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Abstract
A problem that arises from time to time in international arbitration proceedings is how an arbitral tribunal is to deal with the evidence of a non-appearing witness. The applicable rules of arbitration typically confirm that the tribunal has the authority to determine (e.g.) the "admissibility, relevance, materiality and weight of the evidence offered," but they rarely go any further than this. The purpose of this article is to seek to provide guidance to tribunals by reviewing the available arbitral practice. This reveals that there are circumstances in which tribunals have adopted broadly consistent approaches to the status of the non-appearing witness's written testimony (although this does not appear to extend to the treatment of a non-appearing expert's evidence), and that tribunals have generally not distinguished between the existence of a valid reason for a witness's failure to appear, or of exceptional circumstances which would warrant the witness's evidence being admitted. In addition, tribunals appear to be reluctant to place much weight on a non-appearing witness's written evidence unless it is corroborated by the testimony of other witnesses or documentary evidence, and they are also reluctant to draw adverse inferences from a witness's non-appearance.

The Environment Energy and Natural Resources (EENR) Center in association with the Center for U.S. and Mexican Law of University of Houston Law Center will be hosting a webinar on Friday, April 17th, 2020, 9:00 a.m.- 12:30 p.m. (CDT), by way of our 1st Annual Conference in Global Energy Transition Law and Policy. Topic: THE ENERGY TRANSITION IN A CLIMATE CONSTRAINED WORLD. AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH IN GLOBAL ENERGY LAW AND POLICY ISSUES? Date: Friday, April 17th, 2020, from 9:00 to a.m.-12:30 p.m. (CDT) The conference, which is designed for all (policy-makers, researchers, professionals, students, etc.), will feature an outstanding faculty roster who will address the current energy transition issues. Highlights: · Recent Developments in Energy Transition Law and Policy; · Energy Policy in Citizens' Climate Assemblies; · Energy Communities in the European Union; · Europeanisation of the Development of Renewable Energy in Transition; · Finance and Risk Policy for The Just Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy; · A Sustainable and Prosperous Future: The Role of Climate Clubs and International Trade; · Decarbonization Options for Gas and Electricity Systems: Power-to-Gas and Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage; · Incorporation of DMDU decision-making under deep uncertainty) Framework into Energy Policy; · COVID-19 provides Warning about the Transition from Fossil Fuels.

Minorities are part of the people living in a country and being not part of the majority of the population, always have problems relating to the implementation of the rights and fundamental freedoms to them. Filling this vacuum is internationally seen the Framework Convention for the protection of minorities, which sets targets to be achieved by States and its implementation is provided primarily by the measures taken on the national law and secondarily by bilateral agreements since its provisions are not directly applicable. There are also some other international acts of the Council of Europe that sanction rights for minorities. But this paper devotes attention to Albanian legislation and its commitments to enforce the rights and protection of minorities, especially in the context of the integration process in the EU, where the approach of the standards of the acquis for minorities is the focus of monitoring alongside the fundamental human rights and freedoms from the European Commission. EC has introduced the issue of minorities in the Albanian legislation with problems and situation outside the framework of legal protection because of the vacuum of a legal act for minorities, and this paper aims to present some aspects of the problem reflected in its analysis.

The increasing globalization of business activities forces companies to recruit highly skilled employees all over the world. In order to attract these talents, employers have to differentiate themselves through a unique employer brand, appealing to diverse target audiences. However, in the absence of research on international students' preferences for employer characteristics, it is difficult for multinational companies to decide on a feasible degree of employer brand standardization. Lena Christiaans investigates the impact of between-country differences, e.g. differences in national culture or economic wealth, on students' preferences in relation to the effects of within-country differences in individuals' characteristics. Combined with a segmentation of the European graduate market, the results provide readers with insight into the development of employer value propositions for business and engineering target groups. Contents: Core Concepts of Employer Branding; Contributions from Cross-Cultural Research; Employer Branding Strategy; Multilevel Analysis Target Groups; Researchers and students in the fields of employer branding, corporate branding, management, marketing, communications- Managers and experts with focus on employer branding, HR marketing, HR, corporate communications. About the Author: Lena Christiaans obtained her doctorate at the Chair in Corporate Management at Universität Hohenheim and currently works as a reputation manager in the Corporate Communications department of a DAX-30-company in Dusseldorf.

PURPOSE: The paper examines the links between eco-innovation, economic performance and international competitiveness of European Union enterprises. ; DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: It presents a comparative cross-country analysis based on the data of representative sample of enterprises from European Union members states from 2012-2014 Community Innovation Survey. The empirical results are based on the Path Analysis. ; FINDINGS: The results show that the eco-innovation plays an important role in increasing international competitiveness of firms, and has a positive impact on its intellectual property. However, the link between eco-innovation and firms' economic growth is not revealed. ; PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Governments' efforts should be directed not only at changing the current eco-regulations, and eco-policies, but also at respective transforming the institutional environment, promoting green education, and shaping citizens' as well as businesses' commitment to sustainable objectives. ; ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The research points out on the positive link between international competitiveness and firms economic performance. More importantly, we find also evidence that international competitiveness act as a mediating variable between the introduction of eco-innovation and firms economic performance, which is still underdeveloped in the economic literature. ; peer-reviewed

In 2020, the Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs of Indonesia, Mahfud MD, affirmed that any Indonesian citizen affiliated with ISIS would not be repatriated. However, Article 28D of the 1945 Constitution ensures that a person's citizenship status is guaranteed as one of the human rights, as guaranteed in Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. For this reason, this research used a normative legal research method using statute and case approaches through literature review. The research raises the question of how is the protection of the rights to nationality for ex-ISIS based on international law? The research aims to discuss and analyze the rights to the nationality of ex-ISIS combatants under the implementation of international law, such as Article 1 (1) of the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. The research results explain that the state's discretion regarding nationality is particularly limited to conditions such as the prohibition of arbitrary deprivation, the duty to avoid statelessness, and the principle of discrimination, and everyone has a right to a nationality.

The Beagle Channel crisis (1977–1984) unfolded in a global political context. In other words, it was never solely a bilateral matter between Argentina and Chile, as many analyses have suggested. From the international arbitration to the participation of a third actor (the Vatican), the role of the United States, the Falklands war and the United Kingdom, the Beagle crisis had pronounced regional and international dimensions. Domestic structures and international conditions affected the Argentinian and Chilean foreign policies to different degrees. The Beagle crisis resolution has been explained by reference to the key role played by the Vatican. However, recently declassified US documents and interviews with key actors reveal a different story. International sanctions for human right violations were affecting both countries' leverage in the international community and creating internal political problems. This finding suggests that both countries were keen to use mediation as a strategy to remove human rights violations from the US agenda.

This article examines the debate between liberalism and communitarianism in
contemporary political philosophy and considers its significance for international relations.
The debate tends to pose a false dichotomy between liberalism and communitarianism, and
neither position alone can provide an adequate basis for international relations theory. It is
necessary to go beyond the liberal-communitarian divide in order to reconcile the valuable
insights that may be rescued from both positions. There is a community which is a moral
reality, which includes all individuals and maintains their moral integrity, and which can
accommodate all legitimate, smaller communities. This is the community of humanity, which
is recognized in traditional theories of natural law and the law of nations. The article
concludes by considering whether the universal community of humanity requires and justifies
world government.