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The problem of financial and economic support for the growing needs of the security and defense of Ukraine on the basis of the opportunities of the international military and economic cooperation, and its main component - the military-technical cooperation activities with the use of offset. Analyzed the use of the global offset practices in the field of military-technical cooperation. Determined by political, legislative, institutional, financial and informational factors affecting the efficiency of offset policy of Ukraine. Revealed legal, technical, financial constraints that adversely affect the development and implementation of offset and military-technical policy of Ukraine, which require a high priority. The conceptual ways of increasing the effectiveness of military-technical cooperation with the application of offset related to: the combined efforts of all MTC and offset activities in order to create the conditions to maximize the contract prices for military goods and an increase in profitability offset works; development practices compensatory counter transactions carried out at the expense of supplies Ukrainian military goods in other countries, the financial and economic situation does not allow use of financial types of calculations; support management decision-making to promote domestic military goods on the world market in terms of offset printing with the help of information-analytical system in offset activities. ; В статье рассматривается проблема финансово-экономического обеспечения растущих потребностей сферы безопасности и обороны Украины на основе использования возможностей международного военно-экономического сотрудничества, и его основной составляющей - военно- технического сотрудничества с использованием офсетной деятельности. Проанализировано применение мировой офсетной практики в сфере военно-технического сотрудничества. Определены политические, законодательные, организационные, финансовые и информационные факторы, влияющие на повышение эффективности офсетной политики Украины. Выявлено нормативно-правовые, технические, финансовые ограничения, которые негативно влияют на формирование и реализацию офсетной и военно-технической политики Украины, которые требуют в первоочередного внимания. Обоснованы концептуальные направления повышения эффективности ВТС при условии применения офсета, связанные: с объединением усилий всех субъектов ВТС и их офсетной деятельности с целью создания предпосылок максимизации контрактных цен на товары военного назначения (ТВН) и повышением рентабельности офсетных работ; развитием практики встречных компенсационных операций, осуществляемых за счет поставок украинских ТВН в другие страны, финансово-экономическое положение которых не позволяет использовать финансовые виды расчетов; поддержкой принятия управленческих решений по продвижению отечественных ТВН на мировой рынок в условиях офсета с помощью информационно-аналитической системы в сфере офсетной деятельности. ; У статті розглядається проблема фінансово-економічного забезпечення зростаючих потреб безпеки і оборони України на основі використання можливостей міжнародного воєнно-економічного співробітництва, та його складової – військово-технічного співробітництва. Проаналізовано застосування світової офсетної практики у сфері військово-технічного співробітництва. Визначено політичні, законодавчі, організаційні, фінансові та інформаційні чинники що впливають на підвищення ефективності офсетної політики України. Виявлено нормативно-правові, технічні, фінансові обмеження, що негативно впливають на формування та реалізацію офсетної та військово-технічної політики України, які потребують першечергової уваги. Обгрунтовано концептуальні напрями підвищення ефективності ВТС на умовах застосування офсету, пов'язані із об'єднанням зусиль усіх суб'єктів ВТС та офсетної діяльності таким чином, щоб створити передумови для максимізації контрактних цін на товари військового призначення (ТВП) і підвищенням рентабельності офсетних робіт; розвитком практики зустрічних компенсаційних операцій, які здійснюються за рахунок поставок українських ТВП до країн, фінансово-економічне становище яких не дозволяє використати фінансові види розрахунків; підтримкою прийняття управлінських рішень щодо просування вітчизняних ТВП на світовий ринок в умовах офсету за допомогоюінформаційно-аналітичної системи в сфері офсетної діяльності.

Examining Board: Professor Massimiliano Marcellino, Università Bocconi (Supervisor) Professor Fabrizio Coricelli, Paris School of Economics Professor Ayhan Kose, International Monetary Fund Professor Evi Pappa, European University Institute. ; Defence date: 16 June 2014 ; This thesis addresses three issues in the fields of macroeconomics and international finance. The first chapter examines how institutional investors, such as mutual funds and hedge funds, tend to transmit economic and financial shocks across borders. Using a novel micro-level dataset on portfolio investments from a vast number of funds located in advanced markets, I find strong evidence of contagion propagating through the fund industry. Changes in economic and financial conditions in advanced markets generate global waves of portfolio inflows (outflows) with a massive impact on emerging markets' funding. I illustrate this finding by deriving contagion maps showing where contagion spreads and with what intensity. I also find that countries that are politically unstable and that are remote from the main financial centers are the main victims of such contagion. Overall, the results clearly suggest that push effects from advanced market investors affect developing countries and expose them to sudden stops and surges. The second chapter, co-authored with Shekhar Aiyar, Romain Duval, Longmei Zhang and Yiqun Wu, investigates the existence, and potential determinants, of the so-called "middle income trap", defined as the phenomenon of rapidly growing economies stagnating at middle-income levels and failing to graduate into the ranks of high income countries. We examine the middle-income trap as a special case of growth slowdowns and identify slowdowns as large sudden and sustained deviations from the growth path predicted by a basic conditional convergence framework. We then examine their determinants by means of probit regressions, looking into the role of institutions, demography, infrastructure, the macroeconomic environment, output structure and trade structure. Two variants of Bayesian Model Averaging are used as robustness checks. The results—including some that speak to the special status of middle-income countries—are then used to derive policy implications. The third chapter, co-authored with David Pothier, proposes a theory explaining the cyclical properties of the income distribution. We develop a two sector general equilibrium model in which agents have non-homothetic preferences and differ in terms of their initial ownership of capital. We show that when sectors differ in terms of their relative labour- and capital-intensity, changes in the composition of aggregate demand is an important channel through which productivity shocks are propagated through the economy. We then use this framework to study the distributional consequences of business-cycle shocks. Consistent with empirical evidence, we find income inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient) to be counter-cyclical and this effect to be driven mostly by changes in the level of employment and, to a lesser degree, by changes in relative factor prices. Interestingly, we also find that changes in the concentration of capital ownership have negligible effects on both the level and the cyclical properties of income inequality. ; Chapter I: Institutional Investors Flows and the Geography of Contagion Chapter II: Growth Slowdowns and the 'Middle Income Trap' Chapter III: Demand Recomposition and the Distribution of Income

In the seventies the world economy experienced a crisis, triggered by the magnificence neoliberal economists that the state had acquired during the previous capitalist, so that the solution necessarily involved reformulating the role of the state, contracting their actions and leaving open space to the free market action. Subsidiary status was implemented in Chile during the military dictatorship and its modifications were felt both in social and spatial structures. With respect to the city subsidizing state designed a new urban development policy, regulation and delivering soil distribution exclusively to market and left it to private enterprise to develop domestic cities. Real estate speculation and the growing need for urban land generated a steady rise in its price. Against this background the lower classes slowly begin to be expelled from the city because they can not pay for themselves a home well located within the urban area. The mechanism by which ejects the lower stratum of the city's social housing, which is also reformulated based on neoliberal precepts during the seventies. ; En los setenta la economía mundial experimentó una fuerte crisis, gatillada según economistas neoliberales, por la magnificencia que había adquirido el estado durante la fase capitalista anterior, por lo que la solución involucraba necesariamente reformular el rol del estado, contrayendo su accionar y dejando el espacio abierto para la libre acción del mercado. El estado subsidiario se implementó en Chile durante la dictadura militar y sus modificaciones se hicieron sentir tanto en las estructuras sociales como espaciales. En lo que respecta a la ciudad el estado subsidiario diseñó una nueva política de desarrollo urbano, que entregaba la regulación y la distribución del suelo exclusivamente al mercado y dejaba en manos de la empresa privada el desarrollo de las ciudades nacionales. La especulación inmobiliaria y la creciente necesidad por suelo urbano generaron un alza constante de su precio. Ante este panorama las clases bajas comienzan lentamente a ser expulsadas de la ciudad ya que no pueden pagar por si solas una vivienda bien ubicada dentro de la mancha urbana. El mecanismo con el cual se expulsa el estrato bajo de la ciudad es la vivienda social, que también se ve reformulada en base a los preceptos neoliberales durante los setenta. ; Nos anos setenta a economia mundial sofreu uma crise, desencadeada segundo economistas neoliberais pela magnificência que o Estado tinha adquirido durante fase capitalista anterior, de modo que a solução necessariamente envolver a reformulação do papel do Estado, a contratação de suas ações e deixando espaço aberto para a ação do livre mercado. Estado subsidiário foi implantado no Chile durante a ditadura militar e suas modificações foram sentidas tanto nas estruturas sociais e espaciais. Em relação à cidade do estado subsidiário projetou uma nova política de desenvolvimento urbano, a regulação e distribuição dos solos entregar exclusivamente ao mercado e deixou-o à iniciativa privada para desenvolver cidades nacionais. A especulação imobiliária ea crescente necessidade de terra urbana gerou um aumento constante em seu preço. Neste contexto, as classes mais baixas começam lentamente a ser expulso da cidade porque não podem pagar por eles próprios uma casa bem localizada dentro da área urbana. O mecanismo pelo qual ejecta o estrato inferior da habitação social da cidade, o que também é reformulada com base em preceitos neoliberais durante os anos setenta.

С начала 90-х гг. прошлого столетия определилась устойчивая тенденция сокращения посевных площадей льна в льносеющих регионах, уменьшения выпуска льняных тканей, с одновременным ростом импорта льносырья и готовых изделий. К 1993 г. посевы этой культуры сократились с 526 тыс. га в 80-е гг. до 263 тыс. га, или в 2 раза. С целью стабилизации положения в 1993 г. была принята федеральная программа «Возрождение российского льна». Однако ее выполнение не было обеспечено ни материальными, ни финансовыми ресурсами. В результате в 1996 г. выращивание льна впервые в истории России стало убыточным. Аналогичная судьба постигла принятую в декабре 1996 г. федеральную целевую программу «Развитие льняного комплекса России на 1996-2000 гг.». Сегодня для восстановления льноводства необходимо разработать, принять, профинансировать и реализовать соответствующую государственную программу на долгосрочный период с последующей корректировкой и продлением. В этом документе целесообразно определить такие основные направления и меры, как создание на правительственном уровне органа, реализующего политику государства независимо от ведомственной подчинённости составляющих льняного комплекса; прекращение банкротства предприятий и объявление моратория на взимание налогов с оставшихся и вновь создаваемых льноводческих хозяйств; обеспечение государственных спецпотребителей льнопродукции (Министерство обороны, Министерство внутреннихдел, Министерство по чрезвычайным ситуациям, Министерство здравоохранения и др.), в первую очередь, за счет отечественного сырья и изделий из него; временное введение государственных гарантийных цен для льнотоваропроизводителей, заключивших договоры на поставку льноволокна для федеральных нужд, с выплатой 25% стоимости до весеннего сева и 25% после его проведения и др. ; From the beginning of the nineties of the past century the stable tendency was determined to the decrease of areas under flax in flax-sowing regions, to the reduction of flaxen cloths output with simultaneous increase in the import of flax raw material and final products. By 1993 the area under this culture reduced from 526 thousand ha in the 80's to 263 thousand ha, or 2 times. To stabilize the situation the federal program "The Revival of Russian Flax" was accepted in 1993. However its realization was provided neither with material nor with financial resources. As a result, in 1996 the flax production became unprofitable for the first time in the history of Russia. The same fate overtook the accepted in December 1996 federal target program "Development of flax complex in Russia for 1996-2000". Today to restore flax production it is necessary to develop, accept, finance and realize the appropriate state program for the long-term period with the subsequent correction and prolongation. In this document it is expedient to determine such main directions and steps as creation at the governmental level of the agency, which realizes the state policy independent of the department subordination of flax complex components; ending of enterprises bankruptcy and declaration of moratorium to the tax collection from the remained and newly created flax-cultivation farms; to organize the provision of state special consumers of flax production (Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Emergency Situation Ministry, Ministry of Health, etc.) first of all due to the domestic raw material and products made of it; temporarily impose state guarantee prices for flax producers, that conclude a treaty to the delivery of flax fibers for federal needs, with the payment of 25 % cost before spring sowing and 25 % after it, etc.

Статья посвящена анализу гражданско-правового регулирования права собственности и иных частных прав на землю Гражданским кодексом Республики Корея. Автором анализируются положения о собственности на землю и ее ограничениях, особенностях водопользования на земельных участках, земельном сервитуте, суперфиции, аренде и ряд других. Работа основана на первом в РФ авторском переводе ГК Кореи на русский язык. ; The article deals with the analytical review of the Korean Civil Code's provisions in the field of regulating right of property and other private rights to the land lots. The author proceeds from the statement of the fact of priority in the domestic sphere as an object of the comparative and legal analysis the legislation and legal practice of the European states despite the fact that the similar experience of the Asian-Pacific Region countries is very significant. It is noted in the article that the Civil Code of the Republic of Korea, in spite of huge influence of European and American legal schools on its creation and development is to a farther extent a result of "natural evolution" i.e. mostly created by means of the analysis and synthesis of the legal practice and common law. The Korean Civil Code does not detach the regulation of the land relations in a special charter or part. At the same time the number and amount of the legal rules directly or indirectly connected to the land are ruther numerous. The article analyses the rules of the Civil Code of the Republic of Korea about the restriction of the right of property (in particular to the amount of the right of property, demand to use of the adjacent land lots, prohibition of the harm to the adjacent land lots, rules about land lots infrastructure etc.). The rules about correlation of the land and water usage laws are described (rules about natural water stream, right to the drainage works, right to the request of the restoration works, rules about rain water, right to the surplus wate evacuation, rules about the change of the water stream's direction, right to the dam construction, right to the river usage etc.). The article reviews the rules about direct territorial interaction of the land lots and their delimitation (right to the construction of the land mark or boundary, rules about joint property to the land mark and so on). The legal institutes of the superficies, servitude and land rent are dealt with thoroughly. The special attention is pay to such unique legal phenomenon of the Korean private law as "deposit rent" (chongsenwon). In practice the institute of the deposit rent means passing some immovable property into the long-term rent on the basis of a huge money deposit made by the lessee (matching with the market property price). During the rent period the lessee does not make any other rent payments, more over after the rent period the full deposit is reimbursed to him by lessor. The lessor's profit constitutes bank interests or some other benefit from the deposit that he could get during the rent period. At the end of the article the author comes to the conclusion that the regulations of the land relations in the Republic of Korea deserve the deep and close attention.

Within the next decade we are likely to see some significant tests of the current oil sands regulatory and policy framework, including: • Industry-driven: such as an application for reclamation certificate or an application for release of process-affected water or a request to approve the water-capped fine tailings option • Government-driven: such as the implementation of the tailings management framework or LARP management frameworks or the wetlands policy or AEMERA • Environment-driven: such as a low-flow event in the Athabasca River or a major rainfall/flood event What other challenges can we foresee? We know there are various policy initiatives underway that will address some of these challenges but the results are not yet public and the related uncertainty is itself a challenge. In this Workshop, held October 27, 2014 at the University of Alberta, 48 people from a number of sectors explored our level of readiness to deal with such challenges, based on our existing and planned rules, tools and capacity and identify solutions to address the challenges. Each table was asked to produce a list of potential challenges, categorize them based on a set of criteria and then provide solutions to the most pressing challenges. About 84% of the challenges identified were expected to occur in the next 5 years; many of the challenges were described as happening right now. A total of 17 challenges were placed in the Parking Lot. Participants indicated we have Low Readiness to address 41% of the challenges; the small number of High readiness challenges is probably a reflection of our tendency to focus on problems rather than things that are going well. Knowledge was the most frequently identified gap while Regulation was least commonly flagged. Common themes among the 138 challenges include: • Oil sands process-affected water release – criteria, process, stakeholder acceptability, pit lake viability, treatment options and costs • Caribou – how to protect the species and its habitat; how to restore habitat • Aboriginal – what are their desires and needs; how can we accommodate those needs into plans and operational practices • Greenhouse gas and climate change – management, reduction, impact of regulation • Climate change adaptation – how do we ensure hydrology and reclamation plans take climate change into account • Closure and reclamation goals and reclamation certification – end land uses, is perpetual care an option, do we know how reclamation success will be measured • How can offsets be used to compensate for disturbance • Communicating with stakeholders – how to provide and explain complex data, how to explain plans, options and constraints • Economic forces affecting development – access to market, access to resources, price of oil, liability management programs Some of the key themes were: • Desire to see clearer roles and responsibilities for government agencies in regulation, monitoring and communication; suggestions for a single coordinator for these roles • Complete and implement all the Lower Athabasca Regional Plan frameworks • More emphasis on technical- and risk-based decision-making • More emphasis on regional outcomes and solutions • More emphasis on obtaining, considering and incorporating Aboriginal views in plans and decisions • Use adaptive management based on forecasts, scenarios, and monitoring • Need more public, stakeholder and investor communication – share success stories (but acknowledge the problems), identify champions who can take the message out • Invest in research, knowledge/data management • Invest in skills training • Retrieve, preserve and use historical knowledge and corporate memory

В статье рассматриваются философские аспекты социогуманитарного обеспечения (СГО) инновационных проектов в области персонализированной медицины (ПМ). ПМ на основе новейших достижений молекулярной биологии (геномики, протеомики, метаболомики) и биоинформатики ставит своей целью разработку индивидуализированных (personalized) методов точного предсказания (prediction) и предупреждения (prevention) развития болезней, предполагающих активное соучастие (participation) «пациентов». Проекты в области ПМ являются не только биомедицинскими, но и социогуманитарными, предполагающими для успешной реализации решение широкого круга этико-правовых, социальных, экономических, политических и других проблем. Теоретическими основаниями концепции СГО являются разрабатываемые авторским коллективом представления о роли социогуманитарных технологий в биологии и медицине (в частности, биоэтики и гуманитарной экспертизы); о современных концепциях личности, включающих понятия персонализации, персонификации и индивидуализации; о ПМ как разновидности форсайт-проектов (индивидуальных, семейных, групповых и национальных); об этикополитических процедурах обеспечения социальной справедливости и автономии личности субъектов ПМ; о концепции инновационной деятельности, сочетающей традиционные административные процедуры «внедрения» инноваций и широкое использование современных социогуманитарных технологий, обеспечивающих формирование субъектов ПМ и координацию их взаимодействия (образовательные, PR, социальное проектирование, фандрайзинг, аутсорсинг, трансфер знаний и умений и др.). Социогуманитарное обеспечение ПМ является условием позитивного восприятия новой парадигмы медицины обществом, залогом того, что сложнейшие социальные проблемы, лежащие на ее пути, будут своевременно диагностированы и преодолены. Практическая реализация ПМ, как и любого человеческого начинания, с неизбежностью будет сопровождаться не только достижениями, но и определенными издержками. Именно поэтому принципиально важным аспектом СГО ПМ должен выступить мониторинг возможных позитивных и негативных социальных и гуманитарных последствий реализации этого проекта. ; The article deals with the philosophical aspects of social and humanitarian support (SHS) of innovative projects in the field of personalized medicine (PM). PM is based on the latest advances in molecular biology (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics) and bioinformatics. It aims to develop individualized (personalized) methods of accurate prediction and prevention of potential disease with active participation of patients (or clients). By their very nature, PM projects are not only biomedical, but social and humanitarian as well. Successful implementation of PM paradigm in healthcare system depends on SHS, i.e. on solving of a wide range of ethical, legal, social, economic, political, and other problems. Theoretical underpinnings of the SHS has been developed by the authors in their studies of the role of socio-humanitarian technologies in biology and medicine (e.g., bioethics and humanitarian expertise); of modern concepts of personality, including those of personalization, personification and individualization; of PM as a kind of foresight projects (at individual, family, group and national levels); of ethical and political procedures of social justice and individual autonomy of PM subjects; of the concept of innovation that combines traditional administrative implementations of innovation and the widespread use of modern social and humanitarian technologies, which ensure that PM stakeholders arise as subjects of health care, education, politics, business, science, industry, thus promoting their cooperation through education, use of social technologies, fundraising, outsourcing, transfer of knowledge and skills, etc. SHS is a necessary precondition for the society's acceptance of PM as a new medical paradigm and acts as a guarantee that the most complex problems that society faces will be diagnosed and overcome. As every human achievement, PM will inevitably come at a certain price. Monitoring its possible positive and negative socio-humanitarian implications must thus become a crucial aspect of SHS.

En los setenta la economía mundial experimentó una fuerte crisis, gatillada según economistas neoliberales, por la magnificencia que había adquirido el estado durante la fase capitalista anterior, por lo que la solución involucraba necesariamente reformular el rol del estado, contrayendo su accionar y dejando el espacio abierto para la libre acción del mercado. El estado subsidiario se implementó en Chile durante la dictadura militar y sus modificaciones se hicieron sentir tanto en las estructuras sociales como espaciales. En lo que respecta a la ciudad el estado subsidiario diseñó una nueva política de desarrollo urbano, que entregaba la regulación y la distribución del suelo exclusivamente al mercado y dejaba en manos de la empresa privada el desarrollo de las ciudades nacionales. La especulación inmobiliaria y la creciente necesidad por suelo urbano generaron un alza constante de su precio. Ante este panorama las clases bajas comienzan lentamente a ser expulsadas de la ciudad ya que no pueden pagar por si solas una vivienda bien ubicada dentro de la mancha urbana. El mecanismo con el cual se expulsa el estrato bajo de la ciudad es la vivienda social, que también se ve reformulada en base a los preceptos neoliberales durante los setenta. ; In the seventies the world economy experienced a crisis, triggered by the magnificence neoliberal economists that the state had acquired during the previous capitalist, so that the solution necessarily involved reformulating the role of the state, contracting their actions and leaving open space to the free market action. Subsidiary status was implemented in Chile during the military dictatorship and its modifications were felt both in social and spatial structures. With respect to the city subsidizing state designed a new urban development policy, regulation and delivering soil distribution exclusively to market and left it to private enterprise to develop domestic cities. Real estate speculation and the growing need for urban land generated a steady rise in its price. Against this background the lower classes slowly begin to be expelled from the city because they can not pay for themselves a home well located within the urban area. The mechanism by which ejects the lower stratum of the city's social housing, which is also reformulated based on neoliberal precepts during the seventies. ; Nos anos setenta a economia mundial sofreu uma crise, desencadeada segundo economistas neoliberais pela magnificência que o Estado tinha adquirido durante fase capitalista anterior, de modo que a solução necessariamente envolver a reformulação do papel do Estado, a contratação de suas ações e deixando espaço aberto para a ação do livre mercado. Estado subsidiário foi implantado no Chile durante a ditadura militar e suas modificações foram sentidas tanto nas estruturas sociais e espaciais. Em relação à cidade do estado subsidiário projetou uma nova política de desenvolvimento urbano, a regulação e distribuição dos solos entregar exclusivamente ao mercado e deixou-o à iniciativa privada para desenvolver cidades nacionais. A especulação imobiliária ea crescente necessidade de terra urbana gerou um aumento constante em seu preço. Neste contexto, as classes mais baixas começam lentamente a ser expulso da cidade porque não podem pagar por eles próprios uma casa bem localizada dentro da área urbana. O mecanismo pelo qual ejecta o estrato inferior da habitação social da cidade, o que também é reformulada com base em preceitos neoliberais durante os anos setenta.

Within the next decade we are likely to see some significant tests of the current oil sands regulatory and policy framework, including: • Industry-driven: such as an application for reclamation certificate or an application for release of process-affected water or a request to approve the water-capped fine tailings option • Government-driven: such as the implementation of the tailings management framework or LARP management frameworks or the wetlands policy or AEMERA • Environment-driven: such as a low-flow event in the Athabasca River or a major rainfall/flood event What other challenges can we foresee? We know there are various policy initiatives underway that will address some of these challenges but the results are not yet public and the related uncertainty is itself a challenge. In this Workshop, held October 27, 2014 at the University of Alberta, 48 people from a number of sectors explored our level of readiness to deal with such challenges, based on our existing and planned rules, tools and capacity and identify solutions to address the challenges. Each table was asked to produce a list of potential challenges, categorize them based on a set of criteria and then provide solutions to the most pressing challenges. About 84% of the challenges identified were expected to occur in the next 5 years; many of the challenges were described as happening right now. A total of 17 challenges were placed in the Parking Lot. Participants indicated we have Low Readiness to address 41% of the challenges; the small number of High readiness challenges is probably a reflection of our tendency to focus on problems rather than things that are going well. Knowledge was the most frequently identified gap while Regulation was least commonly flagged. Common themes among the 138 challenges include: • Oil sands process-affected water release – criteria, process, stakeholder acceptability, pit lake viability, treatment options and costs • Caribou – how to protect the species and its habitat; how to restore habitat • Aboriginal – what are their desires and needs; how can we accommodate those needs into plans and operational practices • Greenhouse gas and climate change – management, reduction, impact of regulation • Climate change adaptation – how do we ensure hydrology and reclamation plans take climate change into account • Closure and reclamation goals and reclamation certification – end land uses, is perpetual care an option, do we know how reclamation success will be measured • How can offsets be used to compensate for disturbance • Communicating with stakeholders – how to provide and explain complex data, how to explain plans, options and constraints • Economic forces affecting development – access to market, access to resources, price of oil, liability management programs Some of the key themes were: • Desire to see clearer roles and responsibilities for government agencies in regulation, monitoring and communication; suggestions for a single coordinator for these roles • Complete and implement all the Lower Athabasca Regional Plan frameworks • More emphasis on technical- and risk-based decision-making • More emphasis on regional outcomes and solutions • More emphasis on obtaining, considering and incorporating Aboriginal views in plans and decisions • Use adaptive management based on forecasts, scenarios, and monitoring • Need more public, stakeholder and investor communication – share success stories (but acknowledge the problems), identify champions who can take the message out • Invest in research, knowledge/data management • Invest in skills training • Retrieve, preserve and use historical knowledge and corporate memory

The thesis is trying to critique and evaluate the production-infrastructure-consumption model that contemporary Suzhou is based on. The model has been set up with the help of reading the scroll Prosperous Suzhou, which, is considered both as a precedent on representation and background of sites. Suzhou is a major city locates in the Yangtze River Delta region. For 2,500 years Suzhou is acting one of the most prosperous city in the wealthiest region of China. Suzhou is one of the greatest canal cities on the world, and it is also called "the Eastern Venice" for its competitive massive networks of canals in the city, used reach 90 kilometers at its peak. Besides, the Grand Canal first built in 609 AD enlarged the wealth of the city. In other words, the city benefits a huge from both infrastructures of the city and the country. Superseding the central Planning politics which was made in in the 1950s, the country had changed her mind to opening up policy and in Suzhou the government followed with planning goals and Objectives and Priority Investment Strategy made good senses in response to China's needs on national level. Suzhou was the first 14 "opening cities" all around China. This great opportunity started a famous economic model called "Suzhou model", a mode of economic development first established in Suzhou in 1990s or called "foreign investment economy". Local government offers a leniency environment to attract oversea capital and provides lands and workforce at a fair low price. In this way, Suzhou had a fast start up and impressive growth in last decades. Although Suzhou shows a strong sense of "Prosperous" both on economic growth data and images she's been kept sending out to the whole world, she also has to face the side effect from the mode that she has chosen. This project is trying to evaluate and critic the contemporary Suzhou under the production-infrastructure-Consumption model by comparing with the economic system and connection shown in the scroll. The method engaging this project will proceed by three phases. The first phase is having a comprehensive reading and analysis of the scroll "Prosperous Suzhou" drawn by Xu Yang, which describes a set of coherent scenes of Suzhou in the middle era of 18th century. From the royal painter's work by the commission from Emperor Qianlong, it's not only a romanticized story for the wealthiest city of China, but also an idealized society definition via "city of heaven". The second phase will have a deeper analysis on the scroll by abstracting the model that the representative drawing is based on, show why and how it convinced the audiences that it is representing the idea of prosperous. Then the last but not least phase will move scope to contemporary situation of Suzhou. By producing a new scroll of the contemporary urban narrative with a similar representative method in scales that "Prosperous Suzhou" had used, show how the city is running in same sites 260 years later and why it can be called "prosperous", or not. The expectation of this book is to produce a critical scroll about contemporary Suzhou as a diagnosis and at the same time sites ready for future therapy.

The benefits of the inclusion of small farmers in the South and their associations in global production networks are still contested. The rules governing the behaviour of actors, decision-making and the distribution of benefits form a system of governance that actors build in relation to the local and global productive sector, their position in the production process and their power base, among other factors. This governance system defines the income of small farmers in developing countries, which is usually a fraction of the price at which the final products reach consumers in developed countries. While some authors claim that the inclusion of small producers in global production networks is an effective method to reduce poverty (Humphreys, 2008), others believe that it is simply another form of exploitation that increases the vulnerability and dependence of small farmers (Ponte, 2008). Recent research shows a myriad of intermediate outcomes, which depend on the conditions in which small producers are integrated in the chains of international buyers (Helmsing 2011). The collective action of small producers and farmers in associations, unions and other organizations studied by the economics of participation are crucial to capture a larger share of revenues, although a number of these organisations fail to strengthen their capacities and survive the challenges posed by actors with more power and resources. Collective action is crucial to increase the income of small farmers, so it becomes critical to understand under what conditions these organisations and associations are able to develop their "local agency", defines as the capacity to understand a current situation and act upon it, as defined by Long (1990). Local agency may facilitate the provision of credit, representation, technical assistance, and marketing services, among others. The proposed article seeks to investigate the problem of generating local agency by studying the case of the Nicaraguan association People for Community Action (PAC), which managed to restructure some of the economic relations of the local production network. PAC began as a rural microcredit project of the international NGO World Relief in 1986 and turned into an association formed exclusively by Nicaraguan small farmers with professional management, democratic decision-making by assembly, and the capacity to self-finance its operations of small credit, technical assistance, marketing and community enterprises. The study explores the conditions that enabled PAC to achieve these results, the challenges encountered and the solutions tested over a process of trial and error that spans over 25 years and continues today. A review of secondary data was done first, including project evaluations and previous research collected by international cooperation agencies in the Netherlands. After several interviews via Skype, two periods of fieldwork were conducted in one of the coffee growing areas of Northern Nicaragua in 2010 and 2013. The research found that the effectiveness of PAC to increase the income of small farmers is related to: a) the process by which World Relief withdrew from PAC when it became independent, b) the gradual professionalization of its leadership, c) complex financial mechanisms to generate resources to support itself, and d) the construction of a web of formal and informal interests in the local production system that tie up divergent interests.

Dynamic panel data models are widely used by econometricians to study over time the economics of, for example, people, firms, regions, or countries, by pooling information over the cross-section. Though much of the panel research concerns inference in stationary models, macroeconomic data such as GDP, prices, and interest rates are typically trending over time and require in one way or another a nonstationary analysis. In time series analysis it is well-established how autoregressive unit roots give rise to stochastic trends, implying that random shocks to a dynamic process are persistent rather than transitory. Because the implications of, say, government policy actions are fundamentally different if shocks to the economy are lasting than if they are temporary, there are now a vast number of univariate time series unit root tests available. Similarly, panel unit root tests have been designed to test for the presence of stochastic trends within a panel data set and to what degree they are shared by the panel individuals. Today, growing data certainly offer new possibilities for panel data analysis, but also pose new problems concerning double-indexed limit theory, unobserved heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependencies. For example, economic shocks, such as technological innovations, are many times global and make national aggregates cross-country dependent and related in international business cycles. Imposing a strong cross-sectional dependence, panel unit root tests often assume that the unobserved panel errors follow a dynamic factor model. The errors will then contain one part which is shared by the panel individuals, a common component, and one part which is individual-specific, an idiosyncratic component. This is appealing from the perspective of economic theory, because unobserved heterogeneity may be driven by global common shocks, which are well captured by dynamic factor models. Yet, only a handful of tests have been derived to test for unit roots in the common and in the idiosyncratic components separately. More importantly, likelihood-based methods, which are commonly used in classical factor analysis, have been ruled out for large dynamic factor models due to the considerable number of parameters. This thesis consists of four papers where we consider the exact factor model, in which the idiosyncratic components are mutually independent, and so any cross-sectional dependence is through the common factors only. Within this framework we derive some likelihood-based tests for common and idiosyncratic unit roots. In doing so we address an important issue for dynamic factor models, because likelihood-based tests, such as the Wald test, the likelihood ratio test, and the Lagrange multiplier test, are well-known to be asymptotically most powerful against local alternatives. Our approach is specific-to-general, meaning that we start with restrictions on the parameter space that allow us to use explicit maximum likelihood estimators. We then proceed with relaxing some of the assumptions, and consider a more general framework requiring numerical maximum likelihood estimation. By simulation we compare size and power of our tests with some established panel unit root tests. The simulations suggest that the likelihood-based tests are locally powerful and in some cases more robust in terms of size. ; Solving Macroeconomic Problems Using Non-Stationary Panel Data

World energy demand has risen from about 375 exajoules (EJ) in 1990 to around 600 EJ today. The Energy Information Administration predicts that by the year 2035, this figure will rise to around 800 EJ. This places large stresses on the electric generation infrastructure. Increasingly this demand is being met by renewable energy sources. There are several reasons this is the case. The prices of renewables are dropping quickly and reaching grid parity in more regions. Utilizing renewable energy generation can help achieve energy security: adverse weather or military conflicts are less likely to impact supply routes when energy is produced closer to home. Furthermore, renewable energy technologies are attractive because they do not adversely affect the environment by releasing greenhouse gases which contribute to global warming. One major problem with the deployment of renewable technologies is their intermittent nature. In order to achieve good market penetration it is likely that some sort of energy storage needs to be employed. Several types exist such as thermal storage, pumped storage, batteries and chemicals. Chemical energy derived from renewables is attractive because it has long storage lifetimes, is easily transportable and can be produced from abundant feedstocks; as in the case of generating hydrogen from water electrolysis. Hydrogen produced from solar energy shows promise because of the abundant feedstock (water) and energy supply (the sun). One way that hydrogen can be used to buffer the intermittent nature of solar energy is by using photovoltaic modules to produce electricity which is used to electrolyze water with a regenerative fuel cell and then storing the hydrogen gas. Small-scale solar-fuel cell-hydrogen power plants have been constructed and tested, but often suffer from poor equipment reliability or improper equipment sizing. More study on the effects of component sizing on the system performance of these power plants must be performed. In this research, a computer program is developed which can simulate the long-term behavior of a solar-fuel cell-hydrogen power plant given any sizing of system components: the number and type of photovoltaic modules, the total power of the regenerative fuel cells and the hydrogen storage capacity. Taking into account the details of the system components, location of the plant, meteorological data and the demand load, this program predicts the behavior of such a power plant for any time period. In particular the program can be used to simulate time periods that eliminate the effect of the plant start-up. In essence this is done by running the program for several years to remove the effects of the initial conditions. The biggest initial condition that affects short term results is the amount of hydrogen in storage at the beginning of the simulation. Another important aspect of this program is that the simulation is done on an hourly basis. This computer program outputs important parameters such as how much of the electricity demand was met, how much excess electricity was produced, the amount of solar resource available, the power output of the photovoltaic array, the power into or out of the regenerative fuel cell, and the amount of hydrogen in storage. From these outputs, the proper sizing of a solar-fuel cell-hydrogen power plant can be determined for any size load from residential to utility-scale.

JEL Classification System: M3, I1 ; Portugal, like the rest of the world, is going through a huge economic crisis, in this sense; other types of product emerge to meet consumer needs and the country's economy. In fast moving consumer goods, arise distributors brands, parallel in Pharmaceutical Industry and market, arise brands with Generic medicines. These medications come with a much lower cost to the consumer and present the same quality of the correspondent Brand medicines. In Portugal, these drugs have become a success story, recognized by the European Medicines Association (Gonçalves, 2009), which is related with the governmental measures adopted by governments, since the introduction of this type of medication in Portuguese market, as the creation of reference prices. However, this growth could have been even greater if it had not been observed a low rate of prescription in an initial phase. In this study, in order to understand how to enhance the consumption of these drugs and understand why in many cases Brand medicines are still elected as the first choice, the researcher proposed to observe the consumer due to its active and participatory on their health. As such, through a questionnaire, subjects were approached and questioned regarding the attitude and behavior towards the two types of medications and performed a subsequent statistical analysis. The results of this research focus on consumer perceptions about the Generic drugs, the impact that the sources of information and new technologies have on consumer behavior, perception of quality and sense of security concerning both types of medicines and intent of repeating the purchase in the future. ; Portugal, assim como o resto do Mundo, está a atravessar uma enorme crise económica, neste sentido, surgem outros tipos de produto para fazer face às necessidades do consumidor e à economia do país. No grande conumo surgem as marcas de distribuidor, paralelamente na Indústria e mercado farmacêutico, surgem as marcas de medicamentos Genéricos. Estes medicamentos surgem com um custo bastante inferior para o consumidor e apresentam-se coma mesma qualidade dos medicamentos de Marca correspondentes. Em Portugal, estes medicamentos tornaram-se um caso de sucesso, reconhecido pela Associação Europeia de Medicamentos (Gonçalves, 2009), o que está relacionado com as medidas governamentais adoptadas pelos vários governos, desde a introdução deste tipo de medicamentos no mercado Português, como é o caso da criação de preços de referência. Contudo, este crescimento poderia ter ainda sido maior, caso não se tivesse observado a baixa taxa de prescrição inicial. Neste estudo, de forma a perceber como se poderá aumentar o consumo destes medicamentos e compreender o porquê de em muitos casos ainda serem eleitos como primeira escolha os medicamentos de Marca, o investigador propôs-se a observar o consumidor devido ao papel ativo e participativo que este tem na sua saúde. Como tal, através de um questionário, foram abordados e questionados temas relativos a atitude e comportamento perante os dois tipos de medicamentos e realizada uma posterior análise estatística. Os resultados desta investigação centram-se na percepção do consumidor sobre os medicamentos Genéricos, o impacto que as fontes de informação e novas tecnologias têm no comportamento do consumidor, a percepção de qualidade e sentimento de segurança relativo a ambos os tipos de medicamentos e a intenção de repetição de compra no futuro.

Inhaltsangabe:Einleitung: Die Banken sehen sich seit geraumer Zeit mit einer Vielzahl von Problembereichen konfrontiert. Neben dem Dienstleistungsunternehmen inhärenten Problem, die Erwartungen der Kunden an die Dienstleistungsqualität der Bank korrekt zu erfassen, birgt der Wandel des Bankenumfeldes Chancen und Gefahren. Die rasante Entwicklung im Bereich der Informations-Technologien eröffnet den Banken die Möglichkeit zu einer Verlagerung von den herkömmlichen Vertriebsarten hin zur elektronischen Vertriebsabwicklung. Durch den technischen Fortschritt im IT-Bereich in Verbindung mit den Globalisierungs- und Liberalisierungstendenzen wird das Wettbewerbsumfeld der Banken verändert. So können Non- und Near-Banks in ein Konkurrenzverhältnis mit den traditionellen Banken treten und regional operierende Banken unabhängig ihres Standortes mittels elektronischer Medien ihre Aktivitäten global ausrichten, ohne ein kostenintensives Filialnetz aufzubauen. Besonders beim Internet-Banking als Teil des Virtual-Banking sind die Banken der Gefahr ausgesetzt, durch institutsunabhängige Finanzsoftware, wie Quicken von Intuit oder MS Money von Microsoft, für den Kunden austauschbar zu werden. Diese Finanzsoftware-pakete nehmen dem Kunden die Auswahl der Bankseiten im Internet sowie die Eingabe von Sicherheitscodierungen ab und ermöglichen dadurch den komfortablen Aufbau von Mehrfachbankbeziehungen. Damit besteht für die Banken die Problematik, daß der Kunde auf lange Sicht lediglich die Funktionalität der Finanzsoftware wahrnimmt und nicht mehr die Banken, die die Dienstleistungen erbringen. Tiefgreifende Veränderungen treten auch auf Seiten des Kundenverhaltens auf. Der Bankkunde durchläuft einen Veränderungsprozeß vom 'treuen Sparer' hin zum kritischen Anleger. Dieser Prozeß wird als Emanzipation des Bankkunden bezeichnet. Indem der Kunde die Möglichkeit besitzt, das für ihn mit dem jeweils höchsten Nutzen ausgestattete Angebot bei den verschiedenen Banken herauszufiltern, wird er mehrere Bankbeziehungen unterhalten. Die in naher Zukunft mögliche Nutzung von sogenannten intelligenten Assistenten verschärft die Problematik zusätzlich. Diese Programme werden in der Lage sein, für den Benutzer die jeweils günstigsten Angebote von Bankprodukten im virtuellen Raum gemäß vorher festgelegter Parameter zu finden. Damit vergrößert sich die Transparenz der Bankangebote für den Kunden erheblich, so daß die Banken aufgrund der wählerischen Klientel vor ein 'ernsthaftes Loyalitätsproblem' gestellt werden. Wie aus der Problemstellung ersichtlich wurde, macht die schwindende Kundenbindung und -loyalität, die insbesondere beim Transformationsprozeß der traditionellen Filialbanken zu virtuellen Banken zutage tritt, ein umfassendes Konzept zur Kundenbindung für die virtuelle Bank erforderlich. Dieses beinhaltet neben der Ausgestaltung der Kundenorientierung und -erreichung die Erarbeitung verschiedener Instrumente zur Kundenbindung. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation ist es, ein solches Konzept zu entwickeln. Den Banken wird durch die Möglichkeit, die Kundenbindung anhand des Konzeptes zu festigen, eine gesunde Ertragslage langfristig ermöglicht. Dazu werden die für die Aufgabenstellung relevanten Situationsvariablen unter Bezugnahme auf das Internet als ein Teilgebiet des Virtual-Banking sowie die theoretischen Grundlagen zur Kundenbindung erarbeitet. Vor allem die dem Internet-Banking inhärenten Risiken lassen ein solches Vorhaben prioritär erscheinen. Dementsprechend wird das Konzept zur Kundenbindung insbesondere unter Berücksichtigung des Internet-Banking vor dem Gesamthintergrund des Virtual-Banking erarbeitet. Dieses Konzept beschränkt sich bewußt nicht auf eine traditionelle Zielgruppe, die anhand herkömmlicher Segmentierungsvariablen für Banken ermittelt wird, sondern bezieht sich auf alle Privatkunden einer Bank unter Nichtberücksichtigung der institutionellen Kunden. Der Begriff Privatkunde läßt sich folglich nicht unter Bezeichnungen wie Retail Banking oder Private Banking subsumieren. Der Grund dieses Vorgehens liegt in den erweiterten Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten der virtuellen Bank, die eine individualisierte Kunden-ansprache ermöglichen. Die von Bankinstitut zu Bankinstitut herkömmlichen, unterschiedlichen Kundenabgrenzungen werden damit obsolet. Inhaltsverzeichnis: VorwortIII InhaltsverzeichnisV AbbildungsverzeichnisXI TabellenverzeichnisXII AbkürzungsverzeichnisXIII Teil I: Einleitung1 1.Problemstellung1 2.Zielsetzung und Abgrenzung5 3.Aufbau der Arbeit7 3.1Vorgehensweise7 3.2Wissenschaftliche Methodik 8 4.Begriffsbestimmung11 4.1Virtual-Banking11 4.2Kundenbindung13 Teil II: Entwicklungstendenzen in der Bankbranche15 5.Ausgangslage aus Sicht der Banken15 5.1Besonderheiten von Dienstleistungsunternehmen15 5.2Wandel der Rahmenbedingungen20 5.2.1Ausgangslage20 5.2.2Technologien23 5.2.3Wettbewerbsumfeld26 5.2.4Kundenverhalten32 5.2.4.1Veränderte Situation der Kunden32 5.2.4.2Neue Kundenanforderungen37 5.3Konsequenzen für die Banken41 5.3.1Filialproblematik41 5.3.2Entwicklung zum Virtual-Banking45 6.Bedeutung des Internet49 6.1Entwicklung des Internet49 6.2Technischer Aufbau des Internet58 6.3Sicherheitsaspekte62 6.3.1Sicherheitsproblematik62 6.3.2Kryptographie64 6.3.3Schutz des Banknetzes66 6.3.4Schutz des Kundencomputers68 6.3.5Vergleich mit traditionellen Transaktionsabläufen69 6.4Zahlungssysteme71 6.5Entwicklungen der technischen Akzeptanz der Bevölkerung77 6.6Kostengesichtspunkte der Internetpräsenz81 6.6.1Bankensicht81 6.6.2Kundensicht84 6.7Banken im Internet86 6.7.1Phasen der Internetpräsenz86 6.7.2Entwicklungsstand der Bankangebote87 Teil III: Theorie der Kundenbindung93 7.Theoretische Grundlagen93 7.1Kundennähe93 7.2Strategische Ansätze zur Kundenbindung95 7.3Entwicklungen zum Relationship Marketing101 7.4Retention Marketing104 8.Kundenaspekte115 8.1Loyale Kunden115 8.2Kundenzufriedenheit118 8.3Kundenbedürfnisse und -erwartungen128 8.4Kundenverhalten133 8.5Kundenbindungsmöglichkeiten136 8.6Erfolgspotentiale144 9.Mitarbeiteraspekte147 9.1Internes Marketing147 9.2Loyale Mitarbeiter149 9.3Trainingsmaßnahmen152 9.4Anreizmaßnahmen155 Teil IV: Konzept zur Kundenbindung im virtuellen Banking159 10.Kundenorientierung als Grundgedanke159 10.1Externes Marketing160 10.1.1Zielgruppe Internet-Nutzer160 10.1.1.1Demographische Daten162 10.1.1.2Psychologische Merkmale und Verhaltensbeschreibungen166 10.1.2Kundenkorridor171 10.2Internes Marketing176 10.2.1Mitarbeiterperspektive176 10.2.2Computer-based Training (CBT)178 11.Kundenerreichung181 11.1Telefon-Banking181 11.2Multimedia Terminals185 11.3PC-Banking187 11.3.1Erfolgsfaktoren189 11.3.2Vorteile versus Nachteile191 11.3.2.1Vorteile192 11.3.2.2Nachteile198 12.Instrumente zur Kundenbindung203 12.1Distributionspolitik (place)203 12.2Data Warehouse (processing)208 12.2.1Funktionsweise208 12.2.2Methoden der Datenerhebung215 12.3Produktpolitik (product)222 12.3.1Produktqualität222 12.3.2Serviceleistungen226 12.4Preispolitik (price)232 12.5Kommunikationspolitik (promotion)236 12.5.1Kommunikationsmodelle236 12.5.2Vergleich des Internet mit den traditionellen Werbeträgern239 12.5.3Positionierung242 12.5.4Internet-Werbekommunikationsmittel245 12.5.4.1Primäres Werbemittel246 12.5.4.2Sekundäres Werbemittel249 13.Virtual-Banking - ein Ausblick255 13.1Technische Innovationen255 13.2Organisationale Tendenzen260 Teil V: Zusammenfassung263 GlossarXVII InterviewpartnerXXI LiteraturverzeichnisXXV