Search results

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bamanhal-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 400 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 93 per cent is covered by soil, 7 per cent by rock outcrops and 150cm) soils.  About 86 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 7 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 9 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 7 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 86 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 10 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 83 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 23 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 32 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 8 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 10 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 9 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 64 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 5 per cent of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 82 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 4(1) 72(17) Sapota - 49(12) Maize - 75(18) Pomegranate - 66(16) Bajra 42(10) 148(37) Musambi 4(1) 62(15) Groundnut 42(10) 110(28) Lime 4(1) 62(15) Sunflower 4(1) 62(15) Amla 48(12) 149(37) Redgram - 65(16) Cashew 6(1) 43(11) Bengal gram 16(4) 173(43) Jackfruit - 49(12) Cotton 4(1) 71(17) Jamun - 65(16) Chilli - 59(14) Custard apple 51(13) 145(36) Tomato - 59(14) Tamarind - 23(6) Brinjal 49(12) 24(6) Mulberry 6(1) 66(16) Onion 49(12) 20(5) Marigold - 76(18) Bhendi 49(12) 24(6) Chrysanthemum - 76(18) Drumstick 6(1) 66(17) Jasmine - 59(14) Mango - 6(1) Crossandra - 58(14) Guava - 49(12)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 118 (59%) men and 82 (41%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 6.20, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.27, semi medium farmers' was 5.55 and medium farmers' was 7.  The data indicated that, 62 (31%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 89 (44.50%) were in 16-35 years of age, 36 (18%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.50%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hire Bamanhal-2 had 27 per cent illiterates, 36 per cent of them had primary school education, 5 per cent of them had middle school education, 16 per cent of them had high school education, 4 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.50 per cent of them did ITI and 2.50 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 7.50 per cent of the household members, 56 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.5 per cent were general labour, 1.50 per cent were in private service, 29 per cent were students and 5.50 per cent were children.  The results show that 99.50 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent possess thatched house, 62.86 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 20 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households possess TV, 82.86 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9000, mixer grinder was Rs.1913, bicycle was Rs. 2000, motor cycle was Rs.44166 and mobile phone was Rs.2210.  About 40 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess harvester and 54.29 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1500, harvester was Rs.5000 and weeder was Rs.50. 2  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.58, average own labour (women) available was 1.58, average hired labour (men) available was 7.81 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.77.  The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bamanhal-2 micro-watershed possess 39.26 ha (68.54%) of dry land and 18.02 ha (31.46%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.34 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.55 ha (87.50%) of dry land and 1.79 ha (12.50%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 15.47 ha (63.98%) of dry land and 8.71 ha (36.02%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.90 ha (54.21%) dry land and 7.52 ha (45.79%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 292,835.05 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 465,933.08. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 641,003.46 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 382,451.61 for dry land and was Rs. 613,318.31 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 239,115.64 for dry land and Rs. 470,585.50 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 168,409.09 for dry land and Rs. 425,403.66 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 11 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 31.43 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 30.48 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.79 ha, 8.71 ha and 7.52 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (11.74 ha), groundnut (5.29 ha), maize (37.36 ha), navane (1.62 ha) and sunflower (0.81 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize, navane and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, groundnut and maize. Medium farmers have also grown maize, bajra and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bamanhal-2 micro-watershed was found to be 73.05 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 98.44 per cent, small farmers it was 80.03 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 76.15 and medium farmers it was 62.33 per cent.  The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households have bank account. 3  The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the household availed loan from grameena bank, 12.50 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial banks and 62.50 per cent of them availed loan from cooperative bank in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the average amount of credit borrowed in micro watershed by medium farmers was Rs.148125.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan.  The results indicate that, around 62.50 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 37.50 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 69839.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55637.10. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -14202.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.8.  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 32012.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. -9782.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.69.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33460.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38324.11. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 4863.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 26729.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26030.26. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 699.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 20962.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28405. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. 7442.15. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.36.  The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 28.57 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 30,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 43,300, for small farmers it was Rs. 62,200, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 75,300 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 93,380.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,986.15. For landless households it was Rs. 3,200, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 8,666.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,809.92, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,100.55 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 13,900. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 13 mango and 6 coconut trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 188 neem trees, 5 tamarind trees and 12 teak trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs.4,057.14, for improved crop production Rs. 2,457.14, for irrigation facility Rs. 705.88 and for improved livestock management Rs. 314.29.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 40 per cent for land development, for 25.71 per cent for irrigation facility, for 40 per cent for improved crop production and for 8.57 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 65.19 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 83.33 per cent, maize to the extent of 90 per cent, navane to the extent of 20 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 108.57 per cent of the famers have sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 108.57 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of the small farmers, 100 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 40 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 14.29 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 42.86 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 11.43 per cent, fruits were adequate for 8.57 per cent, milk was adequate for 97.14 per cent, eggs were adequate for 100 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 94.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (45.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (34.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (31.43%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), less rainfall (51.43%) and source of agri-technology information (28.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Vadagenhalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 546 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soil, 4 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others and 150cm) soils.  About 6 per cent is loamy (sandy loam) and 90 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 11 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 86 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 51 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 46 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 6 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 9 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 44 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) and 37 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0)  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 28 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 51 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 44 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 199(36) 319 (58) Pomegranate 96(18) 288(53) Maize 61 (11) 457 (83) Guava 96(18) 54(10) Bajra 143(26) 375(68) Jackfruit 96(18) 54(10) Redgram 96(18) 196 (36) Jamun 35(6) 222(41) Bengal gram 83(15) 434(82) Musambi 151(28) 232(43) Groundnut 14(2) 190 (35) Lime 151(28) 232(43) Sunflower 144 (26) 240 (44) Cashew 58(11) 89(16) Cotton 118(22) 400(73) Custard apple 241(44) 277(51) Chilli 98(18) 165(30) Amla 150(27) 368 (67) Tomato 98(18) 165(30) Tamarind 35(6) 168(31) Drumstick 96(18) 287(53) Marigold 61(11) 457(83) Mulberry 61(11) 335(61) Chrysanthemum 61(11) 457 (83) Mango 35(6) 76(14) Jasmine 61(11) 222(41) Sapota 96(18) 54(10) Crossandra 96(18) 288(53)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 99 (51.03 %) men and 95 (48.97 %) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 5.45, small farmers' was 5.9, semi medium farmers' was 6.33 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 44 (22.68 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 84 (43.30 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (23.71 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (10.31 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Vadagenhalu had 29.38 per cent illiterates, 36.60 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.70 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.31 per cent of them had high school education, 8.76 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.06 per cent had diploma education, 1.03 per cent of them did ITI, 3.61 per cent of them had degree level education.  The results indicate that, 79.41 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 20.59 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 38.66 per cent of the household members, 30.41 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.03 per cent were General Labour, 1.30 per cent were in private service, 23.20 per cent were students, 1.03 per cent were housewives and 2.58 per cent were children.  The results show that, per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 88.24 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 8.82 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 2.94 per cent of the households possess semi pacca and thatched house.  The results show that 82.35 per cent of the households possess TV and mobile phones, 64.71 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 35.29 per cent of them possess bicycle, 2.94 per cent of them possess radio and auto and 32.35 per cent of them possess motor cycle .  The results show that the average value of radio was Rs. 1,000, television was Rs. 4,375, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,226, bicycle was 646, motor cycle was Rs. 42,272, auto was 50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,738.  About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 11.76 per cent of them possess plough, 5.88 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 17.65 per cent of them possess sprayer, 8.82 per cent of them possess tractor, 38.24 per cent of them possess weeder, 2.94 per cent of them possess harvester and 20.59 per cent of them possess thresher. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 34,666, plough was Rs. 3,200, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 6,000, tractor was Rs. 533,333, sprayer was Rs. 2,333, Harvester was Rs. 2,000, weeder was Rs. 61and thresher was Rs. 111.  The results indicate that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 29.41 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.82 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and 5.88 per cent possess crossbreed cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, average own labour (women) available was 1.65, average hired labour (men) available was 9.55 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.45.  The results indicate that 47.06 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 44.12 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Vadagenhalu micro-watershed possess 33.89 ha (85.54 %) of dry land and 5.73 ha (14.46 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.34 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.42 ha (88.38 %) of dry land and 1.76 ha (11.62 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.05 ha (69.54%) of dry land and 3.97 (30.46%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.07 ha (100%) dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 281,700 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 593,079. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 561,363.62 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 297,895.44 for dry land and Rs. 963,073.39 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 264,997.77 for dry land and Rs. 428,469.39 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 24,700.00 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 6 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 23.53 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 18.83 meters.  The results indicate that small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 3.38 ha and 3.97 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (12.63 ha), cotton (1.62 ha), bajra (5.06 ha), sorghum (1.86 ha), groundnut (3.64 ha), green gram (2.56 ha), Bengal gram (0.4 ha), Onion (3.16 ha) and Sugarcane (0.51ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, bajra, jowar, and green gram. Small farmers had maize, groundnut, Sugarcane, bajra, sorghum and green gram. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, groundnut, Sugarcane, bajra, onion, Bengal gram and Cotton. Medium farmers had grown Green gram and cotton. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Vadagenhalu micro-watershed was found to be 53.72 per cent.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have bank account and 38.24 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 70.59 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 41450. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40733. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -716.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 87089.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55575. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -31514. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.64.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 67802.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34343.29. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. - 33459.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.51.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 30630.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59584.69. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 28953.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.95.  The total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 71945.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 245039.68. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 173093.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 3.41.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 43867.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32802.10. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -11065.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.75.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58160.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 94683.33. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 36522.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.63.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 43882.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44151.25. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 268.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.01.  The total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 91960.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82832.51. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. -9128.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.9.  The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.76 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 34,600 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 50,906.00, for small farmers it was Rs. 109,850.83, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 81,025 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 80,000. 4  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,018.95. For landless households it was Rs. 2,600, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,697.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 13,000, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 15,111.11 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 20,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 38 coconut trees and 1 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 8 tamarind and banyan and 73 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,411.76 for land development, Rs. 470.59 for Irrigation facility, Rs.794.12 for improved crop production and Rs. 132.35 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 28.57 per cent for land development, 11.43 per cent for Irrigation facility, 14.29 per cent for improved crop production, for 5.71 per cent for improved livestock management and for 2.86 per cent for subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 75.81 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, cotton and sugarcane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 52.38 per cent, sorghum was sold to the extent of 58.33 per cent, onion was sold to the extent of 98.95 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 96.88 per cent and Groundnut was sold to the extent of 72.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 47.06 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 55.88 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 5.88 per cent of them sold their produce to agents/traders.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 79.41 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 67.65 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.94 per cent of the households used kerosene and LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 52.94 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 47.06 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.94 per cent of the households possessed APL. 5  The results indicated that, 55.88 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.12 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 50 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 38.24 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 55.88 per cent, Milk was adequate for 47.06 per cent, fruits were adequate for 17.65 per cent, egg were adequate for 17.65 and meat were adequate for 11.76 per cent.  The results indicated that, Cereals were inadequate for 5.88 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 50.00 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 61.76 per cent and vegetables were inadequate for 44.12 per cent, Fruits were inadequate for 76.47 per cent, Milk were inadequate for 35.29 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 73.53 per cent and Meat were inadequate for 38.24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 73.53 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (67.65 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.88%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (67.65 %), high rate of interest on credit (32.35 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (44.12 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (47.06 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (52.94 %), less rainfall (44.12 %) and Source of Agri-technology information (14.71 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 344 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 90 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm).  About 54 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 36 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 57 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 15 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 75 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 62 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 28 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 17 per cent area.  An area of about 89 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 1 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 11 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) and 88 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 8 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 180(52) 70(20) Sapota 103(30) 32(9) Maize 28(8) 179(52) Pomegranate 103(30) 136(40) Bajra 119(35) 182(53) Guava 103(30) 33(9) Groundnut 32(9) 86(25) Jackfruit 103(30) 32(9) Sunflower 155(45) 69(20) Jamun 74(22) 154(45) Cotton 135(39) 115(33) Musambi 155(45) 84(25) Red gram 103(30) 121(35) Lime 155(45) 84(25) Bengalgram 61(18) 224(65) Cashew 60(18) 74(22) Chilli 77(22) 112(32) Custard apple 180(52) 125(36) Tomato 77(22) 155(45) Amla 162(47) 143(42) Brinjal 45(13) 232(67) Tamarind 74(22) 123(36) Onion 29(8) 144(42) Marigold 60(18) 190(55) Bhendi 29(8) 204(59) Chrysanthemum 60(18) 190(55) Drumstick 103(30) 125 (365) Jasmine 60(18) 129(38) Mulberry 60(18) 97(28) Crossandra 103(30) 96(28) Mango 74(22) 28(8)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 93 (64.14%) men and 52 (35.86%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 3.71 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 39 (19.6 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (41.21 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (30.15 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (9.05%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gabbur-4 had 37.93 per cent illiterates, 25.52 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.69 per cent of them had middle school, ITI and master's education, 15.17 per cent of them had high school education, 6.90 per cent of them had PUC and degree education and 1.38 per cent of them had diploma.  The results indicate that, 53.13 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 43.75 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.55 per cent of the household members, 37.24 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.69 per cent was in government service and housewives, 2.76 per cent was in private service and children and 19.31 per cent of them were student.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 9.38 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 37.50 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 12.50 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 40.63 per cent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results shows that 90.63 per cent of the households possess TV, 81.25 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 50 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 96.88 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 7,068, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,076, motor cycle was Rs. 31,437, mobile phone was Rs. 2,712.  About 12.50 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34.38 per cent of the households possess plough, 9.38 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 3.13 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump and sprinkler, 3.13 per cent of the households possess tractor, 18.75 per cent of them possess sprayer, 40.63 per cent of them possess weeder and 3.13 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,200, the average value of plough was Rs. 1,425, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.2,000, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 25,000, the average value of tractor was Rs. 450,000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.5,5838, the average 2 value of sprinkler was Rs.1,666 and the average value of weeder Rs.53 and the average value of earth remover/ duster was Rs.3,000.  The results indicate that, 31.25 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 21.88 per cent of the households possess local cow and 25 per cent of the households possess 46.88.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.90, average own labour (women) available was 1.13, average hired labour (men) available was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.65.  The results indicate that, 87.50 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 9.38 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-4 micro watershed possess 17.26 ha (41.12%) of dry land and 24.71 ha (58.88%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 0.4 ha (45.87%) of dry land and 0.48 ha (54.13%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 12.35 ha (65.18%) of dry land and 6.6 ha (34.82 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 4.5 ha (35.5%) of dry land and 8.18 ha (64.50%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 9.45 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 341,768.29 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 392,384.70. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 741,000 for dry land and Rs. 2,302,542.42 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 340,019.67 for dry land and Rs. 636,441.72 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 310,691.82 for dry land and Rs. 342,037.58 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 169,178.51 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 15 de-functioning and 19 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 59.38 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 61.91 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 2.10 ha, small farmers had 7.52ha, semi medium farmers had 6.58 ha and medium farmers had 9.05 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (30.66 ha), bajra (4.3 ha), tomato (1.74 ha), red gram (1.62 ha), groundnut (1.34 ha), brinjal (0.83 ha), onion and paddy (0.81 ha), ladies finger (1.01 ha) and drumstick and sunflower (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-4 micro watershed was found to be 83.89 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 51704.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90365.86. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 38661.68, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.75.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27985.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39263.95. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 11278.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 30365.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30642.85. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 277.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 35982.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100.  The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 38117.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.06. The total cost of cultivation for Drumstick was Rs. 26945.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18525.00. The net income from Drumstick cultivation was Rs. -8420.01. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.69.  The total cost of cultivation for ladies Finger was Rs. 35705.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78113.75. The net income from ladies Finger cultivation was Rs. 42408.53, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.19.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 46251.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47424. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 1172.45, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.03. The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 37319.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88195.11. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 50875.96, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.36.  The total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 26977.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47918.00. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 20940.58, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 22455.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22230. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. - 225.44, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 34674.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57205.63. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 22530.71, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.65.  The results indicate that, 34.38 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 46.88 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also, 6.25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. 4  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 20,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 172,333.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 84,856.25, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 74,714.29 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 187,250.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 24,974.84. For landless households it was Rs. 6,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs 91,666.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,105.93, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,428.57 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 85,375.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 113 coconut trees, 1 guava trees, 22 mango trees and 3 pomegranate trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 32 teak trees, 46 neem trees, 1 acacia trees and 3 tamarind trees in their field and also 4 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.3,250 for land development, Rs.1,437.5 for irrigation facility, Rs.2,437 for improved crop production and Rs. 437.50 for livestock management.  The results indicate that, Loan from bank was the major source of investment for 40.63 per cent of households for land development and improved crop production, 18.75 per cent for irrigation facility and 9.38 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 80.39 per cent, brinjal was sold to the extent of 96 per cent, drumstick was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, ladies finger was sold to the extent of 88.89 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 97.62 per cent, onion was sold to the extent of 91.67 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 57.14 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 62.5 per cent, sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and tomato was sold to the extent of 98.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 53.13 per cent of the households sold their produce in agent/traders, 21.88 per cent of the households sold their produce in local/ village merchant, 25 per cent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 12.50 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 112.50 per cent of the farmers have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 22.73 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 34.38 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 37.50 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 50 5 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 9.38 per cent.  The results indicated that, 78.13 percent used fire wood and 21.88 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 28.13 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 28.13 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and milk were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 90.63 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 46.88 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 56.25 per cent, egg were adequate for 75 per cent of the and meat were adequate for 68.75 per cent of the households. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanakapura-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 515 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 71 per cent is covered by soil, 12 per cent by mining/industrial, 150cm) soils.  About 5 per cent sandy, 49 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 17 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 28 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 12 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 59 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 29 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 42 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 13 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 23 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 22 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 13 per cent is strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0 & >9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 55 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 50 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 29 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 29 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 42 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0) in 4.5 ppm) in 69 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 57 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 15(3) 83(16) Sapota 15(3) 130(25) Maize 6(1) 91(18) Pomegranate 15(3) 212 (41) Bajra 15(3) 221(43) Musambi 15(3) 212 (41) Groundnut - 151(29) Lime 15(3) 212 (41) Sunflower 15(3) 83(16) Amla 15(3) 238(46) Redgram 15(3) 83(16) Cashew 6(1) 139(27) Bengal gram 82(16) 25(5) Jackfruit 15(3) 130(25) Cotton 9(2) 89(17) Jamun 9(2) 218(42) Chilli 6(1) 10(2) Custard apple 15(3) 238(46) Tomato 6(1) 10(2) Tamarind 9(2) 100(19) Brinjal 7(1) 108(21) Mulberry 6(1) 238(46) Onion 7(1) 108(21) Marigold 6(1) 92(18) Bhendi 7(1) 108(21) Chrysanthemum 6(1) 92(18) Drumstick 15(3) 100(19) Jasmine 6(1) 10(2) Mango 9(2) 7(1) Crossandra 15(3) 1(<1) Guava 15(3) 130(25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Kanakapura-2 micro-watershed indicated that 36 farmers were sampled in Kanakapura-2 microwatershed among them 18 (50 %) were marginal farmers, 6 (16.67 %) were small farmers, 8 (22.22 %) were semi medium farmer, 3 (8.33 %) were medium farmers and 1 (2.78 %) were large farmers.  The data indicated that there were 89 (59.73 %) men and 60 (40.27 %) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers' was 3.9, small farmers' was 4, semi medium farmers' was 4.6, medium farmers' was 4 and large farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 13 (8.72 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (44.97 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (35.57 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (10.74 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kanakapura-2 had 38.93 per cent illiterates, 0.67 per cent Functional Literate, 18.12 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.68 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.11 per cent of them had high school education, 12.75 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.67 per cent of them had Diploma, 2.01 per cent of them had ITI, 3.36 per cent of them had degree education and 0.67 per cent of them did Masters.  The results indicate that, 72.22 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 22.22per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.03 per cent of the household members, 22.15 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.34 per cent were in Household industry, 18.79 per cent were students and 2.01per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any of the institutions.  The results indicate that 8.33 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 27.78 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 13.89 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 50 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 86.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.94 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD Player, 86.11 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.78 per cent of the households possess Refrigerator, 16.67 per cent of them possess bicycle, 44.44 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.44 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs 5,919, grinder was Rs 2,325, Refrigerator was Rs 12,000, bicycle was Rs 1,714, motor cycle was Rs. 36,875 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,576. 2  About 11.11 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 44.44 per cent of them possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess Irrigation Pump, 5.88 per cent possess tractor, 33.33 per cent of them possess sprayer and 66.67 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 17,500, plough was Rs. 1,820, Irrigation Pump was Rs.7,000, tractor was Rs 350,000, sprayer was Rs.3,828, Sprinkler was Rs. 8,000, average value of weeder was Rs. 159, Harvester was Rs. 84,000, Thresher was Rs. 277, average value of chaff cutter was 3,000 and the average value of earth mover/duster was Rs. 15,000.  The results indicate that, 13.89 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 30.56 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.33 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow, 5.56 per cent of the households possess Buffalo and 5.56 per cent of the households possess Goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.80, average own labour (women) available was 1.43, average hired labour (men) available was 9.37 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.77.  The results indicate that, 97.22 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kanakapura-2 micro-watershed possess 17.74 ha (36.01 %) of dry land and 31.51 ha (63.99 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.30 ha (85.80 %) of dry land and 0.55 ha (14.20 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 5.65 ha (52.11 %) of dry land and 5.19 ha (47.89 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.90 ha (58.47 %) of dry land and 4.19 ha (41.53 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.89 ha (16.56 %) of dry land and 14.56 ha (83.44 %) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 7.03 ha (100 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 504,122.95 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 617,861.06. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 937,974.69 for dry land and Rs. 1,644,808.15. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 293,858.52 for dry land and Rs. 859,130.44 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 297,937.75 for dry land and Rs. 375,690.75 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 977,437.48 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers, the average land value was Rs. 138,937.50 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 16 functioning and 11 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. 3  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 44.44 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 45.72 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium, medium farmers and large farmers had an irrigated area of 2.60 ha, 1.64 ha, 6.34 ha, 1.62 ha and 18.68 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (4.37 ha), Bengal gram (6.48 ha), Navane (1.68 ha), Pearl millet (9.66 ha), Groundnut (1.67 ha), maize (18.43 ha), Sesamum (1.32 ha), Red gram (2.19 ha) and Cowpea (0.40 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kanakapura-2 micro-watershed was found to be 75.02 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 26117.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23737.72. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. -2380.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.91.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 7938.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74236.52. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 22418.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.43.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 318503.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18516.95. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. -1751.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.91.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 72585.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58850.69. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -13735.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.81.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sesamum was Rs. 76069.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42048.81. The net income from Sesamum cultivation was Rs. -34020. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.55.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33731.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43575.50. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 9844.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.29.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cowpea was Rs. 39947.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41496. The net income from Cowpea cultivation was Rs. 1548.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.04. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 75605.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49810.42. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. --25794.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.66.  The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 47.22 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 2,400 for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 127,133.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 61,066.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 103,312.50, for medium farmers it was Rs. 59,666.67 and for semi large farmers it was Rs. 445,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 32,321.01. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 22,912.85, for small farmers it was Rs. 14,583.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,578.13, for medium farmers it was Rs. 23,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 430,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 83 coconut trees in their field and 13 in backyard and 2 Lemon trees in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 6 Cashew, 110 Teak, 128 neem, 3 tamarind, 10 Pongamia and 8 banyan trees in their field. Also, 3 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, Bajra, Bengalgram, Cow Pea, Groundnut, Maize, Navane, Sesamum and Redgram were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 41.67 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 8.33 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market, 8.82 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Cooperative marketing Society and 75 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 22.22 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households used firewood, 16.67 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel and 2.78 per cent of the households used Dung Cake and 5.56 per cent of the households used Biogas as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 22.22 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 75 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 38.89 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 11.11 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 47.22 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 77.78 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 77.78 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 58.33 per cent and meat was adequate for 52.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 50 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 22.22 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 22.22 per cent and Vegetables was inadequate for 22.22 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 22.22 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (58.33 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (63.89 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.22 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (69.44 %), high rate of interest on credit (52.78 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (33.33 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (5.56 %), less rainfall (75 %) and source of agri-technology information (27.78 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kidadhala -2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 704 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 81 per cent is covered by soil, 18 per cent by water bodies, settlements and 150cm) soils.  About 53 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 28 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 28 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 77 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 39 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 42 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%).  Available phosphorus is medium (337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 17(2) 117(17) Sapota 35(5) 262(37) Maize 17(2) 127 (18) Pomegranate 35(5) 284(40) Bajra 35(5) 359(51) Guava 17(2) 281(40) Redgram 17(2) 65(9) Jackfruit 35(5) 262(37) Bengal gram - 145(21) Jamun - 318(45) Groundnut - 379(54) Musambi 35(5) 424(60) Sunflower 17 (2) 65(9) Lime 35(5) 284(40) Cotton - 133(19) Cashew 17(2) 325(46) Chilli 17(2) 95(13) Custard apple 36(5) 437(62) Tomato 17(2) 95(13) Amla 35(5) 437(62) Brinjal 60(9) 237(33) Tamarind - 81(12) Onion 42(6) 214(30) Marigold 17(2) 117(17) Bhendi 42(6) 236(33) Chrysanthemum 17(2) 117 (17) Drumstick 35(5) 92(13) Jasmine 17(2) 95(13) Mulberry 35(5) 373(53) Crossandra 17(2) 95(13) Mango - 60(9) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 82 (55.41%) men and 66 (44.59%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 4.83, small farmers' was 4.1, semi medium farmers' was 3.8 and medium farmers' was 3.  The data indicated that, 31 (20.95%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 61 (41.22%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (34.46%) were in 36-60 years of age and 5 (3.38%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kidadhala-2 had 36.49 per cent illiterates, 35.14 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.73 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.41 per cent of them had high school education, 8.11 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.68 per cent had diploma, 6.08 per cent had ITI and 2.70 per cent of them had degree.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the household heads were practicing agriculture and 20 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 19.59 per cent of the household members, 56.08 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.03 per cent were private service, 20.95 per cent were student and 0.68 per cent were housewives and children.  The results show that, 0.68 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in NGOs and 99.32 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 25.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 60 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 97.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 91.43 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess bicycle and washing machine, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,333, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,984, bicycle was Rs. 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 35,625 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,243.  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 8.57 per cent of them possess plough and 74.29 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 28,600, plough was Rs. 1,833, and weeder was Rs. 17.  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 5.71 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, average own labour (women) available was 1.31, average hired labour (men) available was 7.06 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.75.  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 97.14 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kidadhala-2 micro-watershed possess 33.49 ha (72.33%) of dry land, 11.55 ha (24.94%) of irrigated land and 1.26 ha (2.73%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 5.22 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.18 ha (95.07%) of dry land and 0.89 ha (4.93%) irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.09 ha (53.88%) of dry land, 8.23 ha (39.98%) of irrigated land and 1.26 ha (6.14 5%) permanent fallow land. Medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 328,338.37, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 389,589.91 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 316,666.67. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 535,708.75 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 279,359.10 for dry land and Rs. 673,636.35 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 306,496.35 for dry land, Rs. 400,934.58 for irrigated land and Rs. 316,666.67 for permanent fallow land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 de-functioning and 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 25.71 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 18.29 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.89 ha, 6.47 ha and 1.62 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (27.74 ha), bajra (8.38 ha), cotton and sunflower (2.43 ha), groundnut (0.95 ha) and tomato (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, and groundnut. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra, cotton and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, and tomato. Medium farmers have grown maize and cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kidadhala-2 micro-watershed was found to be 62.61 per cent. The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, 13.04 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank and friends/relatives, 8.70 per cent of the households availed loan from cooperative bank, 34.78 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 33,695.65.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24603.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33809.25. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 9205.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 27799.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54031.25. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 26231.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 25092.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28868.13. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 3775.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.15.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 29229.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65444.45. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 36214.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.24.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 22654.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23939.07. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 1284.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.06.  The results indicate that, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 25,800 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 46,366.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 67,841.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 60,881.82 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 98,500. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4 3,493.77. For landless households it was Rs. 2,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs3,305.56, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,126.39, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 1,811.98 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 35,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 30 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 6 teak, 45 neem and 4 banyan trees in their field. Also, the households have planted 2 neem and 1 banyan trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 64.52 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 1oo per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent 75 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95.83 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 95.65 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 88.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of them used tractor and 2.86 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 8.57 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households and open well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 64.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 22.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 88.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 28.57, fruits were adequate for 54.29 per cent, milk was adequate for 48.57 per cent, eggs were adequate for 25.71 per cent and meat were adequate for 31.43 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate 5 for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 71.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 40 per cent, milk was inadequate for 42.86 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 74.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 62.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (31.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (34.29%), high rate of interest on credit, lack of marketing facilities in the area and Source of Agri-technology information (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (5.71%), inadequate extension services (22.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (17.14%) and less rainfall (57.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kunikeri Tanda-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 407 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soil, 150cm) soils.  About 72 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 20 per cent has clayey (clay) soils at the surface.  About 16 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (57 kg/ha) in 16 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 3 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 55 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 23(6) 63(15) Sapota 54(13) 71(18) Maize 9(2) 76 (19) Pomegranate 54(13) 71(18) Bajra 55(13) 72(18) Guava 23(6) 103(25) Redgram 35(9) 49(12) Jackfruit 54(13) 71(18) Bengal gram - 85(21) Jamun 13(3) 112(27) Groundnut 23 (6) 336(82) Musambi 54(13) 71(18) Sunflower 35(9) 49 (12) Lime 54(13) 71(18) Cotton 26(6) 59(15) Cashew 23(6) 103(25) Chilli 35(9) 50(12) Custard apple 68(17) 305(75) Tomato 35(9) 50(12) Amla 68(17) 305(75) Brinjal 58(14) 274(67) Tamarind 13(3) 155 (38) Onion 16(4) 316(78) Marigold 23(6) 63(15) Bhendi 16(4) 316(78) Chrysanthemum 23(6) 63 (15) Drumstick 68(18) 263(65) Jasmine 23(6) 63(15) Mulberry 68(17) 304(75) Crossandra 23(6) 63(15) Mango 13(3) 71(17) - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Salient findings of the survey  The data indicated that there were 88 (58.67%) men and 62 (41.33%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 4.5, marginal farmers' was 4.13, small farmers' was 4.67, semi medium farmers' was 4.70 and medium farmers' was 4.17.  The data indicated that, 18 (12%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (48%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (33.33%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (6.67%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kunikeri tanda-2 had 37.33 per cent illiterates, 0.67 per cent functional literates, 22 per cent of them had primary school education, 6 per cent of them had middle school education, 19.33 per cent of them had high school education, 6.67 per cent of them had PUC education, 2 per cent of them did diploma, 2.67 per cent of them had degree education and 1 person was doing masters.  The results indicate that, 90.91 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 3.03 per cent were general laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 76.67 per cent of the household members, 1.33 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.33 per cent were general laborers, 0.67 per cent had household industry, 0.67 per cent were in government service, 0.67 per cent were retired, 14.67 per cent were students and 3.33 per cent were children.  The results show that 0.67 per cent of the households participated in user group, 0.67 per cent participated in raitha sangha and 98.67 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 66.67 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 33.33 per cent of the households possess semi pucca house.  The results shows that 96.97 per cent of the households possess TV, 81.82 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 6.06 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 63.64 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 90.91 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.8531, mixer grinder was Rs.1865, motor cycle was Rs.33130, mobile phone was Rs.2081 and bicycle was Rs.2500.  About 24.24 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 39.39 per cent of them possess plough, 18.18 per cent of them possess tractor, 69.70 per cent of them posses sprayer, 6.06 per cent possess irrigation pump, 6.06 per cent possess power tiller, 9.09 per cent possess sprinkler, 3.03 per cent possess JCB/Hitachi and 72.73 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.17125, the average value of plough was Rs.1576, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs.60000, the average value of power tiller was Rs.22500, the average value of tractor was Rs.471428, the average value of sprayer was Rs.4256, the average value of sprinkler was Rs.13000, the average value of weeder was Rs.96 and the average value of JCB/Hitachi was Rs.800000.  The results indicate that, 15.15 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 24.24 per cent of the households possess local cow, 18.18 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, 15.15 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 9.09 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.79, average own labour (women) available was 1.55, average hired labour (men) available was 8.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.12.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kunikeri tanda-2 micro watershed possess 27.78 ha (48.17%) of dry land and 29.89 ha (51.83%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.48 ha (86.62%) of dry land and 0.54 ha (13.38%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 5.17 ha (67.03%) of dry land and 2.54 ha (32.97%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 19.13 ha (74.47%) of dry land and 6.56 ha (25.53%) of irrigated land and medium farmers possess 20.25 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 273,484.85 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 394,664.86. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 659,814.17 for dry land and Rs. 2,042,857.12. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 348,159.75 for dry land and Rs. 786,624.21. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 182,924.25 for dry land and Rs. 426,913.59 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value Rs. 291,227.02 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 48.57 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 47.46 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 0.99 hectares, small farmers had 2.49 hectares, semi medium farmers had 5.03 hectares and medium farmers had 24.19 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (10.83 ha), Banana (0.81 ha), Chilly (0.4 ha), Greengram (0.87 ha), Groundnut (4.15 ha), Maize (14.83 ha), Paddy (2.69 ha), Redgram (5.26 ha), Sugarcane (13.21), and Cowpea (0.4 ha). 3  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize and paddy. Small farmers have grown bajra, greengram, maize, sugarcane and cowpea. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, chilly, groundnut, maize, paddy, redgram and sugarcane. Medium farmers have grown banana, groundnut, maize, redgram and sugarcane.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kunikeri tanda-2 micro watershed was found to be 83.68 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 92.21 per cent, for small farmers it was 89.90 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 87.96 per cent and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 74.84 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 47267.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31175.46. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. -16092.35, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.66.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 40976.20. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35863.76. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 5112.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.88.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 41034.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48946.42. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 7911.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 33799.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46198.15. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 12398.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 50787.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 93527.14. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 42739.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 18383.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33592. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 15208.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.83.  The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 48908.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 25191.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 61303.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 234604.72. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 173300.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.83.  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 45586.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39026. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. - 6560.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 74552.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111150. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 36597.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.49.  The results indicate that, 6.06 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. 4  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.134000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.46700, for small farmers it was Rs.76933, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.91900 and for medium farmers it was Rs.285182.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9819.95. For landless households it was Rs.40000, for marginal farmers it was Rs 3043.75, for small farmers it was Rs. 7750, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7483.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 14053.57.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 24 coconut and 3 mango trees in their field. Farmers have also grown 1 coconut tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 37 neem trees, 7 tamarind trees and 34 banyan trees.  The results indicated that, bajra, banana, chilly, cowpea, greengram, maize and paddy were marketed to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was marketed to the extent of 86.84 per cent, redgram was marketed to the extent of 85.71 per cent and sugarcane was marketed to the extent of 91.27 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 60.61 per cent of the households have sold their produce to agents/traders, 21.21 per cent of the households sold their produce to local/village, another 9.09 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society, and 39.39 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 51.52 per cent have used cart, 72.73 per cent have used tractor and 6.06 per cent of the farmers have used truck as a mode of transport.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 81.82 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 6.06 per cent of the households, lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 3.03 per cent of the households and canal/nala was the source of drinking water for 6.06 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 93.94 percent used fire wood and 3.03 percent of the households used LPG as a source of domestic fuel.  Electricity was the major source of light for 93.94 per cent of the households and kerosene lamp was the source of light for 3.03per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.52 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of landless, 12.50 per cent of marginal, 16.67 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 57.14 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 93.94 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 3.03 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 42.42 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 90.91 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 42.42 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 27.27 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 63.64 per cent, fruits were adequate for 54.55 per cent, milk was adequate for 81.82 per cent, eggs were adequate for 51.52 per cent and meat was adequate for 51.52 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 3.03 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 51.52 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 66.67 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 30.30 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 33.33 per cent, milk was inadequate for 12.12 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 36.36 per cent and meat was inadequate for 36.36 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 30.30 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (12.12%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.58%), inadequacy of irrigation water (9.09%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (93.94%), high rate of interest on credit (81.82%), low price for the agricultural commodities (33.33%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (66.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (84.85%), less rainfall (96.97%), inadequate extension services (3.03%) and source of agri-technology information (75.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Pogalapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 351 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 343 ha (98%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 1 ha (150 cm), 58 per cent soils are deep (100 to 150 cm), 3 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 7 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25 to 75 cm).  About 11 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 12 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 75 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 95 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 85 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of 13 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient in an area of about 49 per cent and sufficient in 49 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 309(89) 13(3) Guava - 10(3) Maize - 322(92) Sapota - 10(3) Bajra - 322(92) Pomegranate - 319(92) Groundnut - 13(4) Musambi 285(82) 34(10) Sunflower 285(82) 34(10) Lime 285(82) 34(10) Redgram - 318(91) Amla 58(17) 264(75) Bengal gram 309(89) 3(1) Cashew - - Cotton 285(82) 27(8) Jackfruit - 10(3) Chilli - 321(92) Jamun - 309(89) Tomato - 234(68) Custard apple 319(92) 3(<1) Brinjal 70(20) 251(72) Tamarind - 309(89) Onion 234(67) 3(1) Mulberry - 10(3) Bhendi 81(23) 241(69) Marigold - 321(92) Drumstick - 318(92) Chrysanthemum - 321(92) Mango - 46(13)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Pogalapur-1 microwatershed indicated that 36 farmers were sampled in Pogalapur-1 micro-watershed among them 5 (13.89 %) were landless, 13 (36.11 %) were marginal farmers, 12 (33.33 %) were small farmers, 2 (5.56 %) were semi medium farmers and 4 (11.11 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 116 (54.98 %) men and 95 (45.02 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.6, marginal farmers' was 5.46, small farmers' was 5.5, semi medium farmers' was 6 and medium farmers' was 8.5.  The data indicated that, 39 (18.48 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 96 (45.50 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (25.59 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 22 (10.43 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Pogalapur-1 had 54.03 per cent illiterates, 16.11 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.42 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.17 per cent of them had high school education, 4.74 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.95 per cent had diploma education, 0.47 per cent had ITI education, 2.84 per cent of them had degree education and 0.95 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 75 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.11 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer, 5.56 per cent were general labour and 8.33 per cent were Housewife.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 45.02 per cent of the household members, 10.9 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.32 per cent were general laborers, 0.47 per cent were Government Service, 2.84 per cent were in private service, 0.47 per cent were Trade & Business, 21.8 per cent were students, 11.37 per cent were housewives and 3.79 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.47 per cent was participating in Self Help Group.  The results indicate that 77.78 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 22.22 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 61.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 16.67 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.78 per cent of them possess Bicycle, 33.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.78 per cent of them possess Landline Phone and 94.44 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.5,227, mixer/grinder was Rs.1,583, Bicycle was Rs.2,500, motor cycle was Rs.42,538, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,692.  About 11.11 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 52.78 per cent of them possess plough, 44.44 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 22.22 per cent of them possess power tiller, 25 per cent of them possess tractor, 41.67 per cent of them 2 possess sprayer, 8.33 per cent of them possess Sprinkler and 55.56 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,250, plough was Rs. 4,000, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 6,150, power tiller was Rs.100,000, tractor was Rs. 635,555, sprayer was Rs. 4,533, Sprinkler was Rs. 656 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 33.  The results indicate that, 36.11 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 47.22 per cent of the households possess local cow, 16.67 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 13.89 per cent of the households possess Goat and 11.11 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.94, average own labour (women) available was 1.52, average hired labour (men) available was 10.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.03.  The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Pogalapur-1 micro-watershed possess 24.65 ha (61.44 %) of dry land and 13.02 ha (32.46 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 6.96 ha (89.35 %) of dry land and 0.40 ha (6.69%) of Permanent Fallow. Small farmers possess 7.98 ha (61.83 %) of dry land and 4.93 ha (38.17 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (55.56 %) of dry land and 1.62 ha (44.44 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 7.69 ha (48.72 %) of dry land, 6.48 ha (41.03 %) of irrigated l and 1.62 ha (10.26 %) of Permanent Fallow.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 672,050.91, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 656,465.65 and the average value of permanent fallow was Rs. 898,181.83. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 994,322.28 for dry land and Rs. 1,686,829.31 for permanent fallow. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 745,636.74 for dry land and Rs. 1,268,488.09 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 494,000 of irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 416,000 for dry land, the average land value was Rs. 231,562.50 for Irrigated land and the average land value was Rs. 494,000 of permanent fallow.  The results indicate that, there were 10 functioning and 2 De-functioning bore well in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 27.78 per cent of the farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 14.77 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi-medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.62 ha, 3.88 ha, 1.62 ha and 6.48 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (15.17 ha), sorghum (6.24 ha), paddy (7.49 ha), groundnut (3.76 ha) and red gram (4.21 ha). Marginal farmers have 3 grown cotton, red gram, sorghum, paddy and groundnut. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram, sorghum, paddy and groundnut. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton and paddy. Medium farmers have grown cotton, red gram, sorghum, paddy and groundnut. The cropping intensity in Pogalapur-1 micro-watershed was found to be 81.99 per cent.  The results indicate that, 55.56 per cent of the households have bank account. 55.56 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs.30943.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs.39115.28. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs.8172. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.26.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 63596.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71764.56. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 8168.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.13.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 51208.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 62580.64. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 11371.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.22.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25429.03. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31498. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 6068.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.24.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 66871.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78926.34. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 12055.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.18.  The results indicate that, 47.22 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 186,592 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 121,381.54, for small farmers it was Rs. 144,578.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.181,180 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 347,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 15,934.45. For landless households it was Rs. 34,700, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 37,851.80, for small farmers it was Rs. 15,350.61, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,280 and medium farmers it was Rs. 54,250.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 Coconut and 3 mango trees in their field. Households have planted 2 banyan, 4 tamarind, 1 Eucalyptus, 6 Teak and 32 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8,888.89 for land development, Rs. 16,250 for irrigation facility and Rs. 1,111.11 for improved crop production. Indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and for 8.33 per cent for 4 irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 16.67 per cent for land development and for 16.67 per cent for irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 5.56 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 96.15 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 74.82 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 90.0 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 85.92 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 94.44 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.78 per cent of them sold in regulated markets. 97.22 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 86.11 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent of the households used firewood, 5.56 per cent of the households used Kerosene and 27.78 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.44 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 69.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 91.67 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 83.33 per cent, milk was adequate for 83.33 per cent and eggs were adequate for 13.89 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, Milk were inadequate for 13.89 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 86.11 per cent and meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (86.11 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (86.11 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.33 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.56 %), High rate of interest on credit(63.89 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (83.33 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (72.22 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (69.44 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanakapur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 433 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil, one per cent by rock out crops and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others and 150cm) soils.  About 10 per cent is sandy (loamy sand), 62 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 27 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface.  About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent has nearly level (0-1%), 90 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 4 per cent has gently sloping lands (3-5%).  An area of about 51 per cent is slightly eroded (e1), 44 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) and 3 per cent is severely eroded.  An area of about 47 per cent is slightly acid (pH6.0-6.5) 41 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 10 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 0.75%) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 76 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 23 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in an entire area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 49 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 9 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 95(22) 82 (19) Pomegranate 32(7) 187(20) Maize 42 (10) 135 (31) Guava 1(<1) 163(38) Bajra 77(18) 190(44) Jackfruit 32(7) 131(30) Redgram 30(7) 103 (24) Jamun 29(7) 167(39) Bengal gram 53(12) 112(26) Musambi 85(20) 134(31) Groundnut 19(4) 316 (73) Lime 85(20) 134(31) Sunflower 83 (19) 61 (14) Cashew 13(3) 153(35) Cotton 82(19) 84(19) Custard apple 130(30) 296(68) Chilli 56(13) 47(11) Amla 77(18) 349 (81) Tomato 56(13) 47(11) Tamarind 29(7) 59(14) Drumstick 32(7) 268(62) Marigold 41(9) 136(32) Mulberry 32(7) 347(80) Chrysanthemum 41(9) 136 (32) Mango 29(7) 6(2) Jasmine 41(9) 80(19) Sapota 32(7) 131(30) Crossandra 41(9) 104(24) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 91 (55.15%) men and 74 (44.85%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 6.5, marginal farmers' was 4.2, small farmers' was 5.45, semi medium farmers' was 6.29 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.97%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (43.64%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (28.48%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (10.91 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kanakapur-1 had 30.30 per cent illiterates, 35.15 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.42 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.30 per cent of them had high school education, 11.52 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.21 per cent of them did ITI, 4.85 per cent of them had degree education and 2 persons were doing masters.  The results indicate that, 87.10 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 9.68 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers and 3.23 per cent were in government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 18.18 per cent of the household members, 46.67 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.61 per cent were in government service, 1.82 per cent were in private service, 27.88 per cent were students, 3.03 per cent were housewives and 1.82 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 38.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 48.39 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 16.13 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results shows that 96.77 per cent of the households possess TV, 83.87 per cent of the households possess mixer grinder, 25.81 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 3.23 per cent of the households possess refrigerator and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.4300, mixer grinder was Rs.1800, motor cycle was Rs.28214, mobile phone was Rs.1435, bicycle was Rs.1222 and refrigerator was Rs.15000.  About 22.58 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 29.03 per cent of them possess plough, 6.45 per cent of them possess tractor, 38.71 per cent of them posses sprayer, 93.55 per cent of them possess weeder, 3.23 per cent of them possess harvester and 3.23 per cent of them possess thresher. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.15400, plough was Rs.1900, the average value of tractor was Rs. 250000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1064, the average value of harvester was Rs.3500, thresher was Rs.50000 and the average value of weeder Rs.40.  The results indicate that, 29.03 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 12.90 per cent of the households possess local cow and 3.23 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, average own labour (women) available was 1.65, average hired labour (men) available was 6.74 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.39.  The results indicate that, 96.77 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kanakapur-1 micro watershed possess 22.29 ha (38.40%) of dry land and 35.76 ha (61.60%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 273633 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 392264.  The results indicate that, there were 9 functioning and 11 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 29.03 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 22.71 meters.  The results indicate that, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 7.50 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (16.5 ha), bajra (9.5 ha), cotton (2.63 ha), groundnut (4.63 ha), navane (0.81 ha), sesamum (0.81 ha), sorghum (0.81 ha), sunflower (0.88 ha), tomato (2.11 ha) and Bengal gram (0.73 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kanakapur-1 micro watershed was found to be 86.25 per cent.  The results indicate that, 93.55 per cent of the households have bank account and 38.71 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 90.32 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 23916. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26575.54. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 2659.54, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.11. 3  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24282.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23280.87. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -1001.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 36079.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35197.50. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -882.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 24352.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70110. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 45757.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.88.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 36632.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45304.12. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 8671.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.24.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 35183.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67306.06. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 32122.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 36338.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 111921.87. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 75583.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.08.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 18748.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36309. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 17560.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94.  The total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 27478.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. -2778.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9.  The results indicate that, 6.45 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 9.68 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Around 12.90 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs.30000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs.60810, for small farmers it was Rs.100354, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.98328, and for medium farmers it was Rs.105000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7730. For landless households it was Rs.7500, for marginal farmers it was Rs 2405, for small farmers it was Rs. 8834, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7632, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 50000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 18 coconut and 3 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 3 teak trees, 71 neem trees and 3 tamarind trees in their field and 3 neem trees in their backyard. 4  The results indicated that, bajra, chilly, groundnut, ladies finger, mango, paddy, tomato were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Maize was sold to the extent of 93.38 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 100 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets. But some farmers also sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, but 12.90 per cent have also used cart.  The results indicated that, 51.61 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 90.32 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 16.13 per cent of the households adopted field bunding and 3.23 per cent have adopted summer ploughing.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households who have adopted field bunding opined that they require full replacement of the structure.  The results indicated that, government was the main agency that was involved in constructing soil conservation structures in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 38.71 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 61.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 87.10 per cent used fire wood and 12.90 per cent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 32.26 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 30 per cent of the marginal, 18.18 per cent of the small, 28.57 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 87.10 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 3.23 per cent of the households possessed APL card and 9.68 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 38.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 6.45 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 12.90 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.58 per cent, milk was adequate for 16.13 per cent, eggs were adequate for 16.13 per cent and meat was adequate for 9.68 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 3.23 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 54.84 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate 5 for 77.42 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 58.06 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 35.48 per cent, milk was inadequate for 35.48 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 61.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 3.23 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 83.87 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (48.39%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (41.94%), inadequacy of irrigation water (12.90%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (25.81%), high rate of interest on credit (3.23%), low price for the agricultural commodities (25.81%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.58%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (45.16%), less rainfall (29.03%) inadequate extension services (16.13%) and source of agri technology information (12.90). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Vojenahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 576 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 69 per cent is covered by soil, 31 per cent by water bodies, settlements and 150cm) soils.  About 3 per cent loamy (sandy clay loam) and 65 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 62 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 337 kg/ha) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 12 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 28(5) 346 (60) Sapota 28(5) 21(4) Maize 28(5) 347 (60) Pomegranate 28(5) 331(58) Bajra 28(5) 368(64) Guava - 49(9) Redgram 28(5) 212(37) Jackfruit 28(5) 21(4) Bengal gram - 375(65) Jamun 28(5) 233(41) Groundnut - 49(9) Musambi 28(5) 331(58) Sunflower 28 (5) 310 (54) Lime 28(5) 331(58) Cotton 28(5) 347(60) Cashew - 49(9) Chilli 28(5) - Custard apple 28(5) 368(64) Tomato 28(5) - Amla 28(5) 368(64) Brinjal - 375(65) Tamarind 28(5) 212(37) Onion - 28(5) Marigold 28(5) 347(60) Bhendi - 375(65) Chrysanthemum 28(5) 347 (60) Drumstick 28(5) 310(54) Jasmine 28(5) 36(6) Mulberry 28(5) 281(49) Crossandra 28(5) 98(17) Mango 28(5) 98(17) - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 106 (54.64%) men and 88 (45.36%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 6.6, semi medium farmers' was 4.7 and medium farmers' was 5.6.  The data indicated that, 43 (22.16%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (42.27%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (28.35%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.22%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Vojenahalli-2 had 27.32per cent illiterates, 29.38 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.73 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.13 per cent of them had high school education, 9.28 per cent of them had PUC education and 2.58 per cent of them had degree.  The results indicate that, 68.57 per cent of the household heads were practicing agriculture, 28.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were trade and business and housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 25.77 per cent of the household members, 39.18 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.52 per cent were private service and trade and business, 24.74 per cent were student, 5.67 per cent were housewives and 2.58 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 5.71 per cent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 77.14 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 25.71 per cent of them possess bicycle, 37.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,066, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,344, bicycle was Rs. 2,711, motor cycle was Rs. 41,923 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,220.  About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 45.71 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill and tractor, 2.86 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, power tiller and harvester, 20 per cent of them possess sprayer and 57.14 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,625, plough was Rs. 3,381, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.35,000, irrigation pump was Rs.75,000, power tiller was Rs. 50,000, tractor was Rs.500,000, sprayer was Rs.3,285, weeder was Rs. 70 and harvester was Rs.80. 2  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks and local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow and 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.56, average own labour (women) available was 1.41, average hired labour (men) available was 12 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.18.  The results indicate that 45.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 48.57 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Vojenahalli-2 micro-watershed possess 38.66 ha (76.48%) of dry land and 11.89 ha (23.52%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.33 ha (92.95%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (7.05%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 16.51 ha (96.8%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (3.20%) irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.34 ha (65.16%) of dry land and 5.53 ha (34.84%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (54.50%)of dry land and 5.41 ha (45.50 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 307,715.66 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 420,497.11. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 468,512.90 for dry land the average land value was Rs. 2,470,000. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 272,493.26 for dry land, Rs.182,962.96 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 280,352.26 for dry land and Rs. 506,295.75 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 308,750 and the average value was Rs. 203,368.27 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 de-functioning and 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 23.33 meters.  The results indicate that marginal and small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 5.53 ha and 2.11 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (3.47 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), maize (37.21 ha), navane (2.02 ha), onion (0.81 ha). Red gram (1.69 ha), sunflower (4.57 ha) and watermelon (0.40 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, and maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize, navane, red gram and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, onion, red gram and watermelon. Medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Vojenahalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 78.89 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 42621.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19878.02. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -22743.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.47.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 30409.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55986.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 25577.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 36307.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36634.06. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 326.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 36307.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36634.06. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 326.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01.  The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 30525.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 6524.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 35775.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20601.84. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -15173.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 32563.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30187.33. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -2376.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93.  The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 228916.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 185250.00. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. -43666.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.81.  The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 14.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate, 31.43 per cent opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.86 per cent opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 53,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 38,537.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 62,961.54, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 80,250 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 120,333.33.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,160.64. For landless households it was Rs. 11,555.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs 4,700, for 4 small farmers it was Rs. 4,043.39, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 4,640.63 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 17,888.89.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 41 neem, 2 tamarind and 4 banyan trees in their field. Also, the households have planted 5 neem, trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3.200 for land development, and Rs. 1,000 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut, navane, onion, red gram, sunflower and watermelon were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 95.58 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 48.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 62.86 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 114.29 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 51.43 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 42.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 57.14 per cent, oilseeds and fruits were adequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 8.57, milk was adequate for 51.43 per cent, eggs were adequate for 48.57 per cent and meat were adequate for 45.71 per cent. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were in adequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, oilseeds and fruits were inadequate for 85.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, milk was inadequate for 42.86 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 40 per cent and meat was inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds and vegetables were market surplus for 2.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, high rate of interest on credit and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market was the constraint experienced by 45.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and less rainfall (57.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (54.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (51.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities and lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), and Source of Agri-technology information (42.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mellikeri-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 425 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 100 per cent is covered by soils and 150 cm) soils.  An area of about 12 per cent has sandy soils, 46 per cent has loamy soils and 42 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 41 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in 2 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 99 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 29 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 2 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 65 (15) 139 (33) Sapota 65 (15) 207 (49) Maize 65 (15) 139 (33) Pomegranate 65 (15) 207 (49) Bajra 78 (18) 223 (52) Musambi 65 (15) 207 (49) Groundnut 12 (3) 399 (94) Lime 65 (15) 207 (49) Sunflower 65 (15) 111 (26) Amla 103 (24) 309 (73) Red gram 65 (15) 111 (26) Cashew 44 (10) 143 (34) Bengalgram - 204 (48) Jackfruit 65 (15) 207 (49) Cotton 47 (11) 158 (37) Jamun 47 (11) 152 (36) Chilli 65 (15) 139 (33) Custard apple 103 (24) 309 (73) Tomato 65 (15) 139 (33) Tamarind 47 (11) 78 (18) Brinjal 44 (10) 272 (64) Mulberry 103 (24) 281 (66) Onion 44 (10) 272 (64) Marigold 65 (15) 139 (33) Bhendi 44 (10) 272 (64) Chrysanthemum 65 (15) 139 (33) Drumstick 91 (21) 197 (46) Jasmine 65 (15) 139 (33) Mango 47 (11) 55 (13) Crossandra 65 (15) 139 (33) Guava 18 (4) 254 (71)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 96 (2.75%) men and 86 (47.25%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 5.25, small farmers' was 5.8, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 38 (20.88%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (39.56%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53(29.12%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (10.44%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Mellikeri-2 had 30.22 per cent illiterates, 26.92 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.04 per cent of them had middle school education, 19.23 per cent of them had high school education, 7.14 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent of them did ITI and 4.95 per cent of them had degree level education.  The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 25.71 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 51.10 per cent of the household members, 21.43 per cent were agricultural labourers, 23.63 per cent were students and 1.65 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 57.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 57.14 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 7.14 per cent of them possess bicycle, 37.14 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 97.14 per cent of them possess mobile phone.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,937, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,875, bicycle was 10,500, motor cycle was Rs. 41,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,050.  About 31.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 45.71 per cent of them possess plough and sprayer, 2.86 per cent of them possess irrigation pump and power tiller and 5.71 per cent of them possess tractor.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 2,906, irrigation pump was Rs. 5,000, power tiller was Rs. 25,000, tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 4,312, and weeder was Rs. 91.  The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow and crossbreed cow, 8.57 per cent possess buffalo and 5.71 per cent of them possess sheep and goat. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.70, average own labour (women) available was 1.27, average hired labour (men) available was 10.82 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.91.  The results indicate that 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Mellikeri-2 micro-watershed possess 28.06 ha (61.81 %) of dry land and 17.34 ha (38.19 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.56 ha (89.33%) of dry land and 0.90 ha (10.67%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 8.59 ha (86.58%) of dry land and 1.33 ha (13.42%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.91 ha (56.12%) of dry land and 9.32 (43.88%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.79 ha (100%) irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 459,518.32 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 547,735.76. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 635,029.46 for dry land and Rs. 1,550,672.63 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 488,648.14 for dry land and Rs. 975,987.85 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 327,207.88 for dry land and Rs. 536,490 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 310,909.09 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 13 functioning and 6 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 37.14 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 37.14 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.9 ha, 1.33 ha, 9.30 ha and 5.79 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown banana (1.01 ha), chilly (1.21 ha), groundnut (2.02 ha), maize (26.04 ha), onion (0.46 ha), paddy (1.28 ha), bajra (3.45 ha), red gram (2.09 ha) and sugar cane (3.80 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, onion, bajra, red gram and sugarcane. Small farmers had groundnut, maize and sugarcane. Semi medium farmers had grown banana, chilly, maize, paddy, bajra, red gram and sugarcane. Medium farmers had grown chilly and maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Mellikeri-2 micro-watershed was found to be 74.84 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Banana was Rs. 117418.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 652080. The net 3 income from Banana cultivation was Rs. 534661.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:5.55.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 56447.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800.00. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 42352.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.75.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 50662.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80522. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 29859.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.59.  The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 31581.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45219.56. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 13637.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 55469.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 91805.31. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 36335.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.66.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 89717.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59750.47. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. - 29966.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 25921.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38959.21. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 13038.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 33598.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49485.17. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 15887.04. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.47.  The total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 63150.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 765490.94. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 702340.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:12.12.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder, 45.71 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 11,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,926.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 96,875, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 215,893.64 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 210,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14,692.53. For landless households it was Rs. 2,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,687.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 17,265.63, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 12,396.69 and for medium farmers it was Rs 77,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 6 mango and coconut trees in their field. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 58 neem, 4 tamarind and 5 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,285.71 for land development and Rs. 3,285.71 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 28.57 per cent for land development and for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra, banana, chilly, groundnut, maize, onion, paddy, red gram and sugarcane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 34.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agents/traders, 57.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 22.86 per cent of them sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 108.57 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 40 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 60 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL, 88.57 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 51.43 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 37.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 48.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 5.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 82.86 per cent, egg were adequate for 57.14 per cent and meat were adequate for 48.57 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses and oil seeds were inadequate for 45.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 40 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 34.29 per cent, milk were inadequate for 14.29 per cent, egg were inadequate for 8.57 per cent and meat were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households. 5  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 17.14 per cent, vegetables were market surplus for 11.43 per cent and meat were market surplus for 18.60 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, inadequacy of irrigation water and Source of Agri-technology information was the constraint experienced by 31.43 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (68.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (65.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (37.14%), high rate of interest on credit (57.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (42.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities, inadequate extension services and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (2.86%) and less rainfall (60%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagarabundi-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 405 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 397 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 150 cm), 9 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100) whereas 33 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 11 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 14 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 17 percent soils are loamy and 67 per cent soils clayey at the surface.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 7 percent soils are medium (51-100), 34 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) and 13 per cent area is very low (0.75%) and 32 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 7 percent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and about 92 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 76 percent is medium (145-337kg/ha) and 22 percent is high (>337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 40 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 59 percent area is low (4.5ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 24(6) 277(69) Guava - 33(8) Maize 24(6) 277(69) Sapota - 33(8) Bajra 24(6) 276(69) Pomegranate - 140(35) Groundnut - 86(21) Musambi - 140(35) Sunflower - 140(35) Lime - 140(35) Redgram - 168(42) Amla 24(6) 141(35) Bengal gram - 135(34) Cashew - - Cotton - 211(52) Jackfruit - 33(8) Chilli 24(6) 239(59) Jamun - - Tomato 24(6) 132(33) Custard apple - 273(68) Brinjal 24(6) 132(33) Tamarind - - Onion 24(6) 132(33) Mulberry - 33(8) Bhendi 24(6) 239(59) Marigold 24(6) 239(59) Drumstick - 33(8) Chrysanthemum 24(6) 239(59) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 97 (65.1%) men and 52 (34.9%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of was marginal farmers' was 4.75, small farmers' was 4.6 semi medium farmers were 5.4 and medium farmers was 4.25.  The data indicated that, 22 (14.77%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 57 (38.26%) were in 16-25 years of age and 36-60 years of age and 13 (8.72%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Nagarbundi-2 had 64.43 per cent illiterates, 8.0 per cent of them had primary school, 4.7 per cent of them had middle school, 10.07 per cent of them had high school, 7.38 per cent of them had PUC and 0.67 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 80.54 per cent of the household members, 0.67 per cent was agricultural labourers, 1.34 per cent were private service, 12.75 per cent were student and 4.7 per cent were in children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 25.81 per cent of the households possess thatched, 64.52 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 9.68 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 90.32 per cent of the households possess TV, 80.65 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 48.39 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 6.45 per cent of the household's posses auto and 96.77 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,464, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,853, motor cycle was Rs. 46,333, auto was Rs. 200,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,452.  About 22.58 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 51.61 per cent each of the households possess Plough, 3.23 per cent each of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, power tiller, tractor and harvester, 16.13 per cent of the households possess sprayer and sprinkler and thresher, 77.42 per cent each of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15,542, plough was Rs. 3,562, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 1,500, power tiller was Rs. 35,000, tractor was Rs. 400,000, sprayer was Rs. 4,600, sprinkler was Rs. 4,800, weeder 2 was Rs. 161, harvester was Rs. 5,000 and the average value of thresher was Rs. 160.  The results indicate that, 32.26 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 9.68 per cent of the households possess local cow and buffalo and 3.23 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.50, average own labour (women) available was 1.25, average hired labour (men) available and average hired labour (women) available was 7.71.  The results indicate that, 96.77 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Nagarbundi-2 micro-watershed possess 39.67 ha (78.46 %) of dry land and 10.89 ha (21.54 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.37 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.26 ha (83.55%) of dry land and 2.61 ha (16.45%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.93 ha (74.75%) of dry land and 3.69 ha (25.25%) of irrigated land. medium farmers possess 10.12 ha (68.78%) of dry land and 4.59 ha (31.22%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 252,971.54 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 541,344.73. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 633,333.33 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 316,570.03 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 880,775.19 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average value of dry land was Rs. 182,962.96 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 541,666.67. In case of medium famers, the average value of dry land was Rs. 43,472; the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 348,193.84.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 7 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 29.03 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 21.34 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 3.72 ha, 3.64 ha and 2.83 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (15.99%), green gram and maize (2.02 ha), groundnut (12.21 ha), paddy (2.43 ha), jowar (4.45 ha) and red gram (7.59 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, groundnut, paddy and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, green gram, groundnut and red gram. Medium farmers have grown groundnut, cotton and jowar. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nagarbundi-2 micro-watershed was found to be 98.13 per cent.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have bank account and 51.61 per cent of savings.  The results indicate that, 83.87 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 66.67 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 63,333.33.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 80 per cent of the households partially paid their loan and 20 per cent of the households do not repay their loan from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, 60 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 40 per cent opined that loan amount borrowed easy accessibility of credit.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 39478.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 65486.01. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 26007.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.66.  The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 5320.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26271.82. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 20951.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.94.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 26818.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37363.41. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 10544.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 20462.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29640. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 9177.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 45533.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67251.09. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 21717.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 38850.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47671. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 8820.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  The results indicate that, 45.16 per cent of the households opined that dry and green fodder was adequate and 38.71 per cent of the households opined that green foddrer was adequate. 4  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 59,750 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 111,500, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 122,714.29 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 145,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,258.50. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,640.63, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,202.02, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,959.18 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 25,937.50.  The results indicate that, households have planted 12 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 9 teak, 52 neem, 7 acacia and 1 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7,919.35 for land development and households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,709.68 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that Own funds was the source of additional investment for 87.57 per cent for land development, 15.63 per cent for improved crop production and 3.13 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 9.38 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 96.3 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 85.0 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 86.3 per cent, jowar was sold to the extent of 90.91 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 82.88 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 93.55 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 12.90 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 3.23 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used fire wood and 22.58 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 74.19 per cent of the households and 22.58 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 67.74 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards. 5  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 96.77 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 6.45 per cent, vegetables and egg were adequate for 41.94 per cent, fruits were adequate for 9.68 per cent, milk were adequate for 70.97 per cent and meat were adequate for 29.03 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseed were inadequate for 90.32 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 58.06 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 87.1 per cent, milk were inadequate for 25.81 per cent, egg were inadequate for 48.39 per cent and meat were inadequate for 64.52 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field, high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals in the area, high rate of interest on credit and low price for the agricultural commodities was the constraint experienced by 100 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and inadequate extension service (90.32%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (96.77%), lack of marketing facilities in the area and lack of transport for safe transport of the agril produce to the market (93.55%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bagnalu-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 485 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 82 per cent is covered by soil, 13 per cent by rockout crops, 150cm) soils.  About 66 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 17 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface.  About 23 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 3 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 80 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 11 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent is moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 8 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 19 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 22 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 34 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75 %) in entire area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) 49 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is low (20 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 51 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 50 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 16(3) 204(42) Sapota 16(3) 104(21) Maize 16(3) 204(42) Pomegranate 16 (3) 139(29) Bajra 16(3) 308(64) Guava - 120(25) Redgram 16(3) 35(7) Jackfruit 16(3) 104(21) Bengal gram 35(7) 148(3) Jamun 16 (3) 139(29) Groundnut - 328(68) Musambi 16(3) 139(29) Sunflower 16 (3) 35(7) Lime 16(3) 139(29) Cotton 16(3) 204(42) Cashew - 154(32) Chilli 16(3) 169(35) Custard apple 16(3) 382 (79) Tomato 16 (3) 169(35) Amla 16(3) 382(79) Brinjal - 188(39) Tamarind 16(3) 58 (12) Onion - 187(39) Marigold 16(3) 204(42) Bhendi - 187(39) Chrysanthemum 16(3) 204(42) Drumstick 16 (3) 74(15) Jasmine 16 (3) 169(35) Mulberry 16(3) 212(44) Crossandra 16 (3) 169(35) Mango 16(3) - - - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 111 (61.67%) men and 69 (38.33%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.16, marginal farmers' was 5.33, small farmers' was 5, semi medium farmers' was 5.3 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 39 (21.67%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (41.11%) were in 16-35 years of age, 58 (32.22%) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hire Bagnalu-3 had 32.22 per cent illiterates, 41.11 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.22 per cent of them had middle school education, 4.44 per cent of them had high school education, 7.78 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.56 per cent did diploma, 2.22 per cent of them did ITI and 1.67 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 8.33 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.78 per cent were general labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 17.78 per cent of the household members, 55.56 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.56 per cent were general labour, 1.67 per cent were in private service, 21.67 per cent were students, 0.56 per cent were housewives and 2.22 per cent were children.  The results show that 99.44 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions; only 1 per son participated in NGO.  The results indicate that 8.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 69.44 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 22.22 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 58.33 per cent of the households possess TV, 27.78 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.89 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 66.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,761, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,760, bicycle was Rs. 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 44,285 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,115.  About 19.44 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 27.78 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent possessed irrigation pump, 2.78 per cent of the households possess power tiller, 11.11 per cent possess tractor, 16.67 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.78 per cent of them possess thresher and 41.67 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15,714, the average value of plough was Rs. 1,166, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs.1,300, 2 power tiller was Rs.1,50,000, tractor was Rs.575,000, thresher was Rs.300, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 5,600 and the average value of weeder was Rs.29.  The results indicate that, 36.11 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 41.67 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent were crossbred cow and 2.78 per cent were buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.89, average own labour (women) available was 1.43, average hired labour (men) available was 13.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.31.  The results indicate that, 97.22 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bagnalu-3 micro-watershed possess 16.64 ha (33.11%) of dry land and 33.61 ha (66.89%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.17 ha (88.69%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (11.31%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.69 ha (89.03%) of dry land and 0.95 ha (10.97%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.78 ha (33.21%) of dry land and 11.61 ha (66.79%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 20.64 (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 294,405.25 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 303,395.95. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 630,102.03 for dry land and was Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 260,000 for dry land and was Rs. 633,333.36 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 155,781.35 for dry land and Rs. 395,888.50 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 217,941.18 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 20 functioning bore wells and 21 nonfunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 55.56 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 32.17 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 0.81 ha, 11.98 and 16.23 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (29.41 ha), bajra (6.6 ha), paddy (6.32 ha), sugarcane (3.24 ha), groundnut (1.62 ha) and pearlmillet (1.21 ha). Marginal and small farmers have grown maize and bajra. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, paddy, sugarcane and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, paddy, sugarcane and pearlmillet.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bagnalu-3 micro-watershed was found to be 70.93 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, 3 small farmers it was 84 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 70.70 and medium farmers it was 63.80 per cent.  The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 55529.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 133380. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 77850.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.4.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 28961.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36880.47. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 7918.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.27.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 96761.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31769.74. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 64991.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.33.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 36805.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54441.97. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 17636.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 37934.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61132.50. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 23197.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61.  The results indicate that, 16.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25 per cent opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 38,333.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 32,333.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 47,666.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 97,150 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 103,987.50.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 3,447.45. For landless households it was Rs. 1,250, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,033.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,138.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 4,070 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 4,859.38.  The results indicate that, households have planted 139 coconut trees and 8 mango trees in the field. Also, they have planted 100 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 53 neem trees, 212 teak trees, 1 tamarind tree and 1 acacia trees in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 5347.22 and for improved crop production Rs. 727.78. 4  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and for 2.78 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development and for another 11.11 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 25 per cent for land development and for 5.56 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 25 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95.02 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 96.67 per cent and sugarcane was sold to the extent of 69.09 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 25 per cent of the famers have sold their produce to local/village merchants, 75 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce to regulated market and 2.78 per cent of the farmers have sold through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 11.11 per cent of the households have used cart, 88.89 per cent used tractor and 2.78 per cent used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 22.22 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 77.78 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 52.78 per cent of the households and piped supply was the source of drinking water for 47.22 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.22 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 77.78 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 30.56 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 36.11 per cent, fruits were adequate for 44.44 per cent, milk was adequate for 19.44 per cent and eggs were adequate for 33.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 25 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 63.89 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 58.33 5 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 44.44 per cent, milk were inadequate for 38.89 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 58.33 and meat was inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80.56 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (33.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.67%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (11.11%), high rate of interest on credit (8.33%), low price for the agricultural commodities (22.22%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (13.89%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25%), source of agri-technology information (13.89%) and inadequate extension services (11.11%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The aim of the article is to provide answers to two research questions. Firstly, what in business practice is needed to convert a contact into beneficial relationship. And secondly, whether numerous personal contacts, the so-called "connections" are sufficient to achieve sustained success in creating business relationships. The authors responded the questions by using the results of research conducted among 419 companies. As a result they proposed a scheme of the development process from contact to a beneficial relationship. Introduction Relationships are formed between entities conducting business as an effect of repeated interactions. Although crucial to the business, the notion of relationships is often not entirely understood, due to the fact that relationships are not limited to formal relations between companies. In practice of running business, relationships are seen as a remedy for the lack of opportunities for the development of the company, ensuring the expansion and success of the business. This, in turn, promotes the belief in the need to establish numerous contacts, which then have to transform into relationships being the source of many benefits. But in practice the transformation of contacts into relationships is not so simple. Hence, two research questions arise, the answer to which will be given by this article. First, what in practice of doing business is needed to transform a contact into a beneficial relationship? Second, are numerous contacts, i.e. so-called "connections" sufficient to achieve sustainable success in building business relationships? This paper will present the results of the research conducted among 419 companies of different sizes in Poland. The research "The global and local dimension of business networks" was carried out from November 2014 to June 2015. The structure of the analysed companies corresponds to the general structure of companies in Poland – 87 percent of them are small and medium-sized companies (the remaining 13 percent are large entities) and 74 percent are private entities with national capital. In the survey, we asked the representatives of management of companies about the characteristics and benefits of relationships connecting their companies with their most important key customers and key suppliers. This enabled indication of the essential conditions necessary for the creation of beneficial relationships. The essence of relationships between companies A relationship is a phenomenon that is formed during a long time and is developed through repeated interactions between entities [Easton, 1992]. Thus, a relationship is defined as an interdependent process of continuous interaction and exchange between at least two entities within a business network [Holmund, Törnroos, 1997] or as a mutual orientation of two companies towards each other, which means that the companies are prepared to work together and expect such actions from each other [Johanson, Mattsson, 1987]. During the process of development of a relationship, the entities create strong and wide, social, economic, service, and technological bonds, in order to reduce total costs over time, and to increasethe added value, thus achieving mutual benefits [Anderson, Narus, 1991]. An important characteristic of relationships is the fact that they need a longer time to be formed. The emergence of a relationship takes time and effort on the part of both entities [Forsgren, et al., 2015, Håkansson, Ford, 2002, Szymura- Tyc, 2015]. A long-term nature can be described as a reciprocal expectation on the part of entities that the relationship will continue [Ratajczak-Mrozek, 2009], although unexpected events can always lead to its break. Another typical features describing the real relationships, as opposed to usual contacts, include trust, commitment, and also loyalty [Leszczyński, 2014, Morgan, Hunt, 1994, Farrelly, Quester, 2003]. These features are related to the concept of the quality of a relationship, taking into account that from the perspective of the company, not every relationship is equally important. Relationships are developed only with a limited number of entities [Håkansson, Waluszewski, 1992], and there is also the claim that an average company has ten important relationships [Håkansson, Henders, 1992], and a limited number of relationships stems from the investments that are required in order to develop them [Ford, Håkansson, 2006]. These investments involve commitment of resources, including financial resources, as well as time. The assumption concerning a limited number of important business relationships means that the interactions themselves may or may not lead to the development of a relationship [Blois, 1997]. Hence, more important is the question about the conditions of transferring individual interactions, embodied by the network of one-off contacts, into relationships that bring benefits. Key features and benefits of relationships between companies To answer the question on what is necessary to transform a contact into a beneficial relationship in practice of running the business, the answers obtained from 419 companies, as mentioned above, have been analysed. The method applied involved a survey delivered by post and via the Internet, with both questionnaires including the same research questions, and the companies could receive the questionnaire only once. The address list has been prepared on the basis of a nationwide company database Kompass Poland, and the sampling frame included companies from all around Poland, representing all sectors and all sizes of companies. The sample was selected at random. The return rate of 11.8 percent was obtained in the case of surveys by post, and 2.4 for Internet surveys, which led to the total of 419 responses. The questions about key relationships of companies were answered by the representatives of management, which was to provide representative opinions on important relationships from the perspective of the entire company. In the first phase, the characteristics of relationships have been analysed (see Figure 1), which enables identification of the most important areas distinguishing the relationships from all contacts of the company, and allows to indicate what is necessary to convert contacts into relationships. It is widely believed that the formation of relationships takes time. The presented research confirms this dependency. For a relationship to be established, it is essential to develop informal standards of cooperation and trust, and it usually takes time. What is more, the fact of building trust is proved not only by the duration of interactions, but also by the conviction about the long-term attitude of the partners towards joint activities. It must be emphasised that these conditions apply both to the relationships with customers, as well as with suppliers. Also the quality of what is going on in the course of cooperation is important. A relationship connected with routine assignments once in a while will not necessarily bring a wide spectrum of benefits. Among other things, the transformation of a contact into a relationship can be accelerated by a frequent and regular cooperation. Whereas, it is essential for this frequency to be related not only with keeping contacts, but with actual offering of benefits. The research conducted shows that each time 59 percent of relationships, both with key customers and suppliers, is based on the economic calculation (not excluding, however, at the same time, the importance of other factors), which indicates that the relationship is not only an idealistic vision of cooperation. Generally, the companies guided by maximising profits are looking for the most economical and financially beneficial solutions. Thus, the question arises, what might be the motives of the companies to maintain the remaining 40 percent of relationships? If in their case the most important is not the simple economic calculation, than they must be associated with other than strictly direct financial benefits. Relationships can bring not only financial benefits but also imply the improvement of flexibility and speed of operation, reduction of transaction costs, risks, and uncertainty by the creation of routine proceedings, unwritten principles of cooperation, trust and mutual adaptation. As a consequence, the closer the cooperation is, the more difficult it becomes to change the partner. On the other hand, if for almost 60 percent of the companies the economic factor plays an important role, in their case it can mean either the lack of place for other reasons to build relationships or the lack of differences in the perception of the existing key business partners. The latter creates a special market opportunity for those companies, that have already possessed the ability to build long-term business relationships based on non-financial factors, as it allows to stand out against the closest competitors. In this context, the research conducted showed the main benefits achieved by the companies thanks to relationships with key customers and suppliers, which is the second stage of the research (Figure 2). Apparently, there is a certain group of common benefits for all relationships, regardless of the type of a partner. They are related to the widely understood development (which may be supported in terms of economics, technology, competence, reputation), creation of new products, trust, and risk mitigation associated therewith. Moreover, in the case of key customer relationships, there are benefits associated with sales – directly, its growth and factors supporting it (recommendations and prestige). In turn, in the case of relationships with key suppliers, there are benefits related with the costs of operation (directly, reduction of costs, greater flexibility, and an increase in the margin). The broad range of benefits achieved by relationships at the same time indicates the key condition that must be satisfied to convert the contacts into relationships. If one of the parties does not achieve benefits, it means that there is no interest in the development of long-term and close relationships. In such a case, the relation is a rather forced contact (for example, due to the lack of alternatives in choosing a supplier, impossibility of allowing oneself to lose the customer providing revenues). Hence, for a contact to result in a relationship, it is necessary to appropriately identify and offer benefits sought by the other party. Speaking of relationships, the importance of having connections in the business is often emphasized. Meanwhile, the research conducted shows that the personal contacts are of a limited importance and in the absence of significant benefits, business relationships gradually erode. Bearing in mind the respondents' answers, it should rather be stated that it is the effort made in the longer period to maintain mutually beneficial relationships, including frequent contacts with customers, that promotes the widening and deepening of the existing connections, which consequently sometimes also have the chance to be continued on the business and non-business grounds. In the above situation, contacts between people play a role in creating quality of the already existing relationships. It will be expressed in the way of communication, the depth and scope of cooperation, the distinguishing feature of which will be, in particular, the informal, direct and quick solving of emerging conflicts of interest or current problems. It should be remembered that the condition for this is the presence of benefits valued by both parties. Otherwise, the effort made sooner or later will begin to be perceived by one or the other side as unjustified. It is worth to note here that due to the dominant share of financial benefits in business relationships indicated in the research, the time horizon within which the parties assess the relationships, can be relatively short. And this in turn may affect the growth of their dynamics, and can cause their low resistance to changing conditions. Therefore, as indicated above, numerous contacts do not have to convert into numerous and durable relationships of the company at all. Wide personal contacts are good as a starting point, enable breaking through formal barriers associated with complex organisational structures or the lack of resources, and establishing the first contact between the companies, but not necessarily translate into real and beneficial relationships. On the other hand, business relationships do not have to be permanent, especially if they are based only on achieving financial benefits. The process of developing a contact into a beneficial relationship Building relationships takes time and requires orientation towards a long-term cooperation. For a contact to develop into a relationship, one needs to remember about the benefits that can be offered and which are important to the future or existing partner. But such benefits cannot be provided to all customers and suppliers, thus, it is important to be selective. It does not mean being closed to new contacts, on the contrary. It is important, however, to search for such contacts for which a high potential to build relationships based on mutual benefits can be indicated. Selectivity is not just a matter of choosing of those with whom direct contacts will be established, but relates also to the scope of time and effort necessary to be borne in order to transform particular contacts into established relationships. It may be considered that the expected benefits will be greater in the case of sustained involvement in several selected contacts and building business bonds with them, than in the case of blind devotion to establishing numerous contacts, and then making cursory attempts to "build relationships" with everybody. In this context, a considerable involvement of time and resources in building bonds with customers and suppliers that are guided only by the economic calculation (in this case the only criterion will always be a lower price), who, guided by undisclosed premises showed a lack of loyalty or turned out to be opportunist entities, who value immediate benefits more than long-term cooperation, may be found doubtful. Based on the survey, several key conditions necessary for the transformation of the established contact with a potential partner into a long-term beneficial relationship can be distinguished. They include the selectivity in relation to contacts, focusing on the target group (not – the more the better), discovering of this group and offering significant benefits to them, and then devoting time and keeping appropriate frequency of contacts. At the same time, these conditions are reflected in the process of developing relationships, which can be divided into four main stages, as shown in Figure 3. How might this process look like in practice, for example, in relation to a company providing B2B (business-tobusiness) services? The first stage can pose some difficulties, especially when one does not have extensive""connections", and the target group, which can be offered the most benefits, while maximising one's own, has not been precisely defined. After gaining interest in a potential partner that meets certain criteria, where the personal contacts can turn out to be helpful, the company oriented towards building longterm relationships will be more focused on awakening and increasing confidence than on maximising their financial benefits in the short-term. Due to the lack of previous experience in working together, and the risk associated therewith, the first contacts may be limited to rather small assignments. The development of the relationship at this stage will be promoted by considerable commitment, frequent contacts between people, ensuring that certain benefits have been achieved, which in turn should build trust, which will allow for the continuation of cooperation and obtaining new, possibly larger assignments. They will be an opportunity to strengthen cooperation, mutual matching, simplifying and making the operations more routine, which will greatly reduce the costs incurred and will improve the profitability of orders. In turn, a well-established cooperation will promote building relationships aiming at achieving objectives other than purely financial (Figure 2). Summary and managerial implications The suggestions presented in this article are not a guarantee of success and building beneficial, long-term relationships with every business partner. The results of the research indicate, however, that the orientation towards the simultaneous achievement of financial and nonfinancial benefits by both sides of the relationship is not common, and therefore, it may become a significant factor differentiating the company from others operating on the given market. Above all, however, this will require time, added value offered to the other partner, selection of and concentration on the most prospective partners, and effort spent on searching for mutually beneficial solutions and maintenance of proper daily contacts. Sometimes, despite the efforts undertaken, there may appear disappointment, frustration and discouragement. This is due to the fact that the assessment of the benefits arising from business relationships may change together with changing circumstances, and even despite the best efforts of one of the partners, the overall balance of benefits may lead the other party to decide to terminate or limit the existing relationship. Potential benefits of permanent business relationships, indicated by the surveyed respondents, however, are high enough to fully justify this effort. On the other hand, it may be so large that despite its efforts the entity will be able to create only few or one strong relationship with its business partner. It is, therefore, recommended for this partner to be significant or at least with a large development potential. It is important to recognise that a personal feeling and gaining a direct contact to a decision-maker of a potential business partner does not necessarily mean that there will be a commercial transaction completed, and even more, that one managed to establish a lasting business relationship. As shown in the article, there is still a long way to go, and requires crossing a number of stages of the defined process of developing the contact into the beneficial relationship.

移섏쓽�븰怨�/諛뺤궗 ; [�븳湲�] �븳援� 移섍낵�쓽�궗�궗�쉶�쓽 �쟾臾몄쭅 �쐞�궗�솗由� 怨쇱젙�뿉 愿��븳 洹쇰��궗�쟻 怨좎같 �씠 �뿰援щ뒗 二쇱슂�븳 紐⑹쟻�� �떎�쓬 �꽕 媛�吏��씠�떎. 泥レ㎏, �빐諛� �씠�썑 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�씠 �쟾臾몄쭅 �쐞�긽�쓣 �솗蹂댄빐�굹媛��뒗 怨쇱젙�쓣 �쟾臾몄쭅�쓽 �빑�떖�쟻 �냽�꽦�씤 �옄�쑉�꽦�쓽 痢〓㈃�뿉�꽌 �궡�렣蹂닿퀬�옄 �븳�떎. �듅�엳 �븳援��쓽 洹쇰��솕 怨쇱젙(1945-1980)�씠 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾怨� �븳援�移섍낵�쓽猷뚯뿉 �뼱�뼚�븳 �쁺�뼢�쓣 �겮爾ㅻ뒗吏� �뿭�궗�쟻 �떆湲곗뿉 �뵲瑜� 蹂��솕�뿉 二쇰ぉ�븯怨좎옄 �븳�떎. �몮吏�, 誘멸뎅 移섏쓽�븰怨꾧� �씤�쟻, 臾쇱쟻, �젣�룄�쟻 痢〓㈃�뿉�꽌 �븳援� 移섏쓽�븰怨꾩뿉 誘몄낀�뜕 �쁺�뼢�쓣 �옄二쇱꽦 �솗蹂댁쓽 痢〓㈃�뿉�꽌 �궡�렣蹂닿퀬�옄 �븳�떎. �뀑吏�, �씪諛� �쓽�븰怨꾩� 愿��젴�븯�뿬 移섏쓽�븰怨꾧� 移섏쓽�븰臾� 諛� 移섍낵吏꾨즺�쓽 諛쒖쟾怨� �옄�쑉�꽦 �솗蹂대�� �쐞�빐 �뼱�뼚�븳 �끂�젰�쓣 �빐�솕�뒗吏� �궡�렣蹂닿퀬�옄 �븳�떎. �꽬吏�, �븳援� 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�쓽 �쟾臾몄쭅�뾽�쓽�떇�뿉 �엯媛꾪븳 援�誘쇨뎄媛뺣낫嫄� 怨꾨そ 諛� 遊됱궗�솢�룞�씠 �젙遺��굹 援�誘� ��以묐뱾怨쇱쓽 愿�怨� �냽�뿉�꽌 �쟾臾몄쟻 �옄�쑉�꽦 �솗蹂댁뿉 �뼱�뼚�븳 �뿭�븷�쓣 �뻽�뒗吏� �궡�렣蹂닿퀬�옄 �븳�떎. �씠 �뿰援щ뒗 �빐諛� �씠�썑 �븳援� 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�씠 �쟾臾몄쭅�쑝濡� 諛쒖쟾�빐 �삩 怨쇱젙�쓣 �궡�렣蹂댁븘 �떎�쓬怨� 媛숈� 寃곕줎�쓣 �뼸�뿀�떎. 泥レ㎏, �븳援��씤 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�� �씪�젣 媛뺤젏湲곗씤 1915�뀈遺��꽣 異쒗쁽�븯�뿬 寃쎌꽦移섍낵�쓽�븰援� 議몄뾽�깮�쓣 以묒떖�쑝濡� �븳 �닔�쟻 利앷�瑜� �넻�빐 �옄泥� �떒泥대�� 寃곗꽦(1925), �븰�닠�솢�룞�쓣 踰뚯��쑝�굹, �씪蹂몄씤�쓣 以묒떖�씠 �맂 �쟾援�議곗쭅�뿉 �빀蹂�(1941)�릺�뿀�떎. �씪�젣媛뺤젏湲곗쓽 �븳援� 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�� �씪�젣�쓽 議곗꽑�쓽�궗洹쒖튃(1913) 諛� �젣�룄�뿉 洹쇨굅�븯�뿬 硫댄뿀瑜� �쉷�뱷�븯���쑝�굹, 誘쇱"李⑤퀎怨� 移섍낵吏꾨즺�뿉�꽌�쓽 �룆�젏沅뚯쓣 媛�吏�吏� 紐삵븿�쑝濡� �씤�빐�꽌 �쟾臾몄쭅�쑝濡쒖꽌�쓽 �꽦�옣�뿉 �젣�븳�쓣 諛쏄퀬 �엳�뿀�떎. �몮吏�, 誘멸뎔�젙�떆湲곗뿉�뒗 移섎Т�뻾�젙�씠 �룆由�(1945)�븯��怨�, �븳援��씤 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�쓽 �쟾援�議곗쭅�씠 異쒗쁽(1945)�븯���쑝硫�, 議곗꽑移섍퀎(1946)瑜� 諛쒓컙�븯��怨�, 寃쎌꽦移섍낵�쓽�븰�쟾臾명븰援먭� 援�由쎌꽌�슱���뿉 �빀蹂�(1946)�릺怨�, 議곗꽑移섍낵�쓽�븰�쉶(1947)媛� 議곗쭅�맖�쑝濡쒖뜥 �븳援��씤 移섍낵�쓽�궗吏묐떒�쓽 �쟾臾몄쭅 �쑝濡쒖꽌�쓽 �꽦�옣�쓣 �쐞�븳 湲곗큹瑜� 留덈젴�븯���떎. 洹몃윭�굹 移섏쓽�븰�쟻 �옄�썝�쓽 遺꾨같硫댁뿉�꽌 �쟾臾몄쭅�쑝濡쒖쓽 寃곗냽�젰�� �빟�븳 �긽�깭���떎. �븳援� 移섏쓽�븰�쓽 諛쒖쟾�쓣 �쐞�빐�꽌 誘멸뎅 移섏쓽�븰�쓣 紐⑤갑�븯�뒗 �떒怨꾨�� 嫄곗퀜�빞 �븳�떎�뒗 �엯�옣�씠 移섏쓽�븰怨꾨�� �씠�걣�뿀�쑝硫�, �옄二쇱쟻 移섍낵�쓽猷뚭굔�꽕濡좎� �옒�쓣 �뼸吏� 紐삵뻽�떎. �뀑吏�, ���븳誘쇨뎅 �젙遺� �닔由쎄린�뿉 移섎Т�뻾�젙�� �빟�솕�릺�뿀�떎. 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�� �쓽�븰怨쇱쓽 愿�怨꾩뿉�꽌 �궗�쉶�쟻 吏��쐞瑜� �뼢�긽�쓣 �쐞�븯�뿬 �쓽移섏씪�썝�솕 �슫�룞(1947)�쓣, 移섏쓽�븰臾� 諛� 吏꾨즺�쁺�뿭�쓽 �룆�옄�꽦 �솗蹂대�� �쐞�븯�뿬 援ш컯怨� 紐낆묶 媛쒖젙�슫�룞(1948)�쓣 踰뚯��쑝�굹 愿��젴踰� 媛쒖젙�뿉�뒗 �떎�뙣�븯���떎. �꽬吏�. �븳援��쟾�웳 �씠�썑 誘멸뎅�쓽 �썝議곗뿉 �쓽�빐 移섍낵���븰�쓽 援먯쑁 湲곗옄�옱媛� �솗蹂대릺怨�, 援곗쭊移섏쓽�븰�씠 ���몢�릺�뿀�떎. 援곗쭊 移섏쓽�븰�� 誘멸뎅 移섏쓽�븰�쓣 吏곸젒 �룄�엯�븯�뒗 �넻濡쒓� �릺�뿀�쑝硫� 援ш컯�쇅怨� 諛� 蹂댁쿋遺꾩빞�쓽 諛쒕떖�씠 珥됱쭊�릺怨�, �닔�젴�쓽 �젣�룄媛� �씪諛섑솕(1955)�릺�뼱 援��궡 醫낇빀蹂묒썝�쑝濡� �솗��(Kim's plan, 1959)�릺�뿀�떎. 誘�8援� 38�꽑 移섍낵�븰�쉶(1959)�뒗 誘멸뎅�쓽 理쒖떊 �쓽�닠怨� 湲곗옄�옱瑜� 蹂닿툒�븯��怨�, 移섍낵���븰援먯닔�뱾�쓽 �빐�쇅�쑀�븰 利앷��뒗 �븳援� 移섏쓽�븰 援먯쑁�쓽 諛쒖쟾怨� �쟾臾몄쟻 遺꾧낵泥닿퀎�쓽 諛뷀깢�씠 �릺�뿀�떎. �떎�꽢吏�, 1950�뀈 �썑諛� ���븳移섍낵�쓽�븰�쉶 �궛�븯 遺꾧낵�븰�쉶媛� 諛쒖"(1959)�븯��怨�. �엫�긽遺꾧낵媛� �씠猷⑥뼱�졇 �븳援� 移섏쓽�븰怨� 諛쒖쟾�쓽 �넗��媛� �릺�뿀�떎. 移섍낵���븰 援먯쑁�뿰�븳�씠 6�뀈�쑝濡� �뿰�옣(1059)�릺�뿀�쑝硫�, �엯移섏궗 �븳吏�硫댄뿀援먮� 諛섎��슫�룞�씠 �꽦怨쇰�� 嫄곕몺(1960)�쑝濡쒖뜥 �쟾臾몄쭅�쑝濡쒖꽌�쓽 吏꾨즺�쓽 �룆�젏沅뚯쓣 �솗蹂댄븯怨�, �븳援�移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�쓽 �옄�쑉�쟻�씤 �솗�닠�솢�룞�씠 �솢諛쒗빐議뚮떎. �뿬�꽢吏�, ���븳移섍낵�쓽�궗�삊�쉶媛� 議곗쭅�쑝濡쒖꽌�쓽 �옄�쑉�꽦�쓣 �솗蹂댄븯�뒗 怨쇱젙�뿉�꽌 移섍낵�쓽�궗�쑄由ш� �젣�젙�릺怨�, �쟾臾몄쭅�뾽�쓽�떇 怨좎랬瑜� �쐞�븳 �떆�긽�젣�룄媛� 留덈젴�릺�뿀�떎. ���븳誘쇨뎅�젙遺��쓽 移섍낵�옱猷뚯닔�엯湲덉�議곗튂�뒗 �븳援� 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�씠 �븘�슂濡� �븯�뒗 �옱猷� 怨듦툒�쓣 �씪遺� �젣�븳�븿�쑝濡쒖뜥, �쟾臾몄쭅�쑝 濡쒖꽌�쓽 �엫�긽�쟻 �옄�쑉�꽦�쓣 �넀�긽�븯湲곕룄 �븯���쑝�굹 移섍낵�옱猷뚯쓽 援��궛�솕 諛� 吏� �젣怨좎쓽 �븘�슂�꽦�쓣 �젣湲고븯�뒗 怨꾧린媛� �릺�뿀�떎. 誘멸뎅怨쇱쓽 愿�怨꾨룄 �쓽議닿낵 醫낆냽�뿉�꽌 �긽�샇援먮쪠 愿�怨꾨줈 蹂��솕�븯���떎. �씪怨깆㎏, �븳援�移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�� 援ш컯蹂닿굔�뻾�젙遺�臾몄뿉 ���븳 �쟾臾몄꽦 愿�泥좎쓣 �쐞�빐 �젙遺��� 援�誘쇱쓣 ���긽�쑝濡� 袁몄��엳 �끂�젰�빐�솕�떎. �젙遺��뒗 �씪諛섎낫嫄댄뻾�젙�뿉�꽌 移섎Т�뻾�젙�쓣 �냼�쇅�떆耳곗쑝�굹, �씠寃껋� �뿭�쑝濡� 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�쓽 �쟾臾몄쭅�뾽�쓽�떇�쓣 媛뺥솕�떆耳� 移섎Т怨� 遺��솢 諛� 移섍낵�쓽猷뚯젣�룄媛쒖꽑, 援ш컯蹂닿굔怨꾨そ�쓣 �쐞�븳 �옄�쑉�쟻�씤 �끂�젰�쓣 �넻�빐 援�誘쇰뱾�쓽 �떊猶곕�� �솗蹂댄빐�굹媛붾떎. �뿬�뜜吏�, 1960-70�뀈�� 寃쎌젣�꽦�옣�뿉 �뵲瑜� �궛�뾽�솕, �꽌鍮꾩뒪遺�臾몄쓽 �꽦�옣�쑝濡� 移섍낵�쓽猷뚯닔�슂媛� 利앸��븯怨�, 移섍낵蹂댁"�씤�젰援먯쑁泥닿퀎媛� 留덈젴�릺怨�, 移섍낵�쓽猷뚮텇諛� 臾몄젣媛� �궗�쉶�솕�릺�뿀�떎. 1977�뀈 �쓽猷뚮낫�뿕�쓽 �떎�떆濡� �븳援�移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�쓽 �엫�긽�젙, �옱�젙�쟻 �옄�쑉�꽦�� �젙遺��쓽 蹂닿굔�젙梨낃낵 蹂댄뿕怨듬떒�쓽 吏꾨즺�뻾�쐞洹쒖젣, �솚�옄�뱾�쓽 �냼鍮꾩옄二쇱쓽�뿉 �쓽�빐 寃ъ젣�릺湲곗뿉 �씠瑜대��떎. �븘�솄吏�, 吏꾨즺�솚寃쎌쓽 湲됯꺽�븳 蹂��솕�뿉 �쓽�빐 �븳援�移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�씠 �쟾臾몄쭅�쑝濡� 怨꾩냽 諛쒖쟾�븯湲� �쐞�빐�꽌�뒗 吏묐떒 �궡 �옄�쑉�꽦 �넻�젣�쓽 �닔以��쓣 �쟾臾멸��쟻 吏꾨즺吏�移⑤쭏�젴�뿉�꽌 移섍낵�쓽�궗�뱾�쓽 議곗쭅�쟻 �넻�젣瑜� 媛뺥솕�븯�뿬, 移섍낵�쓽猷� 愿��젴 �젙梨� �엯�븞 諛� �궗�쉶�븬�젰 �떒泥대줈�꽌 �닔以��쑝濡� �넂�뿬 �굹媛��빞 �븳�떎. [�쁺臾�] The current study was done to review the process of establishing the professionalism of Korean dentists after the colonization of Korea from the aspect of professional core concept, organized autonomy. Especially, the focus was placed in the effects of the modernization process of Korea on Korean dentists and dental services according to changes in history era. The primary data used in the current study were overall historical records in the field of dental medicine including organized activities of Korean dentists, education system and academic system, and related dental laws. Although the process of establishing professionalism in Korean dentists was similar to that in American dentists, Korean dentists went through a different growth stage based on Korean history and independence of dentistry. The following are the 4 purposes of the current study. The first purpose was to review the process of establishing professionalism after the colonization of Korea from the aspect of autonomy, which is the core characteristic of professionalism. The attention was paid especially on the effects of modernization process in Korea on Korean dentists and Korean dental medicine. The second purpose was to examine the effects of human resources, material and systematic aspects of American dental society on Korean dental medicine. The third was to review the efforts placed by dental medicine on the development of dental society and dental treatment and the establishment of autonomy related with the field of general medicine. The fourth was to review the roles of Korean dentists play in securing professional autonomy wile faced with the awareness on professionalism amongst the relationship with the Korean government or people while faced with professionalism. The following are the conclusions. 1. Although Korean dentists first emerged in 1915 during the colonial rule under Japan and held academic activities by forming an autonomous organization(1925) centering around graduates of Khung-sung dental school, it was forcefully merged with the Japanese Dental Association (1941). Korean dentists obtained a license base on the promulgation of Chosun Dentists Law (1913) and system during the colonial period but were restricted on their growth by not being able to secure independence amongst racial discrimination and dental treatment. 2. Dental administration gained independence (1945) during the era of American military ruling, a dental association emerged (1945), The journal of Korean Dentists (Chosun Chiage, 1946) was published, Khung-sung dental school merged with Seoul National University (1946), and Korean Dental Association (1947) was formed to secure the basis for the growth of Korean dentists as professional occupation. However, the union of dentists was not strong as professionals in the aspect of the distribution of dental resources. The position of having to go through a phase copying American dental medicine was leading dentistry for the development of dentists in Korea, and no support was given to the independent establishment of dentistry in Korea. 3. Dental administration became weakened during the era of the establishment of Korean government. Although dentists held a campaign (1947) to unite medicine and dentistry for the improvement of boosting social status and a campaign (1948) to change the name of "dental surgery" to "stomatological surgery", they failed to change the related laws. 4. American aid helped to secure Korean dental colleges in securing education tools and equipment after the Korean War, and military dental medicine rose. Military dental medicine became route of importing American dental medicine, promoted the development of oral surgery and prosthetic dentistry, and popularized the dental intern and resident system (1955) even to general hospitals in Korea (Kim's plan, 1959). The American 8th Military 38th Parallel Dental Society (1959) distributedlatest dental techniques and tools and increased study abroad by dentists provided the basis for the development of dentistry in Korea and establishment of special areas. 5. Divisional academies of special areas in dentistry were established at the end of 190's (1959) and clinical division of dentistry was established to provide the basis for the development of dental medicine in Korea. The term of dental colleges was extended to 6 years (1959). The success of the campaign against the renewal of license of dentualist (1960) resulted in securing dentists to gain treatment monopoly as speciality and autonomous academic activities became active. 6. The Korean Dental Association developed the code of dental ethics during the process of securing autonomy as an organization and established an award system for raising the awareness on professionalism. Although the Korean government prohibiting imports of dental materials damaged clinical autonomy, it became the steppingstone for the development of Korean-version dental materials and consideration of raised quality. 7. Korean dentists had continuously placed their efforts to promote dental government excluding dental administration from general health administration, this exclusion strengthended professionalism amongst dentists so Korean dentists gained trust of people through voluntary efforts for the revival of dental administration, improvement of dental medicine system, and campaign of oral health, on the other hand. 8. The demand for dental medicine increased during 1960-70 due to the increased industrialization and services in economic development, the system of teaching dental assistants was established, and the distribution of dentistry and medicine became a social issue. With the establishment of National Health Insurance in 1977, Korean dentists were faced to having to check their clinical and financial autonomy with government health policies and national health insurance corporation, and patient consumerism. From these results, the level of autonomic control should be increased to theorganization level and Korea-wide level for the establishment and development ofKorean dentists as a profession according to this ever changing dental environment. ; open

Introduction I examined how one may establish directorial and choreographic proficiency in the contemporary society of American musical theatre. I did so by completing an examination of five personal observations in my craft. These observations included: (1) Directorship and choreography of Welcome to Vegas, an original jukebox musical; (2) Mentorship on Theatre UCF's Nine as Assistant Director and Co-Choreographer; (3) Research on the methodologies of various directors and choreographers; (4) Directorship and choreography of Welcome to Broadway, an original jukebox musical; and (5) Assistant to the Program Director of Broadway Theatre Project. I evaluated parallels of my directing and choreography methodologies with those of noted directors and choreographers in the entertainment industry. These industry professionals include famed choreographer Ernest O. Flatt, Ron Field, Hermes Pan, Joe Layton, and Lee Theodore, acclaimed directors Harold Clurman, Dr. Louis E. Catron, and Jon Jory, and prolific director-choreographers Patricia Birch, Donald Saddler, Bob Avian, Bob Fosse, Tommy Tune, and Michael Bennett, as well as Professor Weaver. I have worked for people who believe that experience alone is enough to make one a successful director, choreographer, or director-choreographer. My experience working with and observations of professional directors, choreographers, and director-choreographers, however, has proven that it takes more than experience alone in order to succeed. I predicted the process of establishing my own directorial and choreographic proficiency will stem from a combination of inspiration, mentorship, trial and error, and experience. Background A director coordinates and mounts theatrical productions while unifying the script, design elements, and cast to serve the world of the play. By dictionary definition, a director is, "�a person who supervises the production of a show for stage or screen with responsibility for action and rehearsals" (Webster 414). Underneath the producer, the director serves as the apex of the production. As compared to directors, choreographers fill a more visually aesthetic capacity in musical theatre. A choreographer is "�a person who designs or arranges the movement of a dance" (Webster 259). The choreographer acts in lieu of the director wherever there is music and step sequence. This is the case with exception being given to the director-choreographer. In an interview with Svetlana McLee Grody, Donald Saddler, original member of the American Ballet Theatre, expressed, ".director choreographer really give a musical a whole concept, a patina of style. Their contribution is a good 40 - 50 percent of the success of the show" (Grody and Lister 16). Experiences I will explicitly reflect on four profound career proceedings. Each will be as an effort to learn to become a better director-choreographer. These observations will chronicle an insightful phase of my learning process. Welcome to Vegas Welcome to Vegas is an original jukebox musical I authored, produced, directed, and choreographed. It was intended that the production would be a cathartic experience for the audience, allowing them to escape from the confines of everyday life by entering the humorous, loquacious, and musical world of the play. The story chronicles the triumphs and misadventures of a struggling young man in New York. When this waiter-by-day, singer-by-night becomes the opening act of a famous Vegas lounge singer, he embarks on an outrageous and witty journey across America in his Pontiac GTO. The musical's book was written while I attended my first semester at the University of Central Florida. The absurd vignette-style scenes were inspired by the sketch comedy of The Carol Burnett Show and the staging of Ernest O. Flatt. The production rehearsed four days per week for nine weeks and utilized a cast of 17 performers who ranged in age from 6 to 67. During production numbers, I drew strongly on the choreographic and visual inspiration of Bob Fosse, utilizing knocked-knees, sickled feet, 1960s movement influence, and a significant use of props, white gloves, fishnet tights, and bowler hats. I used this choreographic and visual concept to create a fervent contrast to the set and costumes, which emulated the visual aesthetics of Stan Lee's comic books. Nine With music and lyrics by Maury Yeston and a script by Arthur Kopit, Nine is a dark musical based on Federico Fellini's 8 1/2 and catalogues ".the last days of a director's once brilliant career" (Kopit 66). As the Assistant Director and Co-Choreographer, I was mentored by and worked directly under Professor Earl Weaver, Artistic Director of Theatre UCF. Upon entering my apprenticeship, I anticipated an authoritarian relationship where I would serve as a supervisory assistant, without exploiting my creative skills. To my pleasant revelation, I served as an intimate and integral component of the production's artistic process, conceptualizing choreography, staging three numbers, and giving notes, in addition to the duties of a managerial assistant. I created a choreographic vision for my work by fusing the styles of the Parisian Folies Bergere with American burlesque, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Golden Age movie musicals, and, of course, Bob Fosse's sensual silkiness. I did this while attempting to blend with and compliment Professor Weaver's choreographic style that resided within his world of the production. Welcome to Broadway Welcome to Broadway is an original jukebox musical I authored, produced, directed, and choreographed. My directorial style was greatly influenced by Professor Weaver, after observing his methodologies on Nine. My choreographic style strongly had been inspired by Bob Fosse and Michael Bennett. The production opened and ran for a nearly sold out engagement. My intention for the show was to encapsulate all the magic of the MGM Golden Age movie musicals into 105 minutes, featuring a cast of 25 entertainers, ranging in skill from first production to Equity veteran. My script was highly inspired by the cliche romanticism of Hollywood hits, such as Casablanca, Royal Wedding, Holiday Inn, The Public Enemy, and White Christmas. The story picks up where Welcome to Vegas left off. Michael, the formerly struggling young artist, has now made a name for himself, has inherited a production company, and is about to open his first show on Broadway when things begin to go awry. A jealous, washed-up producer has concocted an outrageous scheme to get rid of Michael on opening night. Chaos ensues behind the scenes, while the show must go on in front of the curtain. My scenic vision was to capture the auspicious spectacle of Footlight Parade, Mary Poppins, and Singing in the Rain. In post-show reflection, I realized my production displayed some similarities to Susan Stroman's succinct comedic timing and physical humor and Hal Prince's fast, moment-to-moment pace, leading me to believe that, perhaps, I had been subconsciously influenced by their works. Broadway Theatre Project Broadway Theatre Project celebrating its 26th anniversary as a summer intensive that Playbill.com refers to as ".the world's most prestigious musical theatre arts education program for high school and college students" (Broadway Theatre Project web). Entering my third year with the project, I serve as the Assistant to the Program Director and Director of Public Relations. My contribution is both administrative and creative, as I work directly under Program Director/Music Director David Sabella-Mills, Co-Artistic Director Darren Gibson, and President/Co-Artistic Director Debra McWaters. Gibson has established himself as a performer and dance captain working with Broadway veteran Ann Reinking on the national and European tours of Fosse. In addition, he has staged ballets for the Richmond Ballet, the Boston Ballet, and the American Ballet Theatre. He is currently Education Director for TexARTS. Gibson is an excellent mentor because he has a wealth of knowledge he is willing to share with me. For instance, he has taught me that in order to be an outstanding choreographer, one must look deeper than merely studying other musicals; one must study how/by whom the choreographers of those musicals were initially inspired. By heeding his counsel, I will be able to go from modifying and/or re-teaching others' choreography to establishing my own choreography. McWaters has had an enviable career directing and choreographing on stages around the world, including Broadway. For 15 years, she served as Assistant then Associate Choreographer for Reinking on Chicago, Fosse, and The Visit. She is an excellent mentor for me because not only is she a disciple of Fosse's, but she has afforded me the opportunity to serve as her Assistant to the Choreographer for three numbers, including staging the original choreography to "Yellow Shoes." This will allow me to analyze and understand the inner workings of a true artistic genius who is seasoned in the craft I wish to pursue. Industry Professionals Additionally, I will research the styles, methodologies, and philosophies of numerous established industry professionals, including: Ernest O. Flatt Ernest O. Flatt was "a dancer, choreographer and director who won four Emmy Awards for his work in television" (Obituary: Ernest O. Flatt). He made his silver-screen debut as a dancer in Dancing in the Dark and his television debut as choreographer in Your Hit Parade. He danced with Gene Kelly in Singin' in the Rain, choreographed the movie Anything Goes, and his dancers were fixtures on The Judy Garland Show, The Entertainers, and The Steve Lawrence Show. Flatt's most lasting television work was for The Carol Burnett Show, on which he served as the choreographer for eleven years (Grody and Lister 24). Despite the fact that Flatt is primarily recognized as a television choreographer, I am compelled to study his work because I admire his style. Although it is reminiscent of years gone by, particularly with partnering, his work is still entertaining and holds value for contemporary theatre as classic musicals are being revived. Studying his work in-depth will serve to enhance my style by showing me how to vary my choreography so the dance numbers do not all look similar. In addition, Flatt believed that allowing the ensemble or solo performer to contribute too much was stifling to his creativity (Grody and Lister 32). On previous productions, I have fallen into this pitfall. Further study of his work will enable me to subscribe to his focus and not be so influenced by what dancers are comfortable doing, as opposed to what they can do in order to expand their personal growth and my growth as a choreographer. Harold Clurman One of the three founders of New York City's Group Theatre, Harold Clurman directed more than 40 productions and was nominated for several Tony Awards. In addition, he was a widely-feared theatre critic for over 30 years; he helped to shape American theatre by writing about it. I will specifically study On Directing, one of Clurman's seven published works on the art of directing. Elia Kazan, who is commonly referred to as one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history, has called this particular book "the most influential book on direction ever written" (Clurman Preface). I would be compelled to study Clurman based on Kazan's recommendation alone; however, I am even more motivated to do so because I am discovering that I closely practice his stated philosophy on directing, "Direction is a job, a craft, a profession, and at best, an art. The director must be an organizer, a teacher, a politician, a psychic detective, a lay analyst, a technician, a creative being�All of which means he must be a "great lover" of the art" (Clurman 14). By examining the work of a man who is credited with helping to shape American theatre and whose philosophy so closely matches mine, I desire to formally establish my methodology as a director. Jon Jory Jon Jory learned to act first-hand from his parents, who were successful Hollywood actors of the 1940's and 50's, earning his Actors' Equity card as a young child. He grew to prominence as a director in the early 60's and, since then, he has mounted over 1,300 professional productions. I will specifically study Jory's Tips: Ideas for Directors. Jory says that he worked "making the same mistakes for years that a tip or two by a peer or veteran could have shortcutted" (xiii). His goal with this book is to help directors improve their craft more quickly by passing along the tips he has learned over the years. I am compelled to study Jory because of his willingness to share his tips on what has made him a successful director for approximately one-half of a century spanning nine countries. In addition, he headed the Actor's Theatre of Louisville, Kentucky, for more than 31 years, which he helped to build into one of America's most respected regional theatre companies, earning him a special Tony Award for Achievement in Regional Theatre (Jory xv). Since one of my professional goals is to become an Artistic Director at a regional theatre, Jory is a perfect selection for my research. Bob Fosse Deeply inspired by Fred Astaire and coping with his own psychological and physical abnormalities, Bob Fosse created the most unique and stylized iconic movements and vocabularies in musical theatre history. His most lasting works included Chicago, Damn Yankees, Cabaret, Sweet Charity, and Pippin. Fosse is an eight-time Tony Award-winning consummate artist. Ben Vereen says, "To have worked with Bob Fosse is to have had your hand directly on the pulse of life. To have applied this world-recognizable style into your repertory is to truly know how to dance forever" (McWaters Foreward). I have had the good fortune of learning his distinct techniques from some of his disciples while studying at Broadway Theatre Project. I am compelled to study Fosse because he was a renowned producer, director, choreographer, playwright, screenwriter, dancer, and actor--all of which are aspirations of mine. According to Vereen, Fosse was often called "demanding," "strenuous," and a "task master," yet he was highly respected by his dancers (McWaters Foreword). Fosse's ability to earn respect while demanding perfection is a quality I hope to learn and emulate with further study of his work. Tommy Tune Tommy Tune, nicknamed Broadway's tallest tapper, is considered one of Broadway's most accomplished director-choreographers. He is a 10-time Tony Award winner. "Tommy is the first person in theatrical history to have won a Tony Award in four different categories: Best Featured Actor, Choreography, Best Actor, and Direction" (Grody and Lister 142). At the June, 2015 Tony Awards ceremony, he received a Lifetime Achievement Honor. I am compelled to study Tune's methodology because he is considered a living legend; he has been a big time showman for over 50 years. In addition, I am compelled to study Tune's philosophy because he speaks to me with respect to security as an artist. Tune says, "There is no such thing as security. You must always be willing to expect the unexpected because the journey is never what you expect it to be. So be prepared to be surprised" (Grody and Lister 149). I must learn to trust this philosophy as I face not only the uncertainty of life beyond graduation from the University of Central Florida, but also as I face each door that opens in my future. Michael Bennett Michael Bennett's fascination with West Side Story was the impetus for Bennett to become a director-choreographer of the standing of Jerome Robbins (Grody and Lister 114). As a director, choreographer, writer, and actor, Michael Bennett is a seven-time Tony Award winner. His choreographic works were highly athletic and engrossed in technique. He is best known for his work on Promises, Promises; Follies; Company; and A Chorus Line, and he was fortunate to have had the opportunity to be inspired by such greats as Bob Fosse, Michael Kidd, Ron Field, Lee Theodore, and Danny Daniels (Grody and Lister 114). I am compelled to study Bennett because our early backgrounds are similar: neither of us had dance lessons until we were in our teens, and neither of us could read music, although we both listened to a great deal of it. I am inspired to learn/practice Bennett's methodologies for overcoming these challenges, such as his recommendations to see every musical possible in order to see how good directors-choreographers work and to prepare for a show as far as possible ahead of time (Grody and Lister 101). In addition, I am compelled to study Bennett's technique of compensation when he could not choreograph a number as conceptualized due to the limited skill of the dancer(s) with whom he was working at the time (Grody and Lister 103). Studying and applying these methods and techniques when faced with challenges will enable me to be a better director-choreographer. Deduction It is essential for me to delve into extensive research of directorial and choreographic concepts and pedagogy because I strongly desire to learn the means by which one establishes proficiency as a Director-Choreographer artist. It will help me to answer such questions as: How does one begin to direct/choreograph a piece? How knowledgeable does one need to be with respect to music? How knowledgeable does one need to be with respect to different forms of dance? What affects one most with respect to choreographing a number? Is there value in working with assistants? Since my study will include not only my own personal experiences and observations, but also those of renowned professionals, it will enable me to formally establish my own unique style of directing and choreographing. ; 2015-12-01 ; B.A. ; Arts and Humanities, Dept. of Theatre ; Bachelors ; This record was generated from author submitted information.