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This book explores how Bangladeshi women from poor and undereducated/semi-educated backgrounds who have crossed the Indo-Bangladesh border find themselves in prisons serving sentences under the Foreigners Act, 1946. Drawing on original fieldwork, this book explores these women's understanding of borders and state sovereignty and how the women - from conservative rural and semi-rural backgrounds which impose a strict moral code - adjust to the socio-cultural context of an Indian prison, where being an inmate is "dishonourable" in their community. This book examines the implicit challenge in these women's action and decisions to these codes of honour, to accepted social norms of their religion and community, and ultimately, the dominantly patriarchal system that marks South Asian society. Further, it focuses on the negotiations that the Bangladeshi women make with the social and political borders they encounter in the process of crossing the Indo-Bangladesh border without requisite documents needed by the state for entry into a "foreign" land; how they cope with the daily challenges of living during their imprisonment in a correctional home; and their feelings about their impending return to Bangladesh. Women who are apprehended and criminalised for crossing borders must negotiate with not only the normative understanding of borders which is inherently masculine in nature, but also the gender biased lens through which female mobility is viewed: therefore, they not only cross political borders but also social borders. This book maps the associations between women's experiences of mobility and incarceration, and their linkages with social and political borders and the fraught experiences of being in a 'foreign' territorial space. It will be important reading for criminologists, sociologists, and those engaged in penology, women's studies and migration studies.

This book explores how Bangladeshi women from poor and undereducated/semi-educated backgrounds who have crossed the Indo-Bangladesh border find themselves in prisons serving sentences under the Foreigners Act, 1946. Drawing on original fieldwork, this book explores these women's understanding of borders and state sovereignty and how the women - from conservative rural and semi-rural backgrounds which impose a strict moral code - adjust to the socio-cultural context of an Indian prison, where being an inmate is "dishonourable" in their community. This book examines the implicit challenge in these women's action and decisions to these codes of honour, to accepted social norms of their religion and community, and ultimately, the dominantly patriarchal system that marks South Asian society. Further, it focuses on the negotiations that the Bangladeshi women make with the social and political borders they encounter in the process of crossing the Indo-Bangladesh border without requisite documents needed by the state for entry into a "foreign" land; how they cope with the daily challenges of living during their imprisonment in a correctional home; and their feelings about their impending return to Bangladesh. Women who are apprehended and criminalised for crossing borders must negotiate with not only the normative understanding of borders which is inherently masculine in nature, but also the gender biased lens through which female mobility is viewed: therefore, they not only cross political borders but also social borders. This book maps the associations between women's experiences of mobility and incarceration, and their linkages with social and political borders and the fraught experiences of being in a 'foreign' territorial space. It will be important reading for criminologists, sociologists, and those engaged in penology, women's studies and migration studies.

Diaspora and Trust charts changing Sino-Latin relations at the outset of the 21st century. Combining political-economic analysis with ethnography, the book examines the responses of Cuba and Mexico to China's growing global influence. Despite opposite economic policy orientations, neither Latin American country has successfully adapted to new conditions of cooperation and competition with China. Furthermore, Cuba and Mexico both struggle with uncertain relationships to the Chinese diaspora communities within their borders. TRUST AND DIASPORA draws on fieldwork in all three countries, providing a rich account of personal experiences at the intersection of global and local affairs. In the process, author Adrian H. Hearn advocates a paradigm for international relations and economic development predicated on the idea of trust. Hearn's study theorizes trust as an alternative to existing models of exchange, including those based on social capital in the West and traditional Confucian values in China. The book argues convincingly for trust as a foundation for fruitful change in a globalized Cuba and Mexico and as a key to new balances of state, private, and civic power necessitated by the rise of China

The increased government, media and public focus on migration from Africa to the EU in the past few years has led to an explosion in reporting from governments, NGOs, academics and quasi-academia. Within this context, there are a number of basic assumptions and discourses in relation to these migratory processes from Africa. The first assumption, often put forward by the media, is that migrants from Africa intend to cross the Mediterranean Sea in an effort to reach Western European countries. The second assumption is that in their effort to cross the Mediterranean, African migrants are facilitated by 'criminal networks'. The third (and extremely popular in the last few years) assumption, is that Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have been instrumental in the planning of irregular migration and identifying smugglers to facilitate migration. The final assumption, which has also garnered increasing attention in recent years, is that understanding human smuggling finances can inform policies specifically targeting migrant smuggling. This article, which is based on in-depth interviews with Eritreans, who have migrated illegally in Egypt, aims to add to the understanding about how Eritrean people plan, fund and manage irregular migration journeys. In the process, it will attempt to debunk some of the common assumptions around irregular migration.

Géopolitique des hydrocarbures: le Moyen-Orient au cœur des enjeux énergétiques du XXIe siècle / hChristophe-Alexandre Paillard -- Cartographie -- États producteurs et compagnies pétrolières étrangères: Quelles relations? / hFrancis Perrin -- Les stratégies gazières du Qatar et de l'Iran: Décryptage / hPerla Srour-Gandon -- La diversification économique des pays du Golfe / hLaura El-Katiri -- De nouvelles sources d'énergie dans le monde arabe / hKatarina Uherova Hasbani -- Les jeunes Saoudiens et le marché du travail / hOlivier Arvisais.

The study examined the effects of international migration and national security in Nigeria, 2011- 2020. Historical background of migration can be traced as far back as the existence of man, most especially when man desired to go in search of food during various famine seasons. Virtually all individuals and nation states have one or two traces of migration history mostly influenced by two factors these are the "Pull" and "Push" factors. Nevertheless, as societies continue to advance, migration is triggered by various factors such as the search for greener pasture, migration emanating from internal insecurity, among others, which adverse impact on national security in Nigeria and Africa at large. National security is essential for internal protection against any potential threat to national security and sovereignty of a nation-state. The study adopted Rational Choice Decision Making Theory as its theoretical construct.The study adopted a triangulation method of data-gathering techniques. The population of the study was a total of 400 questions were randomly distributed among staffers and sexes in International Organization for Migration (IOM), Nigeria Correctional Service (NCS), Nigeria Customs Service (NCS), National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), and Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS), Nigerians in Diaspora Commission (NIDCOM), Nigerian Navy (NN), and General public. The analysis of primary data produced through a questionnaire was tested with descriptive statistical methods. The content analysis was used in the interpretation of secondary data. The study unraveled that the causes of international migration differ from individual to individual and from community to community, which include famine, drought, low agricultural productivity, and unemployment. The study recommends amongst others that the Nigeria government should articulate and develop more sustainable socio-economic cum security policies to prevent labour and refuge migrants.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of apparent time used by modern sociolinguistics to identify the social features of the use of language by various socio-demographic groups. There are a number of problems that can be solved by using this empirical method. The first problem is the "constraints": which language changes are possible and which are not. Historical data can only show what changes have already occurred, but not what changes are possible/impossible. The second is the problem of "embedding": how a language changes reach all (or almost all) the community members. The third problem is "assessment": how community members react to language changes and what impact their assessments have on the course or nature of changes. The fourth is a "transitional" problem: how does the language change from one state at the moment A to another state at the moment B. Finally, the fifth problem is "actualization": why there is a change in a particular language, when and where it occurs. The founders of the method, Weinreich, Labov and Herzog, argued that these important problems can only be solved by observing the change of language as it arises and from different social points of view, including a wide range of ages, social statuses and places of residence. The difficulties of applying this concept are considered: there are few comparable real-time data on earlier periods; methods of early work and socio-demographic characteristics do not correspond to modern research needs. The ways to overcome these difficulties are proposed: research should be of a longitudinal nature with the unification of the methodology for obtaining empirical data.

The purpose of the article is to clarify the most relevant philosophical dimensions of modern patriotism against the background of defending the processes of national identity. The theoretical basis of the study consisted of institutional analysis, synergetic and philosophical-anthropological approaches, as well as existential philosophy and philosophy of applied ethics. Patriotism is seen as a path to self-expression, the world of life, mental self-limitation and self-aggrandizement of modern man. The peculiarities of modern considerations about the philosophical content of patriotism within the framework of its comparison with other value structures, such as cosmopolitanism, liberalism, nationalism, etc., are established. Originality. The scientific novelty is that the article for the first time reveals the correlations of patriotism with other ideological and ideological doctrines and systems of political and social worldview, which fix the identity of individuals and groups in the context of ethnic, social or political community. Conclusions. The existential dimension of patriotism is based on worldviews of involvement in the local community. Trends in globalization are forcing modern people to "seek refuge" in small communities, or even in a family or other small group. "Local" or "neighborhood" patriotism acquires the character of an expression of involvement in a friend and relative. It almost completely "crosses out" the constitutional and ideological patriotism inherent in the states of the twentieth century. The reorientation of significant philosophical justifications of patriotism in modern conditions provokes a discussion about the spirituality and societal nature of patriotic meanings. In the struggle for the independence of modern Ukraine, we are all witnessing the process of overcoming "state" patriotism "local". This process is very important in the face of opposition to the totalitarian ideology of the Russian aggressor.

Circulating government regulations regarding the use of e-money, people began to obey them by using e-money until finally the use of e-money has become a habit for the majority of Indonesian people. The basic law of muamalah in Islam is permissible until there is a proposition that prohibits it, so with this shift in habit, whether custom or in ushul fiqh science is called 'urf. This study aims to analyze 'urf on the use of electronic money (e-money) at the lecturers of the Islamic economics and business faculty of UIN North Sumatra Medan, this qualitative research uses the case study method. The researcher conducted observations on all permanent lecturers of the undergraduate program and of the sixty-two lecturers of the Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business, State Islamic University of North Sumatra Medan, the researcher will conduct interviews only with ten representatives of lecturers of the Faculty of Economics and Islamic Business, State Islamic University of North Sumatera, Medan with criteria ranging from 25-40 years old and the lecturer understands about electronic money and has used electronic money (e-money) outside of campus mandatory transactions. This study results that the use of e-money is included in the 'urf sahih category, which means that the use of e-money is a habit that does not conflict with the arguments of the Qur'an and Hadith, the use of e-money also includes 'urf 'amm which means e-money known, known, agreed upon and applied by the majority of the community, the use of e-money also provides benefits to the community. So the use of e-money is an 'urf that can be used as the basis for legal determination

The article reviews the deformed metallic and ceramic vessels of the Maikop-Novosvobodnenskaya community. The study is mainly based on the author's photographs and sketches, stored in the State Hermitage Museum. The artifacts themselves were published numerous times, but the deformation of vessels, in particular, has not yet been covered. The revealed defects allow us to conclude that some of the vessels of the Maikop Kurgan were damaged intentionally; prior to placing the vessels into the grave, some of them could have been repaired. Of particular interest is a bronze bucket found in the Maikop Kurgan: its hinges for mounting the arched handles were purposely broken, i.e. the bucket was placed in the grave in the "murdered" state. The article analyzes all known shapes of bronze vessels from the whole assemblage of the Maikop-Novosvobodnenskaya community and its periphery. It has been revealed that all of them have some forms of defects or traces of repair. In most cases they are not suitable for household use, which is the very feature of the tradition of placing them in graves. Damage or repair of metallic vessels or spoilage of pottery could have been considered as a possibility for using the damaged vessels by the kinsman in the "land of ancestors", and an individual fragment of a vessel acquired magical properties. The origins of spoiling vessels and the use of individual shreds in funerary rites has its roots in funerary rites of the Proto-Yamnaya culture of the Pre-Maikop period of Ciscaucasia. Thus, we believe that this tradition was borrowed by the bearers of the Maikop culture from their predecessors. Subsequently, it was passed to the tribes of the Middle Bronze Age.

In this article, we provide an early glimpse into how the issues of public health and safety played out in the rural United States during the coronavirus pandemic, focusing on Washington State. We utilize a combination of news articles and press releases, sheriff's department Facebook posts, publicly available jail data, courtroom observations, in-depth interviews with those who have been held in rural jails, and interviews with rural law enforcement staff to explore this theme. As elected officials, rural sheriffs are beholden to populations that include many who are suspicious of science, liberal agendas, and anything that might threaten what they see as individual freedom. At the same time, they expect local law enforcement to employ punitive measures to control perceived criminal activity in their communities. These communities are often tightly knit, cohesive, and isolated, with high levels of social support both for community members and local leaders, including sheriffs and law enforcement. This complex social context often puts rural sheriffs and law enforcement officers in difficult positions. Given the multiple cross-pressures that rural justice systems faced in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, we explore the circumstances in which they attempted to protect and advocate for the health and safety of both their incarcerated and their nonincarcerated populations. We find that certain characteristics of rural communities both help and hinder local law enforcement in efforts to combat the virus, but these characteristics typically favor informal norms of social control to govern community health. Thus, rural sheriff's departments repeatedly chose strategies that limited their abilities to protect populations from the disease, in favor of appearing tough on crime and supportive of personal liberty.

El trabajo pretende establecer un estado de la cuestión concreto y actualizado, en el que se aborden tanto las normativas vigentes en el seno de la Unión Europea como los proyectos y propuestas en curso aplicables en un futuro cercano, haciendo hincapié en el Mercado Único Digital y su importante posición. Al mismo tiempo, se estudiarán los objetivos perseguidos por la Unión con respecto a la itinerancia de datos gratuita para los ciudadanos comunitarios y cómo este sistema favorecería a la integración económica y política que pretende la Comunidad Europea desde sus inicios. Por otra parte, se profundizará en los intereses económicos enfrentados que ello suscita a diversos actores, como los operadores europeos y algunos Estados miembros, con el objetivo de encontrar un vector de convergencia entre los dos distintos puntos de vista. ; The work aims to establish a concrete and up-to-date state of the art, in which both the regulations in force within the European Union and the ongoing projects and proposals applicable soon are addressed, emphasizing the Digital Single Market and its important position. At the same time, the objectives pursued by the Union regarding free data roaming for Community citizens and how this system would favor the economic and political integration that the European Community has sought since its inception will be studied. On the other hand, the conflicting economic interests that this raises in various actors, such as European operators and some Member States, will be studied, with the aim of finding a vector of convergence between the two different points of view. ; Departamento de Derecho Público ; Máster en Estudios Avanzados en la Unión Europea

The SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes the disease termed COVID-19 ripped through the globe in the latter part of 2019 and has left a state of fear, death and destruction in its wake. The Omicron variant was officially announced by the South African authorities on the 24th of November 2021, with the first confirmed sample of the infection being collected on the 9th of November 2021. The initial cases were flagged as a possible new variant due to the stark differences in the presentation and clinical features of the patients. At the time of Omicron's discovery, the predominant variant circulating within South Africa was the Delta variant B.1.617.2 which typically presented with more severe and distinct symptoms. Omicron spread rapidly within the Southern Africa and abroad, principally South Africa, Botswana, Hongkong and Israel were among the first countries to record cases of the new variant. The first European case of the Omicron variant was confirmed on the 26th of November 2021 in Belgium. Towards the end of November 2021 cases of the new variant had been confirmed and recorded in France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Portugal and Scotland. Additional cases of the Omicron variant have been confirmed in Canada, Australia, India and United States. At this current point in the development of the Omicron upsurge in cases the international community should aim for further vaccinations among their fellow countrymen, but more so vaccine equality should be ensured. Such equality should be ensured in the developing nations as the virus does not respect any boundaries or territories and thus a higher level of vaccination worldwide will confer greater protection to the global community as a whole.

The main aim of this paper is to show the participation of mercenaries in the war in former Yugoslavia who fought on the Muslim side. The author presents the thesis that they were recruited to participate in the defense of Muslim community, which they believed was threatened by Serbs. However, their goal soon became to conduct jihad. Muslim mercenaries, also known as warriors of Allah (warriors of God) or Garibi, often proved to be cruel and committed war crimes. Among them were veterans of the war in Afghanistan, the Mujahideen. After the end of hostilities, many of God's warriors remained in the Balkans, and their settlement brought a lot of negative changes to the social and political life of the region. The Garibi contributed greatly to the strengthening of influence of Islamic states and institutions in the Balkans, as well as to the development of Wahhabi sects supporting terrorism. ; The main aim of this paper is to show the participation of mercenaries in the war in former Yugoslavia who fought on the Muslim side. The author presents the thesis that they were recruited to participate in the defense of Muslim community, which they believed was threatened by Serbs. However, their goal soon became to conduct jihad. Muslim mercenaries, also known as warriors of Allah (warriors of God) or Garibi, often proved to be cruel and committed war crimes. Among them were veterans of the war in Afghanistan, the Mujahideen. After the end of hostilities, many of God's warriors remained in the Balkans, and their settlement brought a lot of negative changes to the social and political life of the region. The Garibi contributed greatly to the strengthening of influence of Islamic states and institutions in the Balkans, as well as to the development of Wahhabi sects supporting terrorism.