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AbstractThis article asks whether international law is moving towards a more unified constitutional order or whether differentiated types of constitutional processes are emerging. We study the sequencing and ratification pace of 32 'quasi-constitutional' international agreements containing procedural guidelines for inter-state relations and fundamental human rights provisions for individuals drawn up between 1945 and 2007. We do so in a comparative and quantitative fashion applying sophisticated statistical tools, namely event history techniques combined with counting processes. On the basis of our multi-treaty framework, the findings do not lend support to a unified and quick process of global constitutionalisation. Rather, they provide evidence for the idea of a 'multi-speed globe' of differentiated constitutionalisation. We also make a first attempt to study antecedents to global constitutionalisation. Our findings show that processes of global constitutionalisation vary across regime types and world regions (while there is no effect for new and old states).

Introduction -- Four questions about international strategy -- The rise of emerging economies: BRIC and beyond -- Sowing knowledge in emerging economies -- Dynamic perspective on internationalization -- Competitive advantage: combining international strategy and emerging market perspectives -- International strategies of Brazilian multinationals -- International strategies of Chinese multinationals -- International strategies of Indian multinationals -- International strategies of Russian multinationals -- Non-market strategy perspective -- Beyond the material side of strategy -- Conclusion

Rethinking on International Aids for Eastern Europe
The transition of the Eastern European countries toward market economies will be longer and more difficult that what had been initially imagined. The collapse of the communist system was generally accompanied by violent therapies including price liberalisation and the opening to international trade. Meanwhile there was an attempt to put into place the actors and the institutions required by an open-market economy, particularly through ambitious privatisation programs. While these therapies first permitted a relative economic stabilization of the Eastern European countries, it quickly become clear that the interdependence which had been organized by the communist regime was initially underestimated. The economic disorganization caused by the collapse of the CAEM led to a sharp decline in trade, and to recessions that were more severe than had been forecast. No rapid recovery could then (or even now) be foreseen, due to the slow progress of structural reforms. The collapse of the communist administration also led to a loss of fiscal revenue. The ex-USSR, which least resembled a market economy, was therefore also the most affected.
In this paper, we study mechanisms, especially monetary mechanisms, which could help Eastern Europeancountries to learn how to build an open-market economy, and how to solve the problems raised by economic integration, before they encounter international competition. If the success of the development programs for Eastern European countries requires access to western markets, the coordination among these programs needs to be improved. We thus describe the conditions and the means which would improve the efficiency of international aid.

Budget literacy is defined as 'the ability to read, decipher, and understand public budgets to enable and enhance meaningful citizen participation in the budget process'. It is comprised of two main parts - (i) a technical understanding of public budgets, including familiarity with government spending, tax rates and public debt and; (ii) the ability to engage in the budget process, comprising of practical knowledge on day-to-day issues, as well as an elementary understanding of the economic, social and political implications of budget policies, the stakeholders involved and when and how to provide inputs during the annual budget cycle. Given that no international standards or guidelines have been established for budget literacy education to date, this book seeks to address this gap by taking stock of illustrative initiatives promoting budget literacy for youth in selected countries. The underlying presumption is that when supply-side actors in the budget process -- governments -- simplify and disseminate budget information for demand-side actors -- citizens -- this information will then be used by citizens to provide feedback on the budget. However, since citizens are often insufficiently informed about public budgets to constructively participate in budget processes one way to empower them and to remedy the problem of "budget illiteracy" is to provide budget-literacy education in schools to youth, helping them evolve into civic-minded adults with the essential knowledge needed for analyzing their government's fiscal policy objectives and measures, and the confidence and sense of social responsibility to participate in the oversight of public resources. This book elaborates on approaches, learning outcomes, pedagogical strategies and assessment approaches for budget literacy education, and presents lessons that are relevant for the development, improvement, or scaling up of budget literacy initiatives.

The Rohingya are one of the most persecuted minorities in the world. Military campaigns conducted by Myanmar against the Rohingya have led to numerous deaths, widespread cases of sexual violence, the destruction of hundreds of villages, and the deportation of more than 700,000 people to Bangladesh. These events have triggered proceedings at the International Criminal Court (ICC). The ICC has arguably failed to address the religious dimensions of crimes and facts in some of its previous jurisprudence appropriately. The entanglement of law and religion at the ICC may lead to an impoverished ratio decidendi and disregard for the victims' claims. We hence argue that, by disentangling law and religion in the proceedings related to the Rohingya, the ICC may be able to enhance the consideration of both elements. This approach should result in (1) appropriate fact-finding related to the Rohingya's identity on ethnic and religious grounds as well as religious dimensions of mass atrocities; (2) attribution of criminal responsibility for serious violations of human rights, including rights related to the Rohingya's religious identity, which constitute international crimes; and (3) reparations for victims to redress harm inflicted on them. ; peerReviewed