitive studies. The intention is to create a Hofstede-like universal instrument for quantitatively capturing strategic beliefs of executives across any range of industries and cultures. To achieve this, a comprehensive conceptual framework is presented consisting of ten distinct dimensions along which executives can have differing cognitive preconceptions. For each of the ten dimensions, the opposite poles (referred to as strategy perspectives) are qualitatively described and then translated into quantitative measurement scales. During the study, these twenty scales were brought together in a web-based survey instrument, the Strategy Profiler, which was used to quantitatively map hundreds of individual executives' strategy beliefs. The study concludes with some exploratory research into the factors correlated with specific strategy beliefs. It is found that contextual variables such as functional and national background are significantly correlated with a large number of strategic beliefs. This suggests that further research into the impact of executives' environments (functional area, organization, industry and national context) on their strategic beliefs seem very promising.

The discipline of organizational behaviour along with organizational theory and general management is essential in training of managers including those of public sector. However, it is a relatively new academic discipline for Russian higher education institutions. The article says that the main specific feature of this discipline is that it is founded on the complex of ideas and concepts belonging to various basic fields of knowledge. This, in its turn, poses a number of challenges in working up and delivering the course. Understanding of these problems is imperative, much of it is owed to the peculiarities of OB establishing as a separate research area in the 50-60ies of the last century. Therefore, the article rather comprehensively describes the establishment history of organizational studies in science and analyses the basic factors having the most significant influence on the process. Thus, the article gives a thorough consideration to a valuable contribution made by F. Taylor, who put forward a concept of scientific management; M. Weber, known as a founder of the bureaucratic form of organization, clearly differentiating between managers and executors; A. Fayol, who maintained his attitude towards the division of labour practices assigning people with special tasks to their best ability; E. Mayo, who proposed the idea that social environment at work significantly affected productivity; K. Levin, who considered it was person's personality as well as his/her environment that determined human behaviour. These scholars, first, contributed to grasping the idea that behaviour at work was shaped by a set of individual, group and organizational factors, second, with organizational behaviour studies generalized, to establishing a unified science. Extensive researches carried out, with the conclusions published in the article known as the "Gordon and Howell" report in 1959, were the key factors in establishing of OB as a science. Thus, it's underlined that the present-day OB is a science generated from various social disciplines (psychology, social psychology, political science and anthropology). Thus, interdisciplinary character of OB presents one of the main challenges while working out the organizational behaviour course, a teacher should adjust his/her approach and develop his/her area of competence in comparison to his/her basic education, and should ensure balance in core constituent elements representation, when describing phenomena and concepts of organizational behaviour. Otherwise, the course might turn into a summary of the "Psychology of Management" or the "Sociology of Management", and might not fulfill its integrative function. Hereafter the article scrutinizes a list of topics studied by OB and concludes that there is a wide range of OB issues, even simple enumeration of the crucial issues proves it: individual behaviour management, group management, organizational process management, motivation of employees, organizational culture establishing. Thus, another challenge is being set forth comprehensive presentation of all the aspects of this discipline in a study course poses a rather challenging task. Third challenge, from the author's perspective, manifests itself in a fact that contemporary organizational theory studies both various types of organizational behaviour and manifold versions of organizational behaviour as well as means of interpreting them. For the most part it is determined by diversity of approaches to organizational theory in psychology, sociology and other behavioral sciences. Thus, psychological science distinguishes between at least six markedly different methodological aspects. The article pays most attention to the methodology of individual differences, behavioural, non-behavioural and psychoanalytical approaches. Sociological and social anthropological approaches, which are the basics for interpretation of organizational behaviour variation, encompass much more nine, at least. Taking into account the abovementioned, the author formulates the forth challenge how to share extensive knowledge acquired in the area of OB as a managerial science, within managerial education study course in higher education institution and avoid conceptual narrowness resulting from teacher's commitment to one or another approach. Lastly, we approached the fifth challenge. It is determined by the fact that OB rests upon the researches enriching the discipline of organizational behaviour. Unfortunately, in present-day Russia this discipline represents a "calque" from the American model. Both theoretical and practical researches in various aspects of organizational behaviour in Russian institutions are indispensable to overcome this drawback. Moreover, it is crucial to disclose national specifics of human behaviour at work and opportunity to apply it in order to increase productivity. In support of the abovementioned, the author produces the results of the research conducted in the early nineties in Russia. This research is grounded on the approach to analysis of differences between nations, suggested by G. Hofstede, and goal of the research was to determine how the Russian national culture affects human behaviour in an institution.

In this report future annual emissions amounts of gaseous pollutants, particulate matter (PM10) and noise from the non-road mobile machinery sector in Sweden were estimated. The estimates over future emissions amounts were conducted for each year from 2006 to 2020. Special focus has been taken to the impact of European and national legislations, the age distribution of different types and sizes of machinery and measures to reduce the annual emissions. Besides different measures to reduce emissions, corresponding costs were also estimated. The study comprises fuel consumption and emissions of CO2, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and noise from non-road mobile machinery equipped with diesel engines with a rated engine power of 37 to 560 kW. Non-road mobile machinery for example includes tractors, wheel loaders, excavators, articulate haulers, mobile cranes, combined harvesters, forestry machinery and trucks. The current report was a supplementary study to a report describing a methodology for estimating annual fuel consumption and emissions from the non-road mobile machinery sector in Sweden for year 2006. Inventory data of the year 2006 study was obtained from the Swedish machinery testing institute's machinery inspection operation, statistics of sale returns from trade organisations and the Swedish motor-vehicle register. The number of machinery and annual fuel consumption and emissions amounts for year 2006 is presented in table S1. Besides estimates of annual fuel consumption and emissions amounts, emissions of noise was also derived both at a national level and for a specific construction site. For the case study the results showed that it was possible to reduce the average noise level with more than 3 dB(A) compared with the base scenario just by choosing the machinery fulfilling the strictest noise limits, i.e. Stage II which was mandatory for most machinery from 2006. Other measures simulated included various types of retrofit of noise reduction packages. The specific cost for the different measures to reduce average noise emissions from the specific construction site varied from 4 000 up to more than 500 000 SEK dB-1. For the estimate of future fuel consumption and emissions amounts various simulations were conducted, each with a different measure for reducing the annual amounts. Five main emission reduction measures or programs were studied: - Scrappage program - Alternative fuel program - Voluntary emission regulation program - Retrofit of aftertreatment program - Noise reduction program The impact on engine exhaust gas emissions and noise of the current European emission and noise regulations, Stage I to IV and Stage I to II for emissions and noise respectively were common for all simulations or programs. Besides the impact of European regulations, annual work was set to a fixed value for each type of machinery and year simulated, thus eliminating any potential changes of the state of the market. The result of the baseline scenario "Business as usual" (BAU), i.e. only taking account to the impact of European regulation, is presented in table S2 for four different years Both fuel consumption and emissions of CO2 remains fairly constant as an effect of the assumption that the annual work was set at a fixed value. However, emissions of especially NOx and PM showed a major reduction due to the tighter and tighter regulations. All programs simulated were able to reduce the emissions compared with the BAU scenario with exceptions for emissions of nitrogen oxides, which increased in some of the alternative fuel programs. Both the absolute reduction and cost varied significantly between and within the various programs. Reduction of NOx varied from an accumulated increase in emissions of 25 000 tonne to an accumulated reduction of 22 000 tonne for the studied period from 2006 to 2020. At the same time the accumulated cost for the programs varied from a few hundred million SEK to more than 60 000 million SEK. In table S3, specific reduction cost for each pollutant in SEK kg-1 for eight typical emission reduction programs are presented. The results showed that the most economically favourable alternative for reducing emissions from non-road mobile machinery was the voluntary emissions regulation program, i.e. early introduction of machinery fulfilling coming emission limits. Another important result was that the introduction of alternative fuels as a mean of emissions reduction was associated with rather high costs compared to the actual reduction in emissions. For emissions of nitrogen oxides the specific reduction cost varied from almost 100 SEK kg-1 up to a few hundreds of SEK kg-1 except for the alternative fuel programs, which resulted in a considerable higher cost.

Rimske bronzane posude: dve situle i kaserola, otkrivene su slučajno prilikom izgradwe porodične kuće u centru Čačka 1960. Vedra su opredeljena u poznate tipove Bargfeld i Hemoor, koji su široko rasprostranjeni u Rimskom carstvu, a posebno duž rajnskog i dunavskog limesa, gde se, mahom, nalaze kao uobičajeni delovi vojničke opreme, dok kaserola pripada vrlo retkom tipu sa pomičnom drškom, takođe nošenom u vojničkom prtljagu kao posuda za pripremanje hrane, a posebno za pečenje hleba. Sve tri posude mogu se opredeliti u period II-III v., kada su na mestu današnjeg Čačka, tada graničnoj oblasti provincija Gornje Mezije i Dalmacije, bile stacionirane jedinice Cohors VIII voluntariorum, Cohors II Delmatorum, kao i beneficijariji iz redova Legio XI Claudia. ; Three Roman copper alloy vessels, rare in western Serbia, were found in 1960 in central Čačak. Two buckets (situlae) and one pan (trulla), were discovered by chance, during construction work, in the vicinity of a massive Roman wall built of stone and mortar. The first bucket (fig. 1/1), (Reg. No. A 721) well preserved, has a bi-conical body with the rim turned on the outer side (dimensions: rim diameter 20-20.5 cm; base diameter 14.5 cm; height 17 cm). The shoulder of the vessel is positioned at 2/3 of its height which identified this situla as the Barfeld type dating from 1st to 2nd century A.D. Several finds of buckets belonging to this popular type have been made in Serbia, mostly dredged from the river Sava at Sremska Rača near Sirmium. Nevertheless, it resembles most closely the situla from the National Museum at Vršac, probably found in the vicinity of Stara Palanka. The second bucket (fig. 1/2) (Reg. No. A 722) identified as a Hemoor type situla is partially preserved (dimensions: rim diameter 16 cm; height 8 cm; handle diameter 0.8 cm). The upper body of the vessel is adorned with two pairs of parallel incised lines. The vessel is made of copper tin alloy (thickness: 1.5-2 mm) and has a greenish patina. Hemoor type buckets were found in great numbers both within the Roman empire and outside its borders. They were dated to 200-300 A.D. and divided into two variants. Samples from Serbia belong to the Pannonian variant with shallower recipient, low ring-like foot and almost circular handle holders. Analogies from the territory of the Sava and Danube valleys are known from Osijek (Mursa) in Croatia and the site Groblje at Šetjernej in Slovenia, as well as from some Pannonian urban centres (Sophiana, Intercisa, Vindobona). The third vessel (fig. 2), (Reg. No. A 723) exceptional in shape, was beaten from a copper alloy sheet with a high percentage of copper which gives the alloy its intensive red color (dimensions: base diameter 24 cm; height 4 cm; handle length of 14 cm; handle width 2.5 cm). It is made in the shape of a round shallow recipient with vertical sides and single folding handle positioned horizontally. Vessels of this peculiar shape resembling modern frying pans, were certainly used for food processing, most probably for bread baking (Bratpfanne). The chronology of these vessels, made of copper alloy or iron, spans the period from the middle of 2nd to the end of the first third of the 3rd century A.D. They have been found all over the Roman empire: Britain, France, Southern Italy Austria, Germany and all the way to Egypt. The pan belongs to the unusual type of Roman bronze vessels rare both in the Central Balkans and over a broader territory. The only analogy from Serbia that is known to us comes from the limes in the Iron Gates gorge. It was found in a hoard of bronze vessels uncovered at the Roman fortress Campsa near Ravna, dated to the first half of the 3rd century A.D. The copper alloy vessels from Čačak should be connected most probably to the presence of the Roman army in this territory already confirmed by several votive inscriptions. These inscriptions mention a centurion of Cohors VIII voluntariorum, beneficiarii from Legio XI Claudia and even the military tribune of Cohors II Delmatorum. According to epigraphic data, a Roman military fortification of ca. 5 ha should be expected in the vicinity of Čačak, dated as early as the end of the 2nd and with more certainty during the 3rd century. A camp of that size would have been large enough to accommodate the cohors milliaria equitata garrison mentioned in votive inscriptions. The presence of a Roman garrison of such a considerable number and character in the vicinity of Čačak can be explained by the strategic importance of this territory on the crossroads of important Roman land communications between the provinces of Upper Moesia and Dalmatia as well as the importance of the Roman silver mines at Kosmaj and Rudnik nearby.

En este artículo se traza un parangón entre la obra fotográfica (fija y en movimiento) de Leni Riefensthal y el pensamiento del físico cuántico Werner Heisenberg. Ambos autores son coetáneos, y guardan en común el servicio prestado al régimen nacionalsocialista de la Alemania nazi. Una, con la producción de una obra gráfica idealizadora del pueblo ario y de sus líderes; el otro, poniendo a disposición de su país su experiencia y conocimientos científicos a la hora de desarrollar la bomba atómica alemana. Sin embargo, en esta ocasión se atiende mayormente al substrato intelectual y estético subyacente en sus obras, antes que a sus biografías. Y es la fotografía el elemento que nos sirve para analizar esta coincidencia de miras y de actitudes estéticas y filosóficas. Mientras que en el caso de la fotógrafo y cineasta es el tono grandilocuente y altivo de su obra lo que resalta, en consonancia con la aguda observación de Walter Benjamin de la estetizoción que hace el fascismo de la política; en el caso del insigne físico, lo que destaca son sus conclusiones de carácter neoplatónico a raíz de la formulación de sus famosas relaciones de incertidumbre , que se deben sorprendentemente a una serie de reflexiones hechas en torno a las fotografías del trazo de las partículas atómicas tal como se manifiestan en la cámara de niebla. Ciencia y arte se dan la mano en la trastienda del pensamiento, a través de un instrumento tan moderno como es el fotográfico. Expresión y conocimiento, las dos potencialidades más destacables de la cámara, encuentran un punto en común en el pensamiento y estética sublimadores de la realidad de estos dos autores alemanes. La esencia del pueblo alemán, retratada por medio de atletas apolíneos, de voces altivas y decorados grandilocuentes de mármol y granito, como rememoración de aquel arte clásico grecolatino, regido por cánones geométricos, y aquí entendido de cartón piedra, tiende la mano al principio de indeterminación, verdadera espada de Damocles suspendida sobre la cabeza de la física moderna, e interpretado por el físico alemán como un baluarte de las relaciones formales, puras y geométricas, que definen la esencia del mundo y de las cosas. La fotografía, de ser un instrumento de observación positivista al servicio de la ciencia del siglo XIX, pasó a ser cuestionada, junto a sus productos, por un nuevo idealismo que demostraba su fuerza arrolladora y salvaje tanto en la ciencia y el arte como en la política del siglo XX. ; This article establishes a relationship between the photographic work (films and photography) of Leni Riefensthal and the philosophical ideas of the quantum physicist Werner Heisenberg. These authors are contemporaries and hove in common their service to the National Socialist party in Germany. The first, through the production of an idealizing graphical work of an Aryan people and its leaders; the second, by helping the German atomic bomb project with his scientific experience and knowledge. On this occasion however we look into their intellectual and aesthetic principies rather than at their personal biographies. Photography is the element which helps us analyse a conc urrence in their artistic and philosophical outlook and attitudes. While in the case of the photographer and filmmaker Leni Riefensthal it is pomposity and arrogance which best defines her work, in accordance with Walter Benjamin 's observation of political aesthetication by fascism: in the case of the notorious physicist, his neoplatonic conc/usions as a result of his famous uncertainty relations stand out. The latter is surprisingly related to sorne observations he made after taking into consideration a number of c/oud chamber photographs of atomic portie/es. Science and art encounter each other behind thought through the modern instrument of photography. Expression and knowledge, the two m ost outstanding potentialities of the camera, find a common ground in the subliminal thinking and aesthetics of these two German authors. The essence of the German people, portrayed in film by Leni Riefensthal as Apol/onian athletes, haughty voices and grandiloquent statues of marble and granite in remembrance of c/assical Greco-latin art, ruled by geometric cannons, but understood here as cardboard work, stretches its hand to the uncertainty principie, as a truly Damoc/es sword suspended over the head of modern physics, and interpreted by Heisenberg as a bastion of those formal relationships, pure and geometric, which define the world and the essence of things. Photography and its products, after being a positivist observational instrument at the service of XIX century science, were questioned by this new idealism which showed its savage force in XX century art, science and politics. ; Publicado