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This paper examines how skill-biased growth can generate economic fragmentation (income dis-parities) that give rise to social fragmentation (the adoption of increasingly incompatible social identities and values), which generate political fragmentation (the adoption of increasingly incompatible economic policies). Our model of social fragmentation focuses on three values-driven identities: individualism (focused on status concerns), communitarianism (focused on the benefits of social affiliations), and multi-affilatedness (encompassing both individualistic and communitarian objectives). Our analysis shows how the high-, middle- and low-skilled people are drawn to individualistic, multi-affiliated and communitarian objectives, respectively. We show how skill-biased growth leads to an expansion of the individualistic and communitarian groups, at the expense of the tolerant multi-affiliates. Consequently, there is a narrowing of the moral foundations driving economic policy. We examine the conditions under which these developments increase size of the political constituency for protectionist-nationalist policies (which destroy productivity, compress the income distribution and promote the benefits of social affiliation).

AbstractSocial commerce is thriving; therefore, it becomes essential to recognize different types of social commerce shopper. In this study, we assume that social networking sites such as Facebook contain differently behaving consumer segments. Based on the assumption that the majority of social commerce shoppers are young adults, we are interested in identifying unobservable shopper segments that the young group may contain. A conceptual model has been tested that incorporates the psychological factor (trust), the unified theory of acceptance and the use of technology (UTAUT2), and behavioral aspects using mixture modeling techniques to reveal the unobservable consumer segments who have searched for clothing items through Facebook when shopping (n = 309). Three segments were found: social patrons (n = 219), wary explorers (n = 72), and sporadic explorers (n = 18). The study is a rare attempt to specifically categorize social commerce shopper segments by using mixture modeling techniques. The study offers further research avenues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This research study investigates the processes of social exclusion and legal recognition of hijra in Bangladesh, focusing on experiences in accessing work and health services. The goal of this study was to explore how official recognition of hijra as a third gender shaped experiences of social exclusion, following the new third gender registration policy. We conducted fifteen interviews with hijra and five interviews with key informants. Thematic analyses of interviews were conducted to better understand processes of social exclusion of hijra. Findings demonstrate that while the Bangladeshi government reports that they officially recognize hijra as a third gender group, hijra have not actually been able to legally register under this category. Similarly, they have been unable to find gainful employment or easily access health services. Without legal protections for their civil rights, hijra lack the ability to make legal claims of discrimination. These findings suggest that (1) hijra require increased vocational training and employment opportunities, (2) healthcare providers who interact with hijra in medical settings require greater sensitization, and (3) legal advocacy is needed to ensure the protection of hijra's civil rights.

Acknowledgments -- The early years -- The nurse to-be -- A new kind of nurse -- First years on the Lower East side -- Visiting nurse service at the Henry Street settlement -- Advocate for children -- The social reformer -- Labor reforms -- The rise of World War I -- Post war life at the settlement

Romans attached nuanced implications to color-terms which went beyond their literal meaning, using these terms as a form of cultural assessment, defining their social values and order. By analyzing the use and color words in specific contexts, we can gain greater insight into the Roman mind

The analysis of present-time directions in the study of social development has allowed to identify the resource approach as the most productive one which enables to assess social dynamics through the range of resource characteristics of different population groups and abilities of the relevant groups to apply development resources in the current economic and institutional conditions. Basing on the sociological survey conducted by ISAP RANEPA, the quantitative estimation of material and social recourses of the population has been made; integral values of the resource potential have been calculated as well. The issues of social structure formation are analyzed through the aspect of resource availability; the barriers of Russian middle-class enlargement are defined.

Social justice is a contested concept. For example, some on the left argue for equality of outcomes, those on the right for equality of opportunities, and there are differing emphases on the roles of state, market and individual in achieving a socially just society. These differences in emphasis are critical when it comes to examining the impact that public policy has on minority ethnic groups. Social justice should not be culture-blind any more than it can be gender-blind yet the overwhelming burden of evidence from the UK shows that public policy, despite the political rhetoric of fifty years of governments since large-scale immigration started, has failed to deliver social justice to Britain's minorities. In terms of outcomes, in respect for and recognition of diversity and difference, in their treatment, and in the failure of governments to offer an effective voice to minorities, the latter continue to be marginalised in British social, economic and political life. This is not an argument for abandoning the project of multiculturalism, however, but for ensuring that it is framed within the values of social justice.

El rápido cambio social es una de las características más destacables de la historia moderna de España. La introducción de cambios tecnológicos y de todo tipo en el siglo XX provocaron la transformación de la estructura social, incluyendo fenómenos importantes como el éxodo rural, la diversificación del proletariado urbano, el incremento de estudiantes, intelectuales y técnicos, y favoreciendo la movilidad gegráfica. La población pasó de 18 millones en 1900 a casi 38 en 1981. También se señala que la fuerte tendencia hacia la emigración ha cesado. Actualmente la emigración predominante es interior, del campo a zonas urbanas. También es destacable el incremento de las diferencias regionales.

Il ruolo tutore volontario, così come disciplinato dal formante legale (Legge 47/2017), è strettamente connesso alla sua funzione di rappresentante legale del minore straniero non accompagnato. Nonostante tale aspetto sia innega-bilmente quello prevalente, nell'esperienza concreta, il rapporto tra tutore vo-lontario e MSNA può assumere le caratteristiche di una forma sui generis di genitorialità sociale. Attraverso alcune interviste effettuate a tutori e tutrici volontarie del territorio torinese, l'obiettivo degli autori è quello di tratteggia-re le manifestazioni di questa configurazione di genitorialità sociale, soprattut-to in relazione alla dimensione trans-nazionale e trans-culturale in cui si inse-risce il minore.

El ensayo pretende cimentar una visión prospectiva sobre la transformación del aprendizaje desde el enfoque social, enfilado desde las teorías sociocultural de Vigotsky (1982) y el interaccionismo simbólico, cuya perspectiva consiste en fomentar un modelo que induzca al sujeto -como ente activo- a transformar su aprendizaje de manera consciente e intencional partiendo de los esquemas de pensamiento construidos a través de la interacción social establecida en el transcurso de su vida, de este modo, promover el aprendizaje fundamentado en el protagonismo del sujeto y orientado a la adquisición de nuevas visiones pedagógicas por parte de los docentes, impulsando la transformación del proceso educativo.

Résumé.Les auteurs examinent les accords collectifs conclus dans l'UE en 2008–2011 et leurs apports à la politique sociale: réduction du temps de travail, formation, modération salariale, flexibilisation de la fixation des salaires et de la durée du travail. A cet effet, ils distinguent secteur public et secteur privé: dans le premier, les déficits budgétaires et l'austérité limitent les possibilités de négociation à vocation sociale, tandis que dans le second les négociateurs ont recherché un équilibre entre compétitivité et maintien de l'emploi et des salaires, notamment dans les pays où les négociations sont coordonnées. Ailleurs, les auteurs avancent qu'une détérioration est à craindre.

When does a common group identity improve efficiency in coordination games? To answer this question, we propose a group-contingent social preference model and derive conditions under which social identity changes equilibrium selection. We test our predictions in the minimum-effort game in the laboratory under parameter configurations which lead to an inefficient low-effort equilibrium for subjects with no group identity. For those with a salient group identity, consistent with our theory, we find that learning leads to ingroup coordination to the efficient high-effort equilibrium. Additionally, our theoretical framework reconciles findings from a number of coordination game experiments. (JEL C71, C91, D71)

Abstract: Anti‐social behaviour (ASB) has received increasing political and media attention. It is of great concern to the public. The police are under pressure to tackle it, in particular using anti‐social behaviour orders (ASBOs). There is currently little hard data on what is effective. This article presents findings from an evaluation of an ASB Taskforce, which increasingly focused on using ASBOs. Whilst there is evidence of a city‐wide reduction in perceived ASB, there is none that reported levels have fallen. The difficulties facing the police are discussed. It is concluded that a broader approach to the problem would be more promising.

This paper examines entry contests in oligopoly with regulatory barriers to entry when government seeks to issue additional licenses. The entry contests are modeled as a two-stage rent-seeking game between incumbents & potential entrants, with incumbents opposing issuance of additional licenses while the potential entrants try to obtain them. We derive conditions under which the resources expended in the entry contest exceed or fall short of the expected increase in social benefit. Entry deregulation is more likely to increase expected social benefit when incumbents employ a non-cooperative Nash strategy in rent seeking than when they collude. 21 References. [Copyright 2005 Elsevier B.V.]