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One Health (OH) positions health professionals as agents for change and provides a platform to manage determinants of health that are often not comprehensively captured in medicine or public health alone. However, due to the organization of societies and disciplines, and the sectoral allocation of resources, the development of transdisciplinary approaches requires effort and perseverance. Therefore, there is a need to provide evidence on the added value of OH for governments, researchers, funding bodies, and stakeholders. This paper outlines a conceptual framework of what OH approaches can encompass and the added values they can provide. The framework was developed during a workshop conducted by the "Network for Evaluation of One Health," an Action funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology. By systematically describing the various aspects of OH, we provide the basis for measuring and monitoring the integration of disciplines, sectors, and stakeholders in health initiatives. The framework identifies the social, economic, and environmental drivers leading to integrated approaches to health and illustrates how these evoke characteristic OH operations, i.e., thinking, planning, and working, and require supporting infrastructures to allow learning, sharing, and systemic organization. It also describes the OH outcomes (i.e., sustainability, health and welfare, interspecies equity and stewardship, effectiveness, and efficiency), which are not possible to obtain through sectoral approaches alone, and their alignment with aspects of sustainable development based on society, environment, and economy.

Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT can save lives. This European Union (EU) position statement presents the available evidence and the major issues that need to be addressed to ensure the successful implementation of low-dose CT lung cancer screening in Europe. This statement identified specific actions required by the European lung cancer screening community to adopt before the implementation of low-dose CT lung cancer screening. This position statement recommends the following actions: a risk stratification approach should be used for future lung cancer low-dose CT programmes; that individuals who enter screening programmes should be provided with information on the benefits and harms of screening, and smoking cessation should be offered to all current smokers; that management of detected solid nodules should use semi-automatically measured volume and volume-doubling time; that national quality assurance boards should be set up to oversee technical standards; that a lung nodule management pathway should be established and incorporated into clinical practice with a tailored screening approach; that non-calcified baseline lung nodules greater than 300 mm(3), and new lung nodules greater than 200 mm(3), should be managed in multidisciplinary teams according to this EU position statement recommendations to ensure that patients receive the most appropriate treatment; and planning for implementation of low-dose CT screening should start throughout Europe as soon as possible. European countries need to set a timeline for implementing lung cancer screening.

BACKGROUND: There are few accounts of evidence-based interventions for depression and other common mental disorders (CMDs) in primary care in low-income countries. The Friendship Bench Project is a collaborative care mental health intervention in primary care in Harare for CMDs which began as a pilot in 2006. CASE PRESENTATION: We employed a mixture of quantitative and qualitative approaches to investigate the project's acceptability and implementation, 4-8 years after the initial pilot study. We carried out basic descriptive analyses of routine data on attendance collected between 2010 and 2014. We also conducted five focus group discussions (FGDs) with LHWs in 2013 and 12 in-depth interviews, six with staff and six with patients, to explore experiences of the intervention, which we analysed using grounded theory. Results show that the intervention appears highly acceptable as evidenced by a consistent number of visits between 2010 and 2014 (mean 505 per year, SD 132); by the finding that the same team of female community LHWs employed as government health promoters continue to deliver assessment and problem-solving therapy, and the perceived positive benefits expressed by those interviewed. Clients described feeling 'relieved and relaxed' after therapy, and having their 'mind opened', and LHWs describing satisfaction from being agents of change. Characteristics of the LHWs (status in the community, maturity, trustworthiness), and of the intervention (use of locally validated symptom screen, perceived relevance of problem-solving therapy) and continuity of the LHW team appeared crucial. Challenges to implementation included the LHWs ongoing need for weekly supervision despite years of experience; the supervisors need for supervision for herself; training needs in managing suicidal and hostile clients; poor documentation; lack of follow-up of depressed clients; and poor access to antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS: This case study shows that a collaborative care intervention for CMDs is positively received by patients, rewarding for LHWs to deliver, and can be sustained over time at low cost. Next steps include evaluation of the impact of the intervention through a randomised trial, and testing of a technological platform for supporting supervision and monitoring clients' attendance.

The CHIPS randomized controlled trial (Control of Hypertension in Pregnancy Study) found no difference in the primary perinatal or secondary maternal outcomes between planned textquotedblleftless tighttextquotedblright (target diastolic 100 mm Hg) and textquotedbllefttighttextquotedblright (target diastolic 85 mm Hg) blood pressure management strategies among women with chronic or gestational hypertension. This study examined which of these management strategies is more or less costly from a third-party payer perspective. A total of 981 women with singleton pregnancies and nonsevere, nonproteinuric chronic or gestational hypertension were randomized at 14 to 33 weeks to less tight or tight control. Resources used were collected from 94 centers in 15 countries and costed as if the trial took place in each of 3 Canadian provinces as a cost-sensitivity analysis. Eleven hospital ward and 24 health service costs were obtained from a similar trial and provincial government health insurance schedules of medical benefits. The mean total cost per womantextendashinfant dyad was higher in less tight versus tight control, but the difference in mean total cost (DM) was not statistically significant in any province: Ontario ($30 191.62 versus $24 469.06; DM $5723, 95% confidence interval, -$296 to $12 272; P=0.0725); British Columbia ($30 593.69 versus $24 776.51; DM $5817; 95% confidence interval, -$385 to $12 349; P=0.0725); or Alberta ($31 510.72 versus $25 510.49; DM $6000.23; 95% confidence interval, -$154 to $12 781; P=0.0637). Tight control may benefit women without increasing risk to neonates (as shown in the main CHIPS trial), without additional (and possibly lower) cost to the healthcare system.Clinical Trial RegistrationtextemdashURL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01192412.Novelty and Significance

This report was prepared as part of the World Bank engagement in the Philippines to support Islamic Finance and Financial Inclusion. It provides an overview on the context for the development of Islamic finance in the Philippines and is accompanied by two focused reports providing further detail and suggestions on enhancing financial inclusion in the Philippines through Islamic microfinance and assessment of the status of financial inclusion in Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)and the proposed Bangsamoro territory. The term Islamic finance is used to refer to financial activities conforming to Islamic Law (Shari'ah). One of the main principles of the Islamic finance system is the prohibition of the payment and the receipt of ribā (interest) in a financial transaction. A pure debt security is replaced with an "asset-based" security, direct financing of a real asset, and different forms of partnerships of which equity financing is the most desirable.The following key principles guide Islamic Finance: i) Prohibition of interest on transactions (ribā); ii) Financing must be linked to assets (materiality); iii) Engagement in immoral or ethically problematic businesses not allowed (e.g., gambling or alcohol production); iv) Returns must be linked to risks. Table 1 provides a summary description of basic financial instruments.Over the past decade Islamic finance has emerged as an effective tool for financing development worldwide, including in non-Muslim majority countries. Discussion and interest in Islamic finance has also appeared on G20 discussions. Major financial markets are discovering solid evidence that Islamic finance has already been mainstreamed within the global financial system – and that it has the potential to help address the challenges of ending extreme poverty and boosting shared prosperity.In summary, Islamic finance is equity-based, asset-backed, ethical, sustainable, environmentally- and socially-responsible finance. It promotes risk sharing, connects the financial sector with the real economy, and emphasizes financial inclusion and social welfare.

This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for Tunisia, prepared jointly by International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) covers the period Fiscal Year (FY) 2016 through FY 2020. The CPF is anchored in the Government of Tunisia's September 2015 Note d'Orientation Stratégique and the WBG's October 2015 Strategy for the Middle East and North Africa Region. It builds on extensive discussions with a wide range of stakeholders, and is underpinned by WBG analytics, including the June 2015 Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD). The Government's "Note d'Orientation Stratégique" outlines Tunisia's development vision for the next five years. Its main premise is that Tunisia will maintain its strong partnerships with the international community; rely on the private sector to lead economic growth and job creation; and promote a vibrant civil society. Technical ministries and regions are in the process of preparing their five-year sectorial plans based on this vision, for which financing will be sought during an international donor conference in late 2016.

In absence of deposit insurance, underdeveloped financial systems can exhibit a coordination failure between banks, unable to commit on safe asset holding, and depositors, anticipating low deposit repayment in bad states. This paper shows conditions under which a government can solve this failure by imposing safe asset purchases, which boosts deposits by increasing depositor repayment in bad states. In so doing, financial regulation stimulates bank profits if subsequent deposit growth exceeds the intermediation margin decline. As a result, it also promotes loans and branch installation with deposits. Two empirical tests are presented: 1) a regulation change by the National Bank of Ethiopia in 2011; 2) the introduction of bank taxes in Antebellum USA (1800-1861). Analyzing bank balance sheets and long-term branch installation, the regulation effects are isolated exploiting heterogeneity in bank size and policies introduction respectively, and find increases in branches, deposits, loans, and safe assets, with no decline in overall profits.

This Country Partnership Framework (CPF) sets out the World Bank Group (WBG) program for Albania for the period FY15-19, aimed at supporting Albanias aspiration to achieve equitable growth and integration into the European Union. Albania emerged from the collapse of isolationist communism in the early 1990s as one of the poorest countries in Europe. The country then experienced rapid growth of nearly 6 percent per annum, rising into the ranks of middle income countries by 2008. The global and Eurozone crises in 2008 brought Albanias growth to a near stand-still by 2012, and the country is struggling to recover, particularly given its historic ties to Europes poorer performing economies. The CPF reflects selectivity based on the fundamental priorities of the System Country Diagnostic (SCD) that allows for ramping up support from the World Bank Group. The CPF selectively chooses only five of the twelve SCD priorities, and builds a program of support around this subset of priorities on the basis of additional selectivity filters. These five fundamental priorities include: 1) restoring fiscal sustainability and maintaining financial stability; 2) establishing a high quality business environment; 3) providing clean, efficient, equitable and financially sustainable energy; 4) formalizing and enhancing inclusiveness and sustainability of land markets; and 5) enhancing governance, transparency and accountability of government.

This report summarizes the experiences of 19 companies from across the region. Each of the case studies highlights the key corporate governance changes made and the positive impacts that resulted, as reported by the company. The companies represent various countries, sectors, types, and sizes. All of the companies featured are former IFC Advisory Services clients. Some are IFC Investment clients as well. IFC conducted an in-depth corporate governance assessment for each of these companies using IFC's Corporate Governance Methodology. The assessments resulted in specific recommendations on ways to improve each company's governance framework and identified implementation plans. The assessments were conducted at various points over the past few years. The time taken to implement changes and realize benefits varied. However, all companies reported that governance changes are continuous and the corresponding benefits manifest themselves in different forms over time. This report provides examples of companies in various stages of change – from recent changes (e.g., Medgulf) to ongoing, longer-term changes (e.g., Bank Audi). This report also includes testimony from three MENA private equity firms (all IFC investment clients). Collectively, these firms have worked with 72 investee companies (past and present funds). Selected based on their association with IFC and their willingness to share their insight and experiences, these firms offer a valuable window into the importance of corporate governance from an investor's perspective. The material in this report is based on feedback gathered through individual interviews with each organization featured, resulting in well-considered responses. The achievements highlighted are all the more notable given that the interviews and information gathering process took place in in late 2009 (first edition) and 2013 (for current edition), when the region was still under the stress of the crisis.

This paper presents evidence from the first three years of a randomized controlled trial of a government-administered pilot teacher performance pay program in Punjab, Pakistan. The program offers yearly cash bonuses to teachers in a sample of public primary schools with the lowest mean student exam scores in the province. Bonuses are linked to three school-level indicators: the gain in student exam scores, the gain in school enrollment, and the level of student exam participation. Bonus receipt and size are also randomly assigned across schools according to whether or not the teacher is the school's head. On average, the program increases school enrollment by 4.1 percent and student exam participation rates by 3.4 percentage points, both in the third year. The analysis does not find that the program increases student exam scores in any year. Mean impacts are similar across program variants. The positive mean impact on school enrollment is mainly seen in urban schools and the positive mean impact on student exam participation rates is only seen in rural schools.

This note forms part of a broader engagement between the World Bank and the Government of FYR Macedonia on how to foster more and better jobs and make sure that more marginalized groups, women, low earners, skilled and unskilled youth, for example - can participate and benefit from those jobs. It focuses on providing updated labor market diagnostics based on the labor force surveys between 2007 and 2011. The findings will be used as a basis for further policy analysis. The remainder of this note is organized as follows. Section two describes labor market developments since 2007 and the conditions prevailing in 2011. Subsequent sections address the remaining challenges and key policy options. The third section thus focuses on raising productivity – critical to national economic development and to ensure sustainable increases in earnings over time in Macedonia. The fourth section discusses the generational divide in terms of challenges in labor market opportunities for the younger versus older generations. The fifth section looks at workers that are particularly disadvantaged in the labor market with a particular focus on women. The sixth section concludes with the policy levers that may help Macedonia move forward on the jobs agenda.

The health equity and financial protection reports are short country-specific volumes that provide a picture of equity and financial protection in the health sectors of low-and middle-income countries. Topics covered include: inequalities in health outcomes, health behavior and health care utilization; benefit incidence analysis; financial protection; and the progressivity of health care financing. Malawi's government is committed to improving equity and financial protection in the health sector. Equity is explicitly mentioned as one of the four objectives in the Health Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP). The overall objective of the HSSP is to contribute towards Malawi's attainment of the health and related millennium development goals. The specific objectives of the HSSP are, therefore, to: 1) increase coverage of the high quality Essential Health Package (EHP) services; 2) reduce risk factors to health; 3) improve equity and efficiency in the delivery of quality EHP services; and 4) strengthen the performance of the health system to support delivery of EHP services. Malawi spends 6.2 per cent (2009) of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health. This is similar to the average spending in other lower income countries in Africa, which have spent an average of 6.5 per cent (2009) of their GDP on health. The central Ministry of health is responsible for the development and enforcement of health policy, regulation of the health sector, creation of standards and norms, allocation and management of resources, provision of technical support, coordination, and monitoring and evaluation.

España es líder Europea en la producción piscícola de rodaballo (Scophthalmus maximus) y, concretamente en Galicia supone una importante actividad económica y social, representando más del 60% de la producción de la Unión Europea. Debido a que uno de los mayores problemas en la acuicultura es el impacto negativo que tienen las enfermedades, en los últimos años se ha realizado un considerable esfuerzo en estudiar el sistema inmune de los peces cultivados, para poder desarrollar herramientas de lucha y prevención frente a estas. Incluso cuando enfermedades víricas, (como la causada por el virus de la septicemia hemorrágica viral (VHSV) (Tafalla et al., 1998)), bacterianas (como la causada por bacterias como Aeromonas sp (Toranzo et al., 1993)) o parasitarias (como la causada por Philasterides dicentrarchi (Iglesias et al., 2001)) han sido investigadas y se sabe que afectan a estos cultivos, poco se conoce sobre los mecanismos de defensa de estos animales contra los patógenos. Aunque se han llevado a cabo considerables esfuerzos para desarrollar vacunas convencionales o subunidades para muchos de estos patógenos de peces, su éxito ha sido muy limitado. Es conveniente que se introduzcan nuevos enfoques en la investigación concerniente a las vacunas, que proporcionen seguridad y eficacia frente a las enfermedades más importantes de los peces comerciales. Se conoce que en los peces el peso de la respuesta inmune no específica o innata es mayor que el que parece tener en mamíferos y por lo tanto, se confía más en su respuesta inmune innata que en la adaptativa para combatir las infecciones. Recientemente se ha descrito en vertebrados la existencia de mecanismos inmunes independientes de células B/T o "trained immunity" (TI), que previamente ya habían sido descritos en plantas e invertebrados. Sin embargo, la TI y su contribución a la protección frente agentes infecciosos en peces aún no ha sido explorada, aunque existen muchas evidencias que sugieren que es así. En este proyecto emplearemos dos especies de peces; el rodaballo (Scophthalmus maximus) y el pez cebra (Danio rerio), que emplearemos como herramienta de laboratorio para poder profundizar en el estudio de procesos básicos en los que sea difícil trabajar con especies comerciales. El pez cebra se ha empleado como modelo, tanto para el estudio de la respuesta inmune frente a enfermedades de los peces cultivados (Novoa et al., 2006; Rodríguez et al., 2008; Encinas et al., 2010; Novoa y Figueras, 2012), como para el estudio de procesos inflamatorios de gran interés para la salud humana, como el choque séptico y la tolerancia al lipopolisacárido bacteriano (LPS) (Novoa et al., 2009). Además, nos ha servido para estudiar la ontogenia del sistema inmune en peces (Dios et al., 2010; Varela et al., 2012 ). En este proyecto pretendemos profundizar en la modulación de la respuesta inflamatoria o innata frente a patógenos virales como el virus de la septicemia hemorrágica viral (VHSV), asociado con mortalidades de rodaballo o el SVCV, que se emplea como patógeno del pez cebra (Varela et al, 2014). - Dios S, Romero A, Chamorro R, Figueras A, Novoa B. 2010. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 29(6):1019-27. - Encinas P, Rodriguez-Milla MA, Novoa B, Estepa A, Figueras A, Coll J. 2010. BMC Genomics, 27;11:518. - Iglesias R, Paramá A, Alvarez MF, Leiro J, Fernández J, Sanmartín ML. 2001. Dis Aquat Organ, 22;46:47-55. - Novoa B, Romero A, Mulero V, Rodríguez I, Fernández I, Figueras A. 2006. Vaccine, 24 (31-32):5806-16. - Novoa B, Bowman TV, Zon L, Figueras A. 2009. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 26(2):326-31 - Novoa B. and Figueras A. 2012. Adv Exp Med Biol, 946:253-75 - Rodríguez I, Novoa B, Figueras A. 2008. Fish Shellfish Immunol; 25(3):239-49. - Tafalla, A. Figueras & Novoa, B. 1998. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 62: 359-366. - Varela M, Dios S, Novoa B, Figueras A. 2012. Dev Comp Immunol, 37:97-106. - Varela M, Dios S, Novoa B, Figueras A. 2014. J.Virol, 88(20):12026-12040. ; España é líder Europea na produción piscícola de rodaballo (Scophthalmus maximus) e, concretamente en Galicia supón unha importante actividade económica e social, representando máis do 60% da produción da Unión Europea. Debido a que un dos maiores problemas na acuicultura é o impacto negativo que teñen as enfermidades, nos últimos anos realizouse un considerable esforzo en estudar o sistema inmune dos peixes cultivados, para poder desenvolver ferramentas de loita e prevención fronte a estas. Mesmo cando enfermidades víricas, (como a causada polo virus da septicemia hemorrágica viral (VHSV) (Tafalla et al., 1998)), bacterianas (como a causada por bacterias como Aeromonas sp (Toranzo et al., 1993)) ou parasitarias (como a causada por Philasterides dicentrarchi (Iglesias et al., 2001)) foron investigadas e sábese que afectan a estes cultivos, pouco coñécese sobre os mecanismos de defensa destes animais contra os patógenos. Aínda que se levaron a cabo considerables esforzos para desenvolver vacinas convencionais ou subunidades para moitos destes patógenos de peixes, o seu éxito foi moi limitado. É conveniente que se introduzan novos enfoques na investigación concernente ás vacinas, que proporcionen seguridade e eficacia fronte ás enfermidades máis importantes dos peixes comerciais. Coñécese que nos peixes o peso da resposta inmune non específica ou innata é maior que o que parece ter en mamíferos e por tanto, se confia máis na súa resposta inmune innata que na adaptativa para combater as infeccións. Recentemente describiuse en vertebrados a existencia de mecanismos inmunes independentes de células B/T ou "trained immunity" (TI), que previamente xa foran descritos en plantas e invertebrados. Con todo, a TI e a súa contribución á protección fronte axentes infecciosos en peces aínda non foi explorada, aínda que existen moitas evidencias que suxiren que é así. Neste proxecto empregaremos dúas especies de peces; o rodaballo (Scophthalmus maximus) e o peixe cebra (Danio rerio), que empregaremos como ferramenta de laboratorio para poder profundar no estudo de procesos básicos nos que sexa difícil traballar con especies comerciais. O peixe cebra empregouse como modelo, tanto para o estudo da resposta inmune fronte a enfermidades dos peixes cultivados (Novoa et al., 2006; Rodríguez et al., 2008;Encinas et al., 2010; Novoa e Figueras, 2012), como para o estudo de procesos inflamatorios de gran interese para a saúde humana, como o choque séptico e a tolerancia ao lipopolisacárido bacteriano (LPS) (Novoa et al., 2009). Ademais, serviunos para estudar a ontogenia do sistema inmune en peces (Dios et al., 2010; Varela et ao., 2012 ). Neste proxecto pretendemos profundar na modulación da resposta inflamatoria ou innata fronte a patógenos virales como o virus da septicemia hemorrágica viral (VHSV), asociado con mortalidades de rodaballo ou o SVCV, que se emprega como patógeno do peixe cebra (Varela et al, 2014). - Dios S, Romero A, Chamorro R, Figueras A, Novoa B. 2010. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 29(6):1019-27. - Encinas P, Rodriguez-Milla MA, Novoa B, Estepa A, Figueras A, Coll J. 2010. BMC Genomics, 27;11:518. - Iglesias R, Paramá A, Alvarez MF, Leiro J, Fernández J, Sanmartín ML. 2001. Dis Aquat Organ, 22;46:47-55. - Novoa B, Romero A, Mulero V, Rodríguez I, Fernández I, Figueras A. 2006. Vaccine, 24 (31-32):5806-16. - Novoa B, Bowman TV, Zon L, Figueras A. 2009. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 26(2):326-31 - Novoa B. and Figueras A. 2012. Adv Exp Med Biol, 946:253-75 - Rodríguez I, Novoa B, Figueras A. 2008. Fish Shellfish Immunol; 25(3):239-49. - Tafalla, A. Figueras & Novoa, B. 1998. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 62: 359-366. - Varela M, Dios S, Novoa B, Figueras A. 2012. Dev Comp Immunol, 37:97-106. - Varela M, Dios S, Novoa B, Figueras A. 2014. J.Virol, 88(20):12026-12040. ; Spain is the European leader in the production of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). This is an important economic and social activity in Galicia. The turbot production represents more than 60% of the production of the European Union. One of the major problems in aquaculture is the negative impact of disease. For this reason, considerable efforts have been made in recent years to study the immune system of cultured fish. The target is to develop prevention and control tools for aquaculture. Even when viral diseases (such as that caused by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) (Tafalla et al., 1998)), or bacterial diseases (such as that caused by bacteria such as Aeromonas sp (Toranzo et al., 1993)), or parasitic diseases (such as that caused by Philasterides dicentrarchi (Iglesias et al., 2001)) have been investigated and are known to affect these crops, little is known about the defense mechanisms of these animals against pathogens. Although considerable efforts have been made to develop conventional vaccines or subunits for many of these fish pathogens, their success has been very limited. DNA vaccines are the only prophylactic means that have shown promising results as an effective strategy to fight viral diseases in fish. New approaches to vaccine research should be introduced to provide safety and efficacy against the major diseases of commercial fish. It is known that in fish the weight of the nonspecific or innate immune response is greater than to have in mammals. Because of this, it relies more on its innate immune response than on the adaptive one to combat infections. Recently there have been described in vertebrates the existence of independent immune mechanisms of B / T cells or "trained immunity" (TI). This was previously described in plants and invertebrates. However, TI and its contribution to protection against infectious agents in fish has not yet been explored. There is much evidence to suggest that this is so. In this project we will use two species of fish. The turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of great commercial interest and cultivated mainly in Galicia, and the zebrafish (Danio rerio), which we will use as a laboratory tool. Zebrafish be able let us deepen into the study of basic processes in which it is difficult to work with commercial species. Zebrafish has been used as a model for the study of the immune response to diseases of cultured fish (Novoa et al., 2006, Novoa et Figueras, 2012), and for the study of inflammatory processes of great interest for human health (such as septic shock and tolerance to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Novoa et al., 2009)). In addition, it has served to study the ontogeny of the immune system in fish (Dios et al., 2010; Varela et al., 2012). In this project, we intend to deepen in the modulation of the inflammatory or innate response to viral pathogens such as viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), associated with mortality of turbot or SVCV, which is used as a zebrafish pathogen (Varela et al. Al, 2014). - Dios S, Romero A, Chamorro R, Figueras A, Novoa B. 2010. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 29(6):1019-27. - Encinas P, Rodriguez-Milla MA, Novoa B, Estepa A, Figueras A, Coll J. 2010. BMC Genomics, 27;11:518. - Iglesias R, Paramá A, Alvarez MF, Leiro J, Fernández J, Sanmartín ML. 2001. Dis Aquat Organ, 22;46:47-55. - Novoa B, Romero A, Mulero V, Rodríguez I, Fernández I, Figueras A. 2006. Vaccine, 24 (31-32):5806-16. - Novoa B, Bowman TV, Zon L, Figueras A. 2009. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 26(2):326-31 - Novoa B. and Figueras A. 2012. Adv Exp Med Biol, 946:253-75 - Rodríguez I, Novoa B, Figueras A. 2008. Fish Shellfish Immunol; 25(3):239-49. - Tafalla, A. Figueras & Novoa, B. 1998. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 62: 359-366. - Varela M, Dios S, Novoa B, Figueras A. 2012. Dev Comp Immunol, 37:97-106. - Varela M, Dios S, Novoa B, Figueras A. 2014. J.Virol, 88(20):12026-12040.

This article raises the issue of leakage or loss of information, which can lead to material damage or catastrophic consequences. The analysis of search devices of secret reception means of information different on the principle of work, and methods of search of secret reception means of information is carried out. According to the analysis, we can conclude that the process of finding means of covert receipt of information at the present stage of society qualitatively development goes to another level. Therefore, the search methods and equipment used for this need to be improved, and the problem of analyzing the means of finding means of covert information in order to identify trends and develop modern requirements for them becomes relevant. Methods of concealing the work of secret means of obtaining information used in their development are studied. It should be noted that today it is much easier to make a digital transmitter, using the modern element base of standard means of communication, than to create and configure an "analog" bookmark on a transistor with positive feedback. That is why the possibilities of modern means of obtaining information secretly are influenced by the latest and promising technologies. The latest means of covert information retrieval (radio bookmarks) have the ability to use a variety of methods to hide the data channel, which significantly complicates the process of finding them. In particular, in the case of their use of combined methods of hiding the data channel. Taking into account the latest developments in the field of hidden information, a complete methodological set of requirements for regional design and creation of modern automated search systems, which, in turn, fully meet the process of modern automated search of digital radio bookmarks. These requirements can be used as a technical task in the design of automated software for searching digital radio bookmarks. Key words: information, radio monitoring, analysis, automated software package, search devices. References1. Anansky E.V.chto such radio tabs and how to find them? (part2) / Journal "Security Service" [Electronic resource] access mode: http://www.kvirin.com/articles/267/2. Krivtsun A.V. The use of new possibilities of the radio monitoring and digital analysis complex of "Kassandra-M" signals for the detection of modern special technical means with the transmission of information over the radio channel [Electron resource] / A. V. Krivtsun, A. V. Zakharov // access mode: http://www.inspectorsoft.ru/article.php?id=3883. Zakharov AV Requirements for a prospective analyzer of Wi-Fi networks [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.analitika.info/stati3.php?page=1&full=block_article241 (25.05.2019).4. Vlasov A. Wireless office communication: DECT and Wi-Fi. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.dect.ru/dect.html (05.05.2016)5. Search complexes. [Electronic resource]. https://www.das-ua.com/documents/catalog/search-appliances/search-complexes/page-01.php (05.03.2019)6. Laptiev O.A., Musienko A.P., Sobchuk V.V., Borsuk B.M. Method of selecting the optimal radio monitoring input signal for Fourier transform-based software. Scientific periodical of the Control, Navigation and Communication System, Poltava: PNTU,4(56),2019, С.135 – 141.7. Laptiev O.A., Fedorenko R.M., Berestov D.S. Improving the technique of searching for digital radio bookmarks in the Wi-Fi range. Collection of scientific works of the Center for Military Strategic Studies of Ivan Chernyakhovsky NUOU, №2(66),2019., С102 – 10.8. Laptiev O.A. Methods of detection and localization of means of covert receipt of information working in the digital range. Modern information protection: scientific and technical journal. K .: DUT, 2019. № 2(38)., С 25 – 31.9. Oleksandr Laptiev, Anatoliy Biehun, Spartak Hohoniants, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Andrii Pravdyvyi, Serhii Lazarenko. Method of detecting signals of means of covert obtaining of information on the basis of approximation of T-spectrum. The Intelligent Control System for infocommunication networks. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume 8. No. 10, Oktober 2020, pp 6835-6841 Scopus.10. Oleksandr Laptiev, Vitalii Savchenko, Ivan Ablazov, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Oleksandr Kolos, Viktor Hudyma. Method of detecting random signals based on determining the deviations of the main parameters of radio signals. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering (IJATCSE). Volume 9 No. 5 . September-Oktober 2020. pp.9204 – 9209. Scopus. ; В этой статье поднимается вопрос об утечке или потере информации, которая может привести к материальному ущербу или катастрофическим последствиям. Проведен анализ поисковых устройств секретных средств приема информации, различных по принципу работы, и методов поиска секретных средств приема информации. По результатам анализа можно сделать вывод, что процесс поиска средств скрытого получения информации на современном этапе качественного развития общества переходит на другой уровень. Поэтому методы поиска и оборудование, используемые для этого, нуждаются в совершенствовании, и становится актуальной проблема анализа средств поиска средств скрытой информации с целью выявления тенденций и разработки современных требований к ним. Изучаются способы сокрытия работы секретных средств получения информации, используемые при их разработке. Следует отметить, что сегодня сделать цифровой передатчик, используя современную элементную базу стандартных средств связи, гораздо проще, чем создать и настроить «аналоговую» закладку на транзисторе с положительной обратной связью. Именно поэтому на возможности современных средств тайного получения информации влияют новейшие и перспективные технологии. Новейшие средства скрытого поиска информации (радиозакладки) имеют возможность использовать самые разные методы для сокрытия канала данных, что значительно усложняет процесс их поиска. В частности, в случае использования ими комбинированных методов сокрытия канала данных. С учетом последних разработок в области скрытой информации разработан полный методологический комплекс требований к региональному проектированию и созданию современных автоматизированных поисковых систем, которые, в свою очередь, полностью соответствуют процессу современного автоматизированного поиска закладок цифрового радио. Эти требования могут быть использованы как техническое задание при разработке автоматизированного программного обеспечения для поиска закладок цифрового радио. Ключевые слова: информация, радиомониторинг, анализ, автоматизированный программный комплекс, поисковые устройства. Перечень ссылок1. Anansky E.V.chto such radio tabs and how to find them? (part2) / Journal "Security Service" [Electronic resource] access mode: http://www.kvirin.com/articles/267/2. Krivtsun A.V. The use of new possibilities of the radio monitoring and digital analysis complex of "Kassandra-M" signals for the detection of modern special technical means with the transmission of information over the radio channel [Electron resource] / A. V. Krivtsun, A. V. Zakharov // access mode: http://www.inspectorsoft.ru/article.php?id=3883. Zakharov AV Requirements for a prospective analyzer of Wi-Fi networks [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.analitika.info/stati3.php?page=1&full=block_article241 (25.05.2019).4. Vlasov A. Wireless office communication: DECT and Wi-Fi. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.dect.ru/dect.html (05.05.2016)5. Search complexes. [Electronic resource]. https://www.das-ua.com/documents/catalog/search-appliances/search-complexes/page-01.php (05.03.2019)6. Laptiev O.A., Musienko A.P., Sobchuk V.V., Borsuk B.M. Method of selecting the optimal radio monitoring input signal for Fourier transform-based software. Scientific periodical of the Control, Navigation and Communication System, Poltava: PNTU,4(56),2019, С.135 – 141.7. Laptiev O.A., Fedorenko R.M., Berestov D.S. Improving the technique of searching for digital radio bookmarks in the Wi-Fi range. Collection of scientific works of the Center for Military Strategic Studies of Ivan Chernyakhovsky NUOU, №2(66),2019., С102 – 10.8. Laptiev O.A. Methods of detection and localization of means of covert receipt of information working in the digital range. Modern information protection: scientific and technical journal. K .: DUT, 2019. № 2(38)., С 25 – 31.9. Oleksandr Laptiev, Anatoliy Biehun, Spartak Hohoniants, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Andrii Pravdyvyi, Serhii Lazarenko. Method of detecting signals of means of covert obtaining of information on the basis of approximation of T-spectrum. The Intelligent Control System for infocommunication networks. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume 8. No. 10, Oktober 2020, pp 6835-6841 Scopus.10. Oleksandr Laptiev, Vitalii Savchenko, Ivan Ablazov, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Oleksandr Kolos, Viktor Hudyma. Method of detecting random signals based on determining the deviations of the main parameters of radio signals. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering (IJATCSE). Volume 9 No. 5 . September-Oktober 2020. pp.9204 – 9209. Scopus. ; Ця стаття порушує проблему витоку або втрати інформації, що може призвести до матеріального збитку або катастрофічних наслідків. Проведено аналіз засобів пошуку секретних засобів прийому інформації, різних за принципом роботи, та методів пошуку засобів секретного прийому інформації. Згідно з проведеним аналізом можна зробити висновок, що процес пошуку засобів прихованого отримання інформації на сучасному етапі якісного розвитку суспільства переходить на інший рівень. Тому методи пошуку та обладнання, що використовуються для цього, потребують вдосконалення, і проблема аналізу засобів пошуку засобів негласної інформації з метою виявлення тенденцій та вироблення сучасних вимог до них стає актуальною. Вивчаються методи приховування роботи секретних засобів отримання інформації, що використовуються при їх розробці. Слід зазначити, що сьогодні набагато простіше зробити цифровий передавач, використовуючи сучасну елементну базу стандартних засобів зв'язку, ніж створити та налаштувати "аналогову" закладку на транзисторі з позитивним зворотним зв'язком. Ось чому на можливості сучасних засобів потайного отримання інформації впливають новітні та перспективні технології. Новітні засоби негласного пошуку інформації (радіозакладки) мають можливість використовувати різноманітні методи приховування каналу даних, що значно ускладнюєпроцес їх пошуку. Зокрема, у разі використання ними комбінованих методів приховування каналу даних. Беручи до уваги новітні розробки в галузі прихованої інформації, повний методологічний набір вимог до регіонального проектування та створення сучасних автоматизованих пошукових систем, які, в свою чергу, повністю відповідають процесу сучасного автоматизованого пошуку цифрових радіозакладок. Ці вимоги можуть бути використані як технічне завдання при розробці автоматизованого програмного забезпечення для пошуку цифрових радіозакладок. Ключові слова: інформація, радіомоніторинг, аналіз, автоматизований пакет програм, пошукові пристрої. Перелік посилань1. Anansky E.V.chto such radio tabs and how to find them? (part2) / Journal "Security Service" [Electronic resource] access mode: http://www.kvirin.com/articles/267/2. Krivtsun A.V. The use of new possibilities of the radio monitoring and digital analysis complex of "Kassandra-M" signals for the detection of modern special technical means with the transmission of information over the radio channel [Electron resource] / A. V. Krivtsun, A. V. Zakharov // access mode: http://www.inspectorsoft.ru/article.php?id=3883. Zakharov AV Requirements for a prospective analyzer of Wi-Fi networks [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.analitika.info/stati3.php?page=1&full=block_article241 (25.05.2019).4. Vlasov A. Wireless office communication: DECT and Wi-Fi. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.dect.ru/dect.html (05.05.2016)5. Search complexes. [Electronic resource]. https://www.das-ua.com/documents/catalog/search-appliances/search-complexes/page-01.php (05.03.2019)6. Laptiev O.A., Musienko A.P., Sobchuk V.V., Borsuk B.M. Method of selecting the optimal radio monitoring input signal for Fourier transform-based software. Scientific periodical of the Control, Navigation and Communication System, Poltava: PNTU,4(56),2019, С.135 – 141.7. Laptiev O.A., Fedorenko R.M., Berestov D.S. Improving the technique of searching for digital radio bookmarks in the Wi-Fi range. Collection of scientific works of the Center for Military Strategic Studies of Ivan Chernyakhovsky NUOU, №2(66),2019., С102 – 10.8. Laptiev O.A. Methods of detection and localization of means of covert receipt of information working in the digital range. Modern information protection: scientific and technical journal. K .: DUT, 2019. № 2(38)., С 25 – 31.9. Oleksandr Laptiev, Anatoliy Biehun, Spartak Hohoniants, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Andrii Pravdyvyi, Serhii Lazarenko. Method of detecting signals of means of covert obtaining of information on the basis of approximation of T-spectrum. The Intelligent Control System for infocommunication networks. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research (IJETER) Volume 8. No. 10, Oktober 2020, pp 6835-6841 Scopus.10. Oleksandr Laptiev, Vitalii Savchenko, Ivan Ablazov, Rostyslav Lisnevskyi, Oleksandr Kolos, Viktor Hudyma. Method of detecting random signals based on determining the deviations of the main parameters of radio signals. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering (IJATCSE). Volume 9 No. 5 . September-Oktober 2020. pp.9204 – 9209. Scopus.

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