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According to the author, there is an alarming inclination for people to succumb to delusional thinking. Contrary to popular opinion, such thought processes are not limited to the mentally ill. Instead, there is growing evidence to show that large segments of the public harbor a wide variety of delusions, none of which are innocent, and many of which are pushing our societies to the brink of war. This book aims to understand the nature of delusions and how they are generated. By providing a deeper understanding of delusions, the author challenges the assumption that a whole community cannot be deluded, concluding that even very large groups of people can be considered collectively mad. Reznek offers case studies of madness both in individuals and in society throughout the book, relieving the reader of requiring a first-hand experience of psychosis, and revealing the nature of delusions as they affect us all.

This pioneering study captures the traditional social, economic and political systems of the Arab sheikhdoms of the Gulf. It represents a unique and in-depth insight into the complex and varied cultural patterns of the Arabs, Persians and the people of the East African Coast in the 1950s, before the advent of oil wealth radically altered the style of life and expectations of the people living in these sheikdoms. In a compelling narrative Lienhardt discusses the tribal structure, relations between men and women, the economics of pearl fishing, the growth of towns and the complex relationship between the ruling sheikhs and their subjects. His findings offer a key to the understanding of the political system and the transition from the tribal to the class system. Specialists on the Gulf and Middle East, social historians and anthropologists will find a wealth of new evidence and analysis in this invaluable and accessible combination of history and anthropology.

Culture has been subject to critical debate in anthropology during the past decade and this is related to a shift in emphasis from the bounded local culture to transnational cultural flows. At the same time that cultural mobility is being emphasized, the people studied by anthropologists are recasting culture as a place of belonging as they construct local identities within global fields of relations. So far, much of the analysis of the role of place in culture has been carried out at a level of theoretical debate. This text argues that it is only through rich ethnographic studies that anthropologists may explore the significance of place in the global space of relations which mould the lives of people throughout the world. By examining the concept of culture through case studies from Europe, Africa, Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean it probes the methodological and theoretical implications of the divergent scholarly and popular concepts of culture

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- Series Editor's Preface -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contributors -- PART ONE Theoretical Developments -- 1 Sociology and disability: some emerging issues -- 2 A sociology of disability or a disablist sociology? -- 3 Theories of disability and the origins of the oppression of disabled people in western society -- 4 Work, Utopia and impairment -- PART TWO Disability and Education -- 5 Theorising special educational needs in a changing political climate -- 6 Clauses of conditionality: the 'reasonable' accommodation of language -- 7 Reflecting on researching disability and higher education -- PART THREE Disability, Charities, Normalisation and Representation -- 8 A critique of the role of the traditional charities -- 9 Beyond normalisation but not Utopia -- 10 Power and prejudice: issues of gender. sexuality and disability -- 11 The politics of disability identity -- PART FOUR Disability: a Particular Research Method -- 12 Sounds of still voices: issues in the use of narrative methods with people who have learning difficulties -- Index.

AbstractPrevious research shows that religiosity increases prosocial tendencies such as donating and volunteering. Less is known on whether and how religiosity influences individuals' decision to seek help when needed. The current research tackles this question and shows that religiosity, whether manipulated (Study 2) and measured (Study 1 and Study 3), decreases individuals' tendency to seek help from other people or entities. We further propose that religiosity enhances individuals' sense of control, which makes them rely more on themselves and less likely to seek help when encountering difficulties. Three studies across different contexts (i.e., applying government aid, asking for help from other people, and requesting donations from a crowdfunding platform) support our thesis. Utilizing data from the General Social Survey (Study 1), we first demonstrate that individual‐level religiosity is negatively correlated with the behavior of getting help (i.e., receiving government aid such as welfare and unemployment insurance). Next, we prime religion (vs. control) in Study 2 and show that religious prime decreases people's willingness to seek help. Finally, Study 3 shows that chronic religiosity discourages people from seeking financial assistance on crowdfunding platforms such as Indiegogo. Furthermore, this negative effect is mediated by sense of control. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and practical contributions of this research as well as its limitations and future research directions.

AbstractIn the past 20 years, experimental philosophers have investigated folk intuitions about free will and moral responsibility, and their compatibility with determinism. To determine whether laypeople are "natural compatibilists" or "natural incompatibilists", they have used vignettes describing agents living in deterministic universes. However, later research has suggested that participants' answers to these studies are plagued with comprehension errors: either people fail to really accept that these universes are deterministic, or they confuse determinism with something else. This had led certain experimenters to conclude that maybe folk intuitions about the compatibility of free will with determinism could not be empirically investigated. Here, we propose that we should refrain from embracing this pessimistic conclusion, as scenarios involving time loops might allow experiments to bypass most of these methodological issues. Indeed, scenarios involving time loops belong both to the philosophical literature on free will and to popular culture. As such, they might constitute a bridge between the two worlds. We present the results of five studies using time loops to investigate people's intuitions about determinism, free will and moral responsibility. The results of these studies allow us to reach two conclusions. The first is that, when people are introduced to determinism through time loops, they do seem to understand what determinism entails. The second is that, at least in the context of time loops, people do not seem to consider determinism to be incompatible with free will and moral responsibility.

Abstract

Introduction
Managed Alcohol Programs (MAPs) are designed to improve health and housing outcomes for unstably housed people with an alcohol use disorder (AUD). The present study assesses the association of MAP participation with healthcare and mortality outcomes.


Methods
A retrospective cohort study assessed health outcomes for 205 MAP participants and 128 controls recruited from five Canadian cities in 2006–2017. Survival and negative binomial regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) of death and emergency room (ER) visits and hospital bed days (HBDs). Covariates included age, sex, AUD severity and housing stability score.


Results
In fully adjusted models, compared with times outside MAPs, participants had significantly reduced risk of mortality (HR = 0.37, P = 0.0001) and ER attendance (HR = 0.74, P = 0.0002), and fewer HBDs yearly (10.40 vs 20.08, P = 0.0184). Over the 12 years, people enrolled in a MAP at some point had significantly fewer HBDs per year than controls after MAP enrolment (12.78 vs 20.08, P = 0.0001) but not significantly different rates of death or ER presentation. MAP participants had significantly more alcohol-related but significantly fewer nonalcohol-related ER presentations than controls.


Conclusion
Attendance at a MAP was associated with reduced risk of mortality or morbidity and less hospital utilization for individuals with unstable housing and severe AUDs. MAPs are a promising approach to reduce mortality risk and time spent in hospital for people with an AUD and experiencing homelessness.

AbstractHuman–automation cooperation has become ubiquitous. In this concept, automation refers to autonomous machines, robots, artificial intelligence, and other autonomous nonhuman agents. A human driver will share control of semiautonomous vehicles (semi‐AVs) with an automated system and thus share responsibility for crashes caused by semi‐AVs. Research has not clarified whether and why people would attribute different levels of blame and responsibility to automation (and its creators) and its human counterpart when each causes an equivalent crash. We conducted four experiments in two studies (total N = 1,045) to measure different responses (e.g., severity and acceptability judgment, blame and responsibility attribution, compensation judgment) to hypothetical crashes that are caused by the human or the automation in semi‐AVs. The results provided previously unidentified evidence of a bias, which we called the "blame attribution asymmetry," a tendency that people will judge the automation‐caused crash more harshly, ascribe more blame and responsibility to automation and its creators, and think the victim in this crash should be compensated more. This asymmetry arises in part because of the higher negative affect triggered by the automation‐caused crash. This bias has a direct policy implication: a policy allowing "not‐safe enough" semi‐AVs on roads could backfire, because these AVs will lead to many traffic crashes, which might in turn produce greater psychological costs and deter more people from adopting them. Other theoretical and policy implications of our findings were also discussed.

Various problems arise when direct cash assistance from the government which is carried out in each region begins to be disbursed to people who are entitled to it. One of them is the error in selecting the target recipient of assistance, according to the regulations, residents who receive assistance must comply with applicable conditions such as Indonesian citizens, the poor, the elderly and affected by COVID-19, but there are still people who are classified as capable of being able to get the BLT due to the accumulation of data. numbered in the thousands and packaged in a manual system resulting in assistance not being channeled to the right people, with this problem the author took the initiative to create a system that was implemented with the profile matching method with criteria taken from the data on the requirements for receiving BLT from the government to provide solutions to problems by determining residents appropriate and appropriate in receiving the cash direct assistance. Data research was carried out using the prototyping concept to increase the accuracy of receiving cash transfers that were processed with a decision support system to facilitate the acceptance process so that it was more accurate and faster and did not harm related parties. This system is designed in such a way that it can be accessed by the general public and with Android devices to facilitate the admissions selection process.

Political divisions in the United States have led to conflating political issues with political parties. People who possess a set of intercorrelated beliefs (e.g. pro-immigration, prochoice) are assumed to be liberal, while those who hold opposing intercorrelated beliefs are assumed to be conservative. Impression management research suggests that in the online world, minor cues on one's social media profile that display political beliefs serve as indicators of people's political ideology. While people are free to declare their political views on personal social media accounts, what happens when people perceive that they are forced to appear aligned with one political group (whether they are a member of that group or not)? To examine this question, I had Twitter users respond to a scenario about preferred pronouns. Specifically, participants read a scenario where all Twitter users are either required to post cues on their Twitter profiles that are associated with political liberalism (or not). Results show that forced display of preferred pronouns increases public agreement overall but decreases private agreement for those who did not already post pronouns. Pressure to post preferred pronouns also indirectly decreased LGBT attitudes and increased concern for political correctness. These indirect effects were mediated by two well-known psychological phenomena that other work implicates in backfiring: Reactance and informational contamination. I conclude by discussing the implications of forced political allegiance in the online world.

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit behandelt die Frage, wie es für Menschen mit einer intellektuellen Behinderung möglich sein kann, selbstbestimmt am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilzuhaben. Dabei wird von der Grundannahme ausgegangen, dass hierfür Anerkennung als Subjekt mit eigenen Rechten und Pflichten notwendig ist. Zur Analyse des Phänomens der Anerkennung dient die Anerkennungstheorie von Axel Honneth und dessen Ausformulierung von drei zentralen Sphären der Anerkennung. Der Sphäre der Liebe, des Rechts und der sozialen Wertschätzung. Zu Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen werden qualitative Interviews mit Menschen mit einer intellektuellen Behinderung, welche in einer selbstbestimmten Wohnform leben, durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser empirischen Untersuchung zeigen, dass ein starkes soziales Netzwerk, ein inklusiver Arbeitsplatz und nicht zuletzt eine inklusive Sozialpolitik als positive Faktoren hinsichtlich gesellschaftlicher Teilhabe betrachtet werden können. Allerdings existieren noch immer entscheidende Barrieren, welche für Menschen mit einer intellektuellen Behinderung die Erlangung von Anerkennung und damit die Teilhabe am gesellschaftlichen Leben erschweren. Abstract ; The present master's thesis addresses the question regarding how people with intellectual disabilities participate in the society as independent individuals. The general assumption is that, in order for them to be an active part of the society, they have to be recognised as person with own rights and obligations. To analyse the concept of recognition, Axel Honneths theory of recognition with its three patterns of intersubjective recognition, love, right, and solidarity, is used. To answer the research question, qualitative interviews with people with intellectual disabilities are conducted. The results of this investigation suggest that a strong social network, an inclusive workplace and governmental social policy are positive factors affecting participation. However, numerous barriers impede people with intellectual disabilities from fully and independently take part in the social context in which they live. ; eingereicht von Fabian Wakolbinger Bsc ; Universität Linz, Masterarbeit, 2020 ; (VLID)4780274

Under-detection and -reporting in the private sector constitute a major barrier in Viet Nam's fight to end tuberculosis (TB). Effective private-sector engagement requires innovative approaches. We established an intermediary agency that incentivized private providers in two districts of Ho Chi Minh City to refer persons with presumptive TB and share data of unreported TB treatment from July 2017 to March 2019. We subsidized chest x-ray screening and Xpert MTB/RIF testing, and supported test logistics, recording, and reporting. Among 393 participating private providers, 32.1% (126/393) referred at least one symptomatic person, and 3.6% (14/393) reported TB patients treated in their practice. In total, the study identified 1203 people with TB through private provider engagement. Of these, 7.6% (91/1203) were referred for treatment in government facilities. The referrals led to a post-intervention increase of +8.5% in All Forms TB notifications in the intervention districts. The remaining 92.4% (1112/1203) of identified people with TB elected private-sector treatment and were not notified to the NTP. Had this private TB treatment been included in official notifications, the increase in All Forms TB notifications would have been +68.3%. Our evaluation showed that an intermediary agency model can potentially engage private providers in Viet Nam to notify many people with TB who are not being captured by the current system. This could have a substantial impact on transparency into disease burden and contribute significantly to the progress towards ending TB.

Under-detection and -reporting in the private sector constitute a major barrier in Viet Nam's fight to end tuberculosis (TB). Effective private-sector engagement requires innovative approaches. We established an intermediary agency that incentivized private providers in two districts of Ho Chi Minh City to refer persons with presumptive TB and share data of unreported TB treatment from July 2017 to March 2019. We subsidized chest x-ray screening and Xpert MTB/RIF testing, and supported test logistics, recording, and reporting. Among 393 participating private providers, 32.1% (126/393) referred at least one symptomatic person, and 3.6% (14/393) reported TB patients treated in their practice. In total, the study identified 1203 people with TB through private provider engagement. Of these, 7.6% (91/1203) were referred for treatment in government facilities. The referrals led to a post-intervention increase of +8.5% in All Forms TB notifications in the intervention districts. The remaining 92.4% (1112/1203) of identified people with TB elected private-sector treatment and were not notified to the NTP. Had this private TB treatment been included in official notifications, the increase in All Forms TB notifications would have been +68.3%. Our evaluation showed that an intermediary agency model can potentially engage private providers in Viet Nam to notify many people with TB who are not being captured by the current system. This could have a substantial impact on transparency into disease burden and contribute significantly to the progress towards ending TB.

COVID-19 caused unprecedented social disruption the likes of which many people had not seen since the Second World War. In order to stop the spread of the virus, most nations were required to enforce strict social distancing precautions, including orders to shelter in place and national lockdowns. However, worries over whether citizens would become fatigued by precautions that constrain personal liberties made some governments hesitant to enact lockdown and social distancing measures early on in the pandemic. When people feel that their social worlds are responsive to their needs, they become more trusting and more willing to sacrifice on behalf of others. Thus, people may view COVID-19 precautions more positively and be more trusting in government responses to such an event if they are inclined to see their sociorelational world as supporting their connectedness needs. In the current study (N = 300), UK residents who were more satisfied that their close others fulfilled their connectedness needs at the start of the government-mandated lockdown, perceived COVID-19 precautions as more important and more effective than those who were relatively dissatisfied in how their connectedness needs were being met, and reported greater trust in the government's management of the pandemic. These effects persisted in a follow-up one month later. Implications for how society and governments can benefit from the investment in social connectedness and satisfaction, and future directions are discussed. ; peerReviewed ; publishedVersion

Under-detection and -reporting in the private sector constitute a major barrier in Viet Nam's fight to end tuberculosis (TB). Effective private-sector engagement requires innovative approaches. We established an intermediary agency that incentivized private providers in two districts of Ho Chi Minh City to refer persons with presumptive TB and share data of unreported TB treatment from July 2017 to March 2019. We subsidized chest x-ray screening and Xpert MTB/RIF testing, and supported test logistics, recording, and reporting. Among 393 participating private providers, 32.1% (126/393) referred at least one symptomatic person, and 3.6% (14/393) reported TB patients treated in their practice. In total, the study identified 1203 people with TB through private provider engagement. Of these, 7.6% (91/1203) were referred for treatment in government facilities. The referrals led to a post-intervention increase of +8.5% in All Forms TB notifications in the intervention districts. The remaining 92.4% (1112/1203) of identified people with TB elected private-sector treatment and were not notified to the NTP. Had this private TB treatment been included in official notifications, the increase in All Forms TB notifications would have been +68.3%. Our evaluation showed that an intermediary agency model can potentially engage private providers in Viet Nam to notify many people with TB who are not being captured by the current system. This could have a substantial impact on transparency into disease burden and contribute significantly to the progress towards ending TB.