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Rasche innenpolitische Veränderungen nach dem Tode Präsident Jiang Jingguos im Januar 1988, personelle Veränderungen in Regierung und Regierungspartei, Lockerung des Ausnahmezustandes, die Opposition in der neuen politischen Landschaft, Gesetzesänderungen. (DÜI-Ptk)

Apart from evoking accent-based stereotypes, non-native speech has been found to pose threat to intelligibility and overburden listeners with additional cognitive load which may evoke their irritation (Johansson 1975; Kelly 2000; Munro 2003; Lippi-Green 2012; Moyer 2013). The paper discusses the notion of communicative responsibility defined as speaker's effort to overcome the undesirable consequences of foreign accent for the sake of efficient conveyance of relevant message. Five religious lectures (amounting to 5hrs of audio-visual material) delivered in Polish-accented English are discussed with respect to the speaker's non-native pronunciation and his morally motivated effort to convey the message precisely despite phonetically deviant speech. The shortcomings of non-native pronunciation are anticipated and targeted by preventive strategies, such as disambiguation, frequent repetition and use of emphatic stress to highlight the most relevant information, eliciting direct feedback from the listeners, monitoring their non-verbal responses, as well as the employment of enhancing devices, such as gestures. ; agabryla@gmail.com ; Agnieszka Bryła-Cruz is an Adjunct Professor at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland. Her main research interests concern the role of linguistic and socio-linguistic factors in Second Language Acquisition, particularly pronunciation, and the perception of non-native accents by English native speakers. More recently, she has studied the role of phonetics in listening comprehension in a series of empirical studies. ; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Poland ; Asher, J. & García, R. 1969. The optimal age to learn a foreign language. Modern Language Teacher 53: 334-341. ; Auhagen, A.E. & Bierhoff, H. (eds.). 2001. Responsibility: The Many Faces of a Social Phenomenon. London: Routledge. ; Bansal, R. K. 1969. The Intelligibility of Indian English: Measurements of the Intelligibility of Connected Speech, and Sentence and Word Material, presented to Listeners of Different Nationalities. Hyderabad: Central Institute of English. ; Baugh, J. 2003. Linguistic profiling. In: S. Makoni, G. Smitherman, A. Ball & A. Spears (eds.), Black Linguistics: Language, Society and Politics in Africa and the Americas, 155-168. London: Routledge. ; Brown, A. 1991. Pronunciation Models. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ; Bryła-Cruz, A. 2016. Foreign Accent Perception: Polish English in the British Ears. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ; Campbell, H. A. (ed.). 2013. Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds. London / New York: Routledge. ; Celce-Murcia, M., Brinton, D. M. & Goodwin, J. M. 1994. Teaching Pronunciation: a Reference for Teachers of English of Speakers of other Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Church, R. Breckinridge, Alibali, M.W. & Kelly, S. D. 2017. Understanding gesture: Description, mechanism and function. In: R. B. Church, M. W. Alibali & S. D. Kelly (eds.), Why Gesture? How the Hands Function in Speaking, Thinking and Communicating (Gesture Studies 7), 3-10. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ; Clark, H. H. 1994. Managing problems in speaking. Speech Communication 15: 243‐250. ; Dawson, L. L. 2005. The mediation of religious experience in cyberspace. In: M. T. H2jsgaard & M. Warburg (eds.), Religion and Cyberspace, 15-37. New York / London: Routledge. ; De Ruiter, J. P. 2017. Asymmetric redundancy of gesture and speech. In: R. B. Church, M. W. Alibali & S. D. Kelly (eds.), Why Gesture? How the Hands Function in Speaking, Thinking and Communicating (Gesture Studies 7), 59-75. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. ; Derwing, T., Fraser, H., Kang, O., Thomson, R. 2014. L2 Accents and ethics. Issues that merit Attention. In: A. Mahboob & L. Barratt (eds.), Englishes in Multilingual Contexts: Language Variation and Education, 63-80. New York / London: Springer. ; Dragojevic, M. & H. Giles. 2016. I don't like you because you're hard to understand. Human Communication Research 42 (3): 396-420. ; Erwin, S. I. 2005. Language Barriers Hinder Multinational Operations. National Defense (90). http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2005/7/1/2005july-language-barriers-hinder-multinational-operations, retrieved March, 2017. ; Field, J. 2005. Intelligibility and the listener: The role of lexical stress. TESOL Quarterly 39 (3): 399-423. ; Flege, J. E. 1988. The production and perception of foreign language speech sounds. In: H. Winitz (ed.). Human Communication and its Disorders. A Review, 224-401. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. ; Flege, J. E. & Southwood, H. 1999. Scaling foreign accent: direct magnitude estimation versus internal scaling. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 13 (5): 335-349. ; Gilbert, J. B. 2010. Pronunciation as orphan: What can be done? Speak Out! 43: 3-7. ; Gullberg, M. 1998. Gesture as a Communication Strategy in Second Language Discourse. A Study of Learners of French and Swedish. Lund: Lund University Press. ; Gullberg, Marianne. 2008. A helping hand? Gestures, L2 learners, and grammar. In: S. G. McCafferty & G. Stam (eds.), 185-210. Gesture: Second Language Acquisition and Classroom Research. New York / London: Routledge. ; Johansson, S. 1978. Studies of Error Gravity: Native Reactions to Errors Produced by Swedish Learners of English. Göteborg, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. ; Johnson, T. D. 2014. The Preacher as Liturgical Artist. Metaphor, Identity and the Vicarious Humanity of Christ. Cascade Books: Oregon. ; Johnson, P. W. T. 2015. The Mission of Preaching: Equipping the Community for Faithful Witness. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. ; Kelly, G. 2000. How to Teach Pronunciation. Harlow: Longman. ; Kendon, A. 2004. Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner R. C. & Fillenbaum, S. 1960. Evaluational reactions to spoken English. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60: 44-51. ; Lenneberg, E. 1967. Biological Foundations of Language. New York: John Wiley. ; Lippi-Green, R. 1997. English with an Accent. Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States. Devon: Biddles Ltd. ; Lippi-Green, R. 2004. Language ideology and language prejudice. In: E. Finegan & J. R. Rickford (eds.), Language in the USA: Themes for Twenty-first Century, 289-304. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Lischner, R. 2002. The Company of Preachers: Wisdom on Preaching, Augustine to the Present. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ; Luce, P. A. & Pisoni, D. B. 1998. Recognizing spoken words: the neighbourhood activation model. Ear Hear 19 (1): 1-36. ; McRoy, S. W. & Hirst, G. 1995. The repair of speech act misunderstandings by abductive inference. Computational Linguistics 21 (4): 435‐478. ; McNeill, D. 1992. Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ; Moyer, E. 2013. Foreign Accent: The Phenomenon of Non-Native Speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Munro, M. J. 2003. A primer on accent discrimination in the Canadian context. TESL Canada Journal 20 (2): 38-51. ; Oyama, S. 1976. A sensitive period in the acquisition of a non-native phonological system. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 5: 261-285. ; Penfield, W. & Roberts, L. 1966. Speech and Brain Mechanisms. New York: Atheneum. ; Resner, A. 1999. Preacher and Cross: Person and Message in Theology and Rhetoric. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdman. ; Roembke, L. 2000. Building Credible Multicultural Teams. Pasadena (CA): William Carey Library. ; Sapon, S. 1952. An application of psychological theory to pronunciation problems in second language learning. Modern Language Journal 36: 111-114. ; Scovel, T. 1969. Foreign accents, language acquisition and cerebral dominance. Language Learning 19: 245-263. ; Sobkowiak, W. 1996. English Phonetics for Poles. Poznań: Bene Nati. ; Stott, J. 2017. Between Two Worlds: the Challenge of Preaching Today. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Company. ; Strother, J. B. 1999. Communication failures lead to airline disasters. IPCC 99: Communication jazz: Improvising the new international communication culture: Proceedings. Paper presented at the 1999 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference, New Orleans, LA, September 7-10, 29-34. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. ; Szpyra-Kozłowska, J. 2013. On the irrelevance of sounds and prosody in foreign-accented speech. In: E. Waniek-Klimczak & L. Shockey (eds.), Teaching and Researching English Accents in Native and Non-native Speakers, 15-29. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ; Thompson, I. 1991. Foreign accents revisited: The English pronunciation of Russian emigrants. Language Learning 41 (2): 177-204. ; Trudgill, P. & Hannah, J. 1994. International English. A Guide to Varieties of Standard English. Bristol: J. W. Arrowsmith Ltd. ; Walley, A. 2007. Speech learning, lexical reorganization, and the development of word recognition by native and non-native English speakers. In: O.-S. Bohn & M. Munro (eds.), Language Experience in Second Language Learning, 315-330. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. ; Williams, F. 1970. Language, attitude and social change. In: F. Williams (ed.), Language and Poverty: Perspectives on a Theme, 380-399. Chicago, IL: Markham. ; Woods, P. 2006. The hedgehog and the fox; Approaches to English for peacekeeping. In: J. Edge (ed.), (Re)locating TESOL in An Age of Empire, 208-226. New York: Polgrave Macmillan. ; Wright, R. 2004. Factors of lexical competition in vowel articulation. In: J. Local, R. Ogden & R. Temple (eds.), Phonetic Interpretation: Papers in Laboratory Phonology VI, 75-87. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; "The Strategy of the Devil in our lives" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3Z4CNERkfw ; "Spiritual warfare" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jI4CqFAymDw&t=1619s ; "Opening doorways to the demonic activity" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n61ZfLE_XyQ&t=774s ; "The evil spirits in action" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVIIbVawzXM ; "The distraction power of the Jezebel spirit" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxaEn7X1-Ec&t=2132s ; Dalai Lama https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbC-TXNGK1M ; 26 (3/2019) ; 4 ; 20

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada and CRC, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014–2021, Norway; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. ; A search optimized for new heavy particles decaying to two b-quarks and produced in association with additional b-quarks is reported. The sensitivity is improved by b-tagging at least one lower-pT jet in addition to the two highest-pT jets. The data used in this search correspond to an integrated luminosity of 103 fb-1 collected with a dedicated trijet trigger during the 2017 and 2018 s=13 TeV proton-proton collision runs with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The search looks for resonant peaks in the b-tagged dijet invariant mass spectrum over a smoothly falling background. The background is estimated with an innovative data-driven method based on orthonormal functions. The observed b-tagged dijet invariant mass spectrum is compatible with the background-only hypothesis. Upper limits at 95% confidence level on a heavy vector-boson production cross section times branching ratio to a pair of b-quarks are derived. ; ANID ; BSF-NSF ; CEA-DRF ; Cantons of Bern and Geneva ; Czech Republic ; DNSRC IN2P3-CNRS ; EU-ESF ; GIF, Israel ; GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain ; IRFU ; La Caixa Banking Foundation ; MES of Russia ; MESTD ; MIZŠ ; MSMT ; MSSR ; Norwegian Financial Mechanism ; PROMETEO ; RGC ; VSC CR ; Wallenberg Foundation ; National Science Foundation ; U.S. Department of Energy ; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung ; Canarie ; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions ; Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science ; CERN ; Compute Canada ; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelser ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; National Research Council Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; Science and Technology Facilities Council ; Leverhulme Trust ; Royal Society ; European Research Council ; European Cooperation in Science and Technology ; Australian Research Council ; Neurosurgical Research Foundation ; Singapore Eye Research Institute ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Agence Nationale de la Recherche ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung ; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Austrian Science Fund ; Generalitat de Catalunya ; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica ; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico ; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ; Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurological Diseases, Weizmann Institute of Science ; Israel Science Foundation ; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare ; Narodowe Centrum Nauki ; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS ; Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación ; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique ; Horizon 2020 ; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund ; European Regional Development Fund ; Defence Science Institute ; Council on grants of the President of the Russian Federation ; National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute"

We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MEiN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZ?, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada and CRC, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sk?odowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021, Norway; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and Gent Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; G?ran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (U.K.) and BNL (U.S.A.), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. ; The semiconductor tracker (SCT) is one of the tracking systems for charged particles in the ATLAS detector. It consists of 4088 silicon strip sensor modules. During Run 2 (2015–2018) the Large Hadron Collider delivered an integrated luminosity of 156 fb−1 to the ATLAS experiment at a centre-of-mass proton-proton collision energy of 13 TeV. The instantaneous luminosity and pile-up conditions were far in excess of those assumed in the original design of the SCT detector. Due to improvements to the data acquisition system, the SCT operated stably throughout Run 2. It was available for 99.9% of the integrated luminosity and achieved a data-quality efficiency of 99.85%. Detailed studies have been made of the leakage current in SCT modules and the evolution of the full depletion voltage, which are used to study the impact of radiation damage to the modules. ; ANID ; ASGC (Taiwan) ; BSF-NSF ; CEA-DRF ; Czech Republic ; Cantons of Bern and Geneva ; DNSRC IN2P3-CNRS ; EU-ESF ; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse ; GIF, Israel ; Gent Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain ; GridKA ; INFN-CNAF ; IRFU ; La Caixa Banking Foundation ; MES of Russia ; MESTD ; MSMT ; MSSR ; Marie Skłodowska ; NDGF CC-IN2P3 ; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021 ; PROMETEO ; RGC ; VSC CR ; Wallenberg Foundation ; National Science Foundation ; U.S. Department of Energy ; Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung ; Brookhaven National Laboratory ; Canarie ; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ; Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science ; CERN ; Compute Canada ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; National Research Council Canada ; Canada Foundation for Innovation ; Science and Technology Facilities Council ; Leverhulme Trust ; Royal Society ; European Research Council ; European Cooperation in Science and Technology ; Australian Research Council ; Neurosurgical Research Foundation ; Singapore Eye Research Institute ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Agence Nationale de la Recherche ; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung ; Danmarks Grundforskningsfond ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Austrian Science Fund ; Generalitat de Catalunya ; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica ; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico ; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research ; Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurological Diseases, Weizmann Institute of Science ; Israel Science Foundation ; Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare ; Narodowe Centrum Nauki ; Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación ; Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique ; Horizon 2020 ; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund ; European Regional Development Fund ; Defence Science Institute ; Council on grants of the President of the Russian Federation ; National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute" ; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej

This article focuses on a specific topics rarely discussed in the scholarship of Islam Nusantara, namely the contribution of Islam Nusantara in addressing agrarian problems experienced by the community. To disclose such contribution, the author proposes the perspective of "access and exclusion" as a theoritical framework for understanding the nature of social struggle in the agrarian field. Based on this, the author will disclose the contribution of Islam Nusantara in "pursuing access" and at the same token "preventing exclusion" within various situations of agrarian struggle, starting from the family level (as concerned with inheritance system and joint marital property) to broader level of socio-agrarian relations (as related to inequalities in land tenure, relations of production and spatial allocation). In addition, the author will examines "agrarian ijtihad" issued by Nahdlatul Ulama and also proposes the idea of "agrarian waqf"—both constitute religious responses to "challenges of access" and "threats of exclusion" taking place within the community. Keywords: Islam Nusantara, struggle for access; struggle against exclusion; agrarian ijtihad; Nahdlatul Ulama; agrarian waqf Reference Abbasi, Muhammad Zubair, "The Classical Islamic Law of Waqf: A Concise Introduction." Arab Law Quarterly 26, No. 2 (2012): p. 121-153. Abu Zahrah, Muhammad, Muhâdlarât fî al-Waqf. Tanpa tempat terbit: Ahmad 'Ali Mukhaymar, 1959. Hall, Derek, Philip Hirsch, Tania Murray Li, Powers of Exclusion: Land Dilemmas in Southeast Asia. Singapore: NUS Press, 2011. Ibrahim, Bilal, "Beyond State and Peasant: The Egalitarian Import of Juristic Revisions of Agrarian and Administrative Contracts in the Early Mamlūk Period." Islamic Law and Society 16, No. 3-4 (2009): p. 337-382. Johansen, Baber, The Islamic Law on Land Tax and Rent: The Peasants' Loss of Property Rights as Interpreted in the Hanafite Legal Literature of the Mamluk and Ottoman Periods. London, New York, Sydney: Croom Helm, 1988. Lembaga Ta'lif wan Nasyr PWNU Jawa Timur, Ahkamul Fuqaha: Solusi Problematika Aktual Hukum Islam. Keputusan Muktamar, Munas dan Konbes Nahdlatul Ulama (1926-2004). Surabaya: Khalista, 2007. Luthfi, Ahmad Nashih, "Sejarah dan Revitalisasi Perjuangan Pertanian Nahdlatul Ulama Melawan Ketidakadilan Agraria." Bhumi: Jurnal Agraria Dan Pertanahan 3, No. 2 (2017): p. 145-159. Megawati Institute,Hasil Riset Oligarki Ekonomi. Jakarta: Megawati Institute, 2017. Powers, David S., "Orientalism, Colonialism, and Legal History: The Attack on Muslim Family Endowments in Algeria and India." Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, No. 3 (1989): p. 535-571. Ribot, Jesse C. and Nancy Lee Peluso, "A Theory of Access." Rural Sociology 68 No. 2 (2003): p. 153-181. Shohibuddin, Mohamad, Eko Cahyono, Adi Dzikrullah Bahri, "Undang-Undang Desa dan Isu Sumber Daya Alam: Peluang Akses atau Ancaman Eksklusi?" Wacana 19, No. 36 (2017): p. 29-81. Tersedia melalui tautan berikut ini: http://ipb.link/desa-dan-agraria. Shohibuddin, Mohamad, Ahmad Nashih Luthfi, Westi Utami, ed. Meninjau Ulang Pengaturan Hak Adat. Yogyakarta dan Bogor: STPN Press dan Pusat Studi Agraria IPB, 2019. Bisa diunduh melalui tautan berikut: http://bit.ly/36pdY5e. Shohibuddin, Mohamad dan Adi D. Bahri, ed. Perjuangan Keadilan Agraria. Yogyakarta, Bogor, Jakarta dan Bandung: Insist Press bekerja sama dengan Sajogyo Institute, Bina Desa dan Akatiga, 2019. Pengantar penyunting dapat dilihat melalui tautan ini: http://bit.ly/2QR2jaK. Shohibuddin, Mohamad, "Dua Wajah Islam Nusantara." Koran Sindo, 11 April 2017. Versi lebih panjang dapat dilihat pada tautan ini: https://www.facebook.com/notes/mohamad-shohibuddin/dua-wajah-islam-nusantara/10155013669631224. --- , Perspektif Agraria Kritis: Teori, Kebijakan dan Kajian Empiris. Yogyakarta: STPN Press, PSA IPB, Sajogyo Institute dan KPA, 2018. Bisa diunduh melalui tautan berikut ini: http://ipb.link/perspektif-agraria. --- , Wakaf Agraria: Signifikansi Wakaf Bagi Agenda Reforma Agraria. Yogyakarta dan Bogor: Baitul Hikmah, Magnum Pustaka Utama dan Sajogyo Institute, 2019. Beberapa review buku ini bisa dilihat pada tautan ini: http://bit.ly/2NLwyxp. --- , "Mempertimbangkan Wakaf Sebagai Skema Alternatif Pelaksanaan Tenure Reform." Dalam Mohamad Shohibuddin dan Adi D. Bahri, ed. Perjuangan Keadilan Agraria. Yogyakarta, Bogor, Jakarta dan Bandung: Insist Press bekerja sama dengan Sajogyo Institute, Bina Desa dan Akatiga, 2019. Bab ini bisa diunduh melalui tautan berikut ini: http://bit.ly/2PI0omw. --- , "Wakaf Berjangka untuk Pembaruan Tenurial Skala Desa." Dalam Adi D. Bahri dan Mohamad Shohibuddin, ed. Perjuangan Keadilan Agraria: Inspirasi Gunawan Wiradi. Bogor, Bandung, Jakarta, Yogyakarta: Sajogyo Institute, PSA IPB, Akatiga, Bina Desa, STPN Press, 2020. Bisa diunduh melalui tautan ini: https://ipb.link/wakaf-berjangka. --- , Ketimpangan Agraria di Indonesia: Pendekatan Studi, Kondisi Terkini dan Kebijakan Penanganan. Bogor: IPB Press, 2020. Versi e-book bisa diperoleh melalui tautan berikut ini: http://bit.ly/BukuKetimpanganAgraria. Winoto, Joyo, "Reforma Agraria: Mandat Politik, Konstitusi dan Hukum dalam Rangka Mewujudkan Tanah untuk Keadilan dan Kesejahteraan Rakyat." Kuliah Umum disampaikan di Balai Senat Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta pada 22 November 2007.

The SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) pandemic outnumbered the spread of the virus 10 times more than the SARS-Cov-1 DEL 2002. It caused a major economic recession brought with it the pandemic that added to the 2019 economic crisis. The public and private systems of developed countries collapsed, which underestimated the aggressiveness of the viral agent, such as Italy and Spain, resulting in 372,756 confirmed cases and 16,231 deaths (4.3% of total cases) globally. Countries like Singapore and Taiwan, developed their protocols with the SARS-Cov-1 epidemic, and demonstrated to the world as efficient at a global biological threat. Currently, their strategies allowed to flatten the viral propagation curve of COVID-19, and were global benchmarks for tackling the pandemic locally. However, Mainland China, without staying on the sidelines, competes with the US. for the economic and political power of the regions and currently for the discovery of the vaccine against COVID-19. Aims: To determine the strategies and indicators associated with COVID-19 and its political impact on health and on the world and local economy. Determine country-based public health strategies efficient in emerging biological responses to minimize or flatten the epidemiological curve of COVID-19. Results: Ecuador, in South America, with 17 million inhabitants, with a GDP of 9.5% invested in public health, became the second country with the highest prevalence of COVID-19 cases (n=981) and ranked 26th in the world. The partial strategies taken at the national level, added to the lack of preventive culture in Ecuadorian society, quickly spread COVID-19. The lack of management of medical supplies, and the shortage of medical personnel (15 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants), as well as deficits in hospital beds (rate=1.4/1,000 inhabitants / national level [0.8 of the public sector], below Cuba with 5.4) and PCR-RT tests, it puts the health system at risk of collapse, due to the exponential increase of COVID 19 cases until the 6th week of local impact. However, the analysis of GDP% between Ecuador (GDP = 9.5%) and Taiwan (GDP = 6.3%), and the strategic measures used, rectify that the universal health system of Taiwan is very efficient in strategies and responses to the COVID-19 emergency. Taiwan's strategies have been reflected in our environment to flatten the epidemiological curve and reduce local public spending. ; La pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) superó a 10 veces más la propagación del virus que el SARS-CoV-1 del 2002. Causó una gran recesión económica que se sumó a la crisis económica del 2020. Colapsó los sistemas públicos y privados de los países desarrollados que subestimaron la virulencia y mutación viral, especialmente en Italia y España, resultando en 372.756 casos confirmados y 16231 muertes (4.3% de casos totales) a nivel global. Países como Singapur y Taiwán, desarrollaron sus protocolos con la epidemia del SARS-Cov-1, y demostraron al mundo como ser eficientes a una amenaza biológica mundial. Actualmente, sus estrategias permiten aplanar la curva de propagación del COVID-19, y fueron referentes mundiales para afrontar la pandemia localmente. Por otro lado, China Continental, compite con EE.UU. por el poder económico y político de las regiones, así como el desarrollo de una vacuna para finales del 2020. En cuanto a las estrategias e indicadores asociados al COVID-19 y su impacto político en salud y en la economía local, Ecuador, localizado en Sudamérica, con 17 millones de habitantes, y un PIB de 9.5% destinado a la salud pública, se convirtió en el segundo país con mayor prevalencia de casos (n=981) y se ubicó en el puesto 26º en el mundo. Las estrategias parciales tomadas a nivel nacional, sumado a la falta de cultura preventiva de la sociedad ecuatoriana, propagaron rápidamente el COVID-19. La falta de gestión de insumos médicos, y la escasez del personal médico (15 médicos por cada 10.000 habitantes), así como déficit de camas hospitalarias (tasa=1.4/1.000 habitantes/nivel nacional [0.8 del sector público], por debajo de Cuba con 5.4) y pruebas de PCR-RT, pone en peligro el sistema de salud de colapsarse, por el aumento exponencial del virus COVID-19 analizado hasta la 6ta semana del impacto local. Sin embargo, el análisis de PIB% entre Ecuador (PIB=9.5%) y Taiwán (PIB=6.3%), y las medidas estratégicas empleadas, rectifican que el sistema universal de salud de Taiwán, es muy eficiente en estrategias y respuestas a la emergencia del COVID-19. Estrategias de Taiwán han sido reflejadas en nuestro entorno para aplanar la curva epidemiológica y reducir el gasto público local.

Problem setting. In many countries, tax breaks are a classic incentive to invest. They occupy a special place in the system of investment policy measures. Such benefits have contributed to the rapid economic growth of South Korea, Malaysia, Ireland, Taiwan, Singapore, and other countries. The progressive development of the economy of these countries was conditioned by well-chosen measures to stimulate investment activity. In Ukraine, the introduction of tax incentives for investment activities has not received widespread support at the state level. The current state investment policy of Ukraine is solely to simplify the conditions for doing business and does not provide the use of tax incentives to attract investment, which are used in many countries around the world. Given this, the problem of finding tax instruments that would stimulate investment activities of economic entities is relevant and timely.Recent research and publications analysis. An important contribution to the study of tax instruments for stimulating investment activity was made by I. Bila, O. Boiko, R. Vann, V. Vyshnevskyi, L. Hotsuliak, K. Kasianok, V. Kmit, T. Maiorova, G. Tretiak, D. Holland and other.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Positively assessing the contribution of authors in this area, we note that scientists do not consider the issues of generalization of tax instruments and the development of recommendations for their systematic use to stimulate investment activity in Ukraine.The purpose of the article: to reveal the essence of tax instruments for stimulating investment activity, substantiate the feasibility of their use in modern conditions in Ukraine and develop recommendations for their systematic use for improving the domestic investment climate.Paper main body. Ukraine does not have a comprehensive system of investment incentives, except for point preferences, while most countries systematically apply them. For the last 3-4 years, the Ukrainian government, instead of creating real investment instruments and mechanisms for attracting investments, has been trying to improve the investment climate through deregulation and liberalization. The current state investment policy, which consists solely of simplifying the conditions for doing business, is insufficient. Ukraine does not use investment incentives, which are used in many developed countries to attract foreign investment. Governments of foreign countries use the following types of benefits to stimulate investment activity: special tax regimes, simplified accounting and reporting system, tax rate reduction, tax exemptions, investment allowances, deduction of R&D expenses from the tax base, transfer of losses to future periods, accelerated depreciation, tax holidays, preferential terms taxation of capital gains tax, reinvestment benefits, investment tax credits, and others.Measures to introduce a package of investment incentives should include: 1) stimulating the development of "investment-insolvent territories" by providing preferences to newly created businesses in such territories in the form of tax holidays; 2) introduction of a system of special investment reserves at enterprises that form from funds exempt from taxation; 3) the introduction of benefits for reinvestment, which means the application of a reduced rate of income tax in the case of reinvestment in production; 4) the introduction of a system of investment allowances, which provides for a reduction in pre-tax profit by an amount proportional to the increase in investment of the enterprise for a certain period of time; 5) encouragement of innovative investment by deducting the costs of research and development work from the tax base; 6) stimulating the development of exports of goods with high added value by exempting from paying the part of the income tax that corresponds to the share of exports in total production; 7) the introduction of a tax credit, which provides the deferral of tax payment for a certain period with followed the gradual payment of the amount of tax arrears and accrued interest; 8) encouraging the creation of new additional jobs by reimbursing enterprises the part of the interest rates for the use of bank loans for business development, and other measures.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Summarizing the results of the study, we can draw the following conclusions. It was found that the program and regulatory documents governing investment processes in Ukraine do not provide the use of tax instruments for attracting investment, while the governments of many countries are actively using these tools to stimulate it. To stimulate investment activity of business entities, the use of tax benefits in Ukraine is proposed. Well-chosen measures of stimulating investment activity with the use of tax instruments can help attract investment to Ukraine.In further research, we plan to develop a concept of public investment policy taking into account tax instruments to improve the investment climate in Ukraine. ; Розкрито сутність податкових інструментів стимулювання інвестиційної діяльності, серед яких: податковий кредит, податкові канікули, пільги на реінвестування, інвестиційні надбавки, вирахування і звільнення від сплати податків, спеціальні інвестиційні резерви тощо. Сформовано рекомендації для органів виконавчої влади щодо використання податкових інструментів з метою стимулювання інвестиційної діяльності суб'єктів господарювання.

Problem setting. In many countries, tax breaks are a classic incentive to invest. They occupy a special place in the system of investment policy measures. Such benefits have contributed to the rapid economic growth of South Korea, Malaysia, Ireland, Taiwan, Singapore, and other countries. The progressive development of the economy of these countries was conditioned by well-chosen measures to stimulate investment activity. In Ukraine, the introduction of tax incentives for investment activities has not received widespread support at the state level. The current state investment policy of Ukraine is solely to simplify the conditions for doing business and does not provide the use of tax incentives to attract investment, which are used in many countries around the world. Given this, the problem of finding tax instruments that would stimulate investment activities of economic entities is relevant and timely.Recent research and publications analysis. An important contribution to the study of tax instruments for stimulating investment activity was made by I. Bila, O. Boiko, R. Vann, V. Vyshnevskyi, L. Hotsuliak, K. Kasianok, V. Kmit, T. Maiorova, G. Tretiak, D. Holland and other.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Positively assessing the contribution of authors in this area, we note that scientists do not consider the issues of generalization of tax instruments and the development of recommendations for their systematic use to stimulate investment activity in Ukraine.The purpose of the article: to reveal the essence of tax instruments for stimulating investment activity, substantiate the feasibility of their use in modern conditions in Ukraine and develop recommendations for their systematic use for improving the domestic investment climate.Paper main body. Ukraine does not have a comprehensive system of investment incentives, except for point preferences, while most countries systematically apply them. For the last 3-4 years, the Ukrainian government, instead of creating real investment instruments and mechanisms for attracting investments, has been trying to improve the investment climate through deregulation and liberalization. The current state investment policy, which consists solely of simplifying the conditions for doing business, is insufficient. Ukraine does not use investment incentives, which are used in many developed countries to attract foreign investment. Governments of foreign countries use the following types of benefits to stimulate investment activity: special tax regimes, simplified accounting and reporting system, tax rate reduction, tax exemptions, investment allowances, deduction of R&D expenses from the tax base, transfer of losses to future periods, accelerated depreciation, tax holidays, preferential terms taxation of capital gains tax, reinvestment benefits, investment tax credits, and others.Measures to introduce a package of investment incentives should include: 1) stimulating the development of "investment-insolvent territories" by providing preferences to newly created businesses in such territories in the form of tax holidays; 2) introduction of a system of special investment reserves at enterprises that form from funds exempt from taxation; 3) the introduction of benefits for reinvestment, which means the application of a reduced rate of income tax in the case of reinvestment in production; 4) the introduction of a system of investment allowances, which provides for a reduction in pre-tax profit by an amount proportional to the increase in investment of the enterprise for a certain period of time; 5) encouragement of innovative investment by deducting the costs of research and development work from the tax base; 6) stimulating the development of exports of goods with high added value by exempting from paying the part of the income tax that corresponds to the share of exports in total production; 7) the introduction of a tax credit, which provides the deferral of tax payment for a certain period with followed the gradual payment of the amount of tax arrears and accrued interest; 8) encouraging the creation of new additional jobs by reimbursing enterprises the part of the interest rates for the use of bank loans for business development, and other measures.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Summarizing the results of the study, we can draw the following conclusions. It was found that the program and regulatory documents governing investment processes in Ukraine do not provide the use of tax instruments for attracting investment, while the governments of many countries are actively using these tools to stimulate it. To stimulate investment activity of business entities, the use of tax benefits in Ukraine is proposed. Well-chosen measures of stimulating investment activity with the use of tax instruments can help attract investment to Ukraine.In further research, we plan to develop a concept of public investment policy taking into account tax instruments to improve the investment climate in Ukraine. ; Розкрито сутність податкових інструментів стимулювання інвестиційної діяльності, серед яких: податковий кредит, податкові канікули, пільги на реінвестування, інвестиційні надбавки, вирахування і звільнення від сплати податків, спеціальні інвестиційні резерви тощо. Сформовано рекомендації для органів виконавчої влади щодо використання податкових інструментів з метою стимулювання інвестиційної діяльності суб'єктів господарювання.