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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bhimanahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 642 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 592 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 50 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 87 per cent soils in the microwatershed are very deep (>150 cm) and 5 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  Entire area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 86 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 5 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m).  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  Entire area in the microwatershed is moderately (e2) eroded.  An area of about 5 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 84 per cent soils is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) and about 4 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 - 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils in the microwatershed are non saline (0.75).  About 32 per cent area is low in available phosphorus, 39 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 21 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha).  Less than 1 per cent area is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 92 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 50 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 7 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 71 per cent area and deficient in 21 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 561(87) 31(5) Sapota - - Maize - 592(92) Pomegranate - 561(87) Bajra - 592(92) Musambi 451(70) 110(17) Groundnut - 31(5) Lime 451(70) 110(17) Sunflower 451(70) 110(17) Amla 110(17) 482(75) Redgram - 561(87) Cashew - - Bengal gram 561(87) 31(5) Jackfruit - - Cotton 561(87) 31(5) Jamun - 561(87) Chilli - 592 (92) Custard apple 561(87) 31(5) Tomato - 482(75) Tamarind - 561(87) Drumstick - 561(87) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 592(92) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 592(92)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bhimanahalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 32' 4.587" and 160 30' 8.645" and East longitude 770 13' 4.587'' and 770 11' 53.709" covering an area of about 641.91 ha coming unde Bheemanahalli, Belagundi and Gondedagi Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bhimanahalli-2 micro watersheds of Belagunda subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Bhimanahalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 10 (28.57%) were marginal, 8 (22.86%) were small, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium, 3 (8.57 %) were medium and 1 (2.86 %) were large farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 87 (50.88%) men and 84 (49.12 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.3, marginal farmers were 4.6, small farmers 5, semi medium farmers were 4.8, medium farmers were 5.7 and large farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (43.27%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 32.16 per cent illiterates, 69.00 per cent pre university education and 3.51 per cent attained graduation.  About, 60.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 34.50 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 85.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 51.43 per cent possess TV, 5.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 11.43 per cent possess bullock cart and 2.86 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 2.86 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.4, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 9.29 and hired labour (women) available was 17.86.  In the study area, about 0.58 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 60.00 kms for about 5.00 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 52.06 per cent (47.64 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 47.94 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 10.00 live bore wells and 10.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 28.57 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Paddy, Cotton, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 77.14 percent possessed bank account and 14.29 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 97.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 76.47 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 5.88 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (94.12%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 52.94 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Paddy, Cotton and Jowar was Rs.36691.84 , 33964.25 and 21455.24 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.3, 1: 1.6 and 1:1.7 respectively.  Further, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 93602.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 62488.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 6 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 42.86 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4800.00 for land development and Rs. 5942.86 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 20.00 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 5.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 85.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 17.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 80.00 per cent of the households and 17.14 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (42.86%), pulses (31.43%) and oilseeds (17.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (45.71%) wild animal menace on farm field (31.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (40.00%), inadequacy of irrigation water (80.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (80.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (51.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sidganhalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 411 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soil and 5 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 5 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 77 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 13 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 16 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 79 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 17 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 78 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 18 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 41 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 34 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 1 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 82 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in 42 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in 52 per cent area of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 57 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 37 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 62 per cent and high (>20 ppm) in 33 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 45 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (>0.6 ppm) in 54 per cent and sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 40 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 188(46) 159(39) Sapota 194(47) 150(37) Maize 4(1) 343(84) Pomegranate 194(47) 150(37) Bajra 188(46) 199(49) Musambi 194(47) 150(37) Groundnut - 197(48) Lime 194(47) 150(37) Sunflower 188(46) 154(37) Amla 194(47) 193(47) Redgram 188(46) 154(37) Cashew 194(47) 150(37) Bengal gram - - Jackfruit 194(47) 150(37) Cotton - 345(84) Jamun 191(46) 104(25) Chilli 188(46) 159(39) Custard apple 194(47) 193(47) Tomato 188(46) 159(39) Tamarind 191(46) 104(25) Brinjal 188(46) 159(39) Mulberry 127(31) 217(54) Onion 4(1) 343(84) Marigold 188(46) 159(39) Bhendi 188(46) 159(39) Chrysanthemum 188(46) 159(39) Drumstick 188(46) 156(38) Jasmine 188(46) 159(39) Mango 191(46) 104(25) Crossandra 188(46) 159(39) Guava 194(47) 150(37)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soil s like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Sidganhalli-3 is located at North latitude 150 32' 14.146" and 150 30' 35.926" and East longitude 760 13' 23.554'' and 760 12' 10.415" covering an area of about 478.72 ha coming under Kudrimutti and Watparwi Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Sidganhalli-3 micro watersheds of Irakallaguda subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 10 (28.57 %) were marginal, 11 (31.43%)were small, 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium and 1 (2.86 %) were large farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (56.11%) men and 79 (43.89 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (39.44%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 38.33 per cent illiterates, 62.22 per cent pre university education and 2.22 per cent attained graduation.  About, 40.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 40.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 25.56 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 48.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 60.00 per cent possess TV, 14.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 77.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 65.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 25.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 25.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 17.14 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.47, women available in the micro watershed was 3.67, hired labour (men) available was 20.03 and hired labour (women) available was 20.27.  Further, 100 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was adequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 65.98 per cent (49.09 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 34.02 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 10.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 31.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Groundnut, Sunflower, Red gram and Cowpea and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.82 per cent.  Out of the sample households 97.14 percent possessed bank account.  About 60.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 19.05 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 80.95 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (95.24%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 61.90 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 4.76 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Groundnut, Sunflower, Red gram and Cowpea was Rs.45181.43, 54718.37, 51690.75, 61610.02 and 40909.65 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.80, 1: 1.60, 1: 0.56, 1: 1.03 and 1:2.40 respectively.  Further, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.29 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 89885.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 71714.29 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 15 horticulture trees and 25 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 14.29 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 628.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 25.71 per cent depends on own funds and 2.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 117.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 117.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 57.14 per cent of the households and 5.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 65.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (5.71%) and pulses (2.86%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (48.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (54.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (88.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.71%), inadequate extension services (85.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ramatirth Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 689 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 56 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 33 per cent by rock outcrops and 11 per cent by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 24 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 9 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 4 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 10 per cent are loamy soils and 42 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 48 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 54 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 2 per cent area is gently sloping (3-5% slope) soils.  An area of about 48 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 8 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed.  An area of 8 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 17 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 31 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) soil reaction  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 24 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 32 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 10 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and about 45 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 51 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 34 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 41(6) 74(11) Guava - 45(6) Maize 41(6) 74(11) Sapota - 45(6) Bajra 45(6) 70(11) Pomegranate - 63(9) Groundnut 4(1) 87(12) Musambi - 63(9) Sunflower - 63(9) Lime - 63(9) Redgram - 69(10) Amla 45(6) 59(9) Bengal gram 13(2) 5(1) Cashew - 4(1) Cotton - 59(9) Jackfruit - 45(6) Chilli 41(6) 68(10) Jamun - - Tomato 41(6) 50(7) Custard apple 4(1) 104(15) Brinjal 41(6) 50(7) Tamarind - - Onion 41(6) 50(7) Mulberry - 45(6) Bhendi 41(6) 68(10) Marigold 41(6) 68(10) Drumstick - 58(8) Chrysanthemum 41(6) 68(10) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 7 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ramatirth is located at North latitude 160 59' 26.672" and 160 57' 19.615" and East longitude 770 11' 39.441'' and 770 8' 32.977" covering an area of about 685.96 ha coming under Ramathirtha and Allura .B villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ramatirth micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 33 farmers were sampled in Ramatirth micro-watershed among households surveyed 13 (39.39%) were marginal, 11 (33.33%) were small and 4 (12.12 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 79 (53.02%) men and 70 (46.98 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.4, marginal farmers were 4.8, small farmers were 4.7 and semi medium farmers were 4.5.  Majority of the respondents (42.95%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 43.62 per cent illiterates, 44.97 per cent pre university education and 7.38 per cent attained graduation.  About, 30.30 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 42.42 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 20.81 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 93.94 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 9.09 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 93.94 per cent possess TV, 30.30 per cent possess mixer grinder, 109.09 per cent possess mobile phones and 12.12 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 21.21 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 33.33 per cent possess plough, 36.36 per cent possess Weeder and 12.12 per cent possess Thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 6.06 per cent possess local cow and 3.03 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.43, hired labour (men) available was 8.89 and hired labour (women) available was 14.56.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 94.06 per cent (31.73 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 5.56 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 1.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 3.03 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 90.91 percent possessed bank account and 42.42 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 27.27 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent from cooperative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Jowar and Green gram was Rs.30724.65 , 41187.76 and 58993.49, with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 0.80 and 1: 1.30 respectively.  Further, 27.27 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 69121.21 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 34575.76 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 79 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 6.06 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2242.42 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 39.39 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 36.36 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 48.48 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 81.82 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (81.82%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 84.85 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 84.85 per cent of the households and 30.30 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 57.58 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (69.70%), pulses (63.64%) and oilseeds (36.36%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (81.82 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (81.82%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (42.42%), inadequacy of irrigation water (60.61%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (81.82%), high rate of interest on credit (81.82%), low price for the agricultural commodities (75.76 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (57.58%), inadequate extension services (60.61 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75.76%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 789 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 77 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 23 per cent by rock outcrops, others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire cultivated area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 5 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 4 per cent are sandy soils at the surface, 12 per cent are loamy soils and 61 percent soils are clayey soils at the surface.  An area of about 48 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of 77 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands soils.  An area of about 4 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded, 72 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent is severely eroded (e3) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 39 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 35 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 4 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 21 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and about 56 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 43 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and about 35 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 74 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 20 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1 (<1) 211 (27) Guava - 67 (8) Maize 59 (8) 152 (19) Sapota - 67 (8) Bajra 59 (8) 152 (19) Pomegranate - 111 (14) Groundnut 59 (8) 65 (8) Musambi - 111 (14) Sunflower - 112 (14) Lime - 111 (14) Redgram - 141 (18) Amla 59 (7) 79 (10) Bengal gram - 44 (6) Cashew - - Cotton - 67 (9) Jackfruit - 67 (8) Chilli 59 (7) 123 (15) Jamun - - Tomato 59 (7) 79 (10) Custard apple 59 (7) 123 (15) Brinjal 59 (7) 79 (10) Tamarind - - Onion 59 (7) 79 (10) Mulberry - 67 (8) Bhendi 59 (7) 123 (15) Marigold 59 (7) 123 (15) Drumstick - 67 (8) Chrysanthemum 59 (7) 123 (15) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 9 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir-3 is located at North latitude 160 59' 12.832" and 160 57' 2.636" and East longitude 770 12' 16.869'' and 770 9' 22.368" covering an area of about 790.04 ha coming under Ramathirtha, Alur. B and Bheemanahalli Villages of Chithapura taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir-3 micro watersheds of Chikka Alur subwatershed, Chithapura taluk & Kalaburagi District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Yadgir-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 10 (28.57%) were marginal, 13 (37.14%) were small, 5 (14.29 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 94 (58.39%) men and 66 (40.99 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.2, marginal farmers were 3.4, small farmers were 5, semi medium farmers were 4.8 and medium farmers were 6.  Majority of the respondents (43.48%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 47.83 per cent illiterates, 0.62 percent were functional literates, 48.45 per cent pre university education and 4.35 per cent attained graduation.  About, 65.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 28.57 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 65.71 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 17.14 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 25.71 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.43 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.54, women available in the micro watershed was 1.26, hired labour (men) available was 8.03 and hired labour (women) available was 7.43  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 1.86 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2040.00 kms for about 7.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (48.30 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.13 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.86 percent possessed bank account and 40.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 45.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 6.25 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 43.75 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 12.50 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram and Jowar was Rs.19867.45 and 17752.28 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.30 and 1: 2.00 respectively.  Further, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 57361.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 36361.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 12 horticulture trees and 66 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1800.00 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 45.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 28.57 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (45.71%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 45.71 per cent of the households and 54.29 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 45.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (48.57%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (88.57 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (88.57%), inadequate extension services (88.57 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (80.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Samanapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 594 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 198 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 281 ha is covered by rock outcrops and 115 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 450 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 2 per cent of area is very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 17 per cent loamy soils and 14 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 26 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in the microwatershed.  About 24 per cent of area is under very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 9 per cent area is nearly level (0-1%) lands.  An area of about 24 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 9 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon content of the soil.  About 30 per cent of area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content of the soil, 57 kg/ha) in the microwatershed.  Available potassium content is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 26 per cent of area and high (>337 kg/ha) in 7 per cent of area in the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 17 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in an area of 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 14 (2) 121 (20) Guava - 23 (4) Maize 21 (4) 112 (19) Sapota - 23 (4) Bajra 21 (4) 112 (19) Pomegranate - 23 (4) Groundnut 9 (2) 14 (2) Musambi - 23 (4) Sunflower - 23 (4) Lime - 23 (4) Redgram - 135 (23) Amla 23 (4) - Bengal gram - - Cashew - 9 (2) Cotton - 14 (2) Jackfruit - 23 (4) Chilli 21 (4) - Jamun - 23 (4) Tomato 21 (4) - Custard apple 9 (2) 14 (2) Brinjal 21 (4) - Tamarind - - Onion 23 (4) - Mulberry - 23 (4) Bhendi 21 (4) - Marigold 23 (4) - Drumstick - 23 (4) Chrysanthemum 23 (4) - Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Somanapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 53' 45.837" and 160 52' 10.568" and East longitude 770 9' 53.37'' and 770 7' 48.858" covering an area of about 593.72 ha coming under Samanapura, Hatthakuni and Yakkihalli villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 respondents, - 17 (47.22%) were marginal, 8(22.22%) were small and 2 (5.56%) were semi medium and 6 (16.67%) were medium.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 111 (59.04%) men and 77 (40.96%) were women.  Majority of the respondents (37.77%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, majority there were 43.62 per cent illiterates, 1.60 per cent attained graduation.  About, 61.11 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 38.89 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 31.38 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 58.33 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.56 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 58.33 per cent possess TV, 52.78 per cent possess mixer grinder and 91.67 per cent possess mobile phones.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess plough and only 2.78 per cent sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 19.44 per cent possess local cow and 2.78 per cent possess buffalo respectively.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, women available in the micro watershed was 1.36, hired labour (men) available was 6.19 and hired labour (women) available was 10.78.  Further, 83.33 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 5.85 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1135.71 kms for about 4.14 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents (55.89 ha), 83.95 per cent of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 16.05 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 8 bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 22.22 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Horse gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.92 per cent.  The sample households possessed 88.89 per cent bank account and 30.56 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 75 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 55.56 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 33.33 per cent from Cooperative bank.  Majority of the respondents (100 %) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 87.50 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and Horse gram was Rs.31814.64, 51835.16, 64185.51, 74934.73, and 22243.98 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1, 1: 0.90, 1: 0.70, 1: 0.30, and 1:0.90 respectively.  Further, 55.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 60138.89 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 43444.44 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown coconut (3) and Mango (1) in the fields and forest species have grown 3 teak, 48 neem, 4 tamarind, 1 banyan trees together in both field and backyard.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 6944.44 for land development, Rs. 444.44 for creation of irrigation facility, Rs.7055.56 for adoption of improved livestock breeds, Rs.1638.89 for adoption of improved crop production activities and Rs. 138.89 for investment for orchard development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned the sources of finance raised from government sources for improved crop production was 2.78 per cent. Loan from bank for 13.89 per cent for land development, 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility and 25 per cent per cent for improved crop production. Own funds for 63.89 per cent for land development, 2.78 per cent for irrigation facility and 44.44 per cent for improved crop production.  Regarding marketing channels, 33.33 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 75 per cent have sold by Agents/Traders.  Further, 47.22 per cent of the households have used tractor and 61.11 per cent have used cart for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (88.89%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 83.33 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Firewood connection was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 86.11 per cent of the households and 13.89 per cent households has LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 72.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 52.78 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Cereals (102.78%), pulses (88.89%), oilseeds (61.11%) were adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (102.78%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (72.22%), inadequacy of irrigation water (30.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (66.67%), high rate of interest on credit (66.67%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (75%), inadequate extension services (58.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (72.22%), Less rainfall (8.33%) and Source of Agritechnology information (Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (5.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ghanapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 416 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 397 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, an area of about 19 ha by others (Habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 397 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm).  About 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 79 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 79 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land and 17 per cent is nearly level sloping (0-1%) soils.  An area of about 78 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 17 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1).  An area of about 6 per cent soil is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 89 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominately 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, about 43 percent medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 percent soils are low (337kg/ha) in available potassium and 83 percent of the soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium.  An area of about 10 per cent soils are medium (10-20 ppm) in available sulphur and 85 percent is low (4.5ppm) in about 24 per cent and deficient (<4.5ppm) in an area of 72 percent in the microwatershed  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 372(89) 26(6) Sapota - - Maize - 398(95) Pomegranate - 398(95) Bajra - 397(95) Musambi 354(85) 43 (10) Groundnut - - Lime 354(85) 43 (10) Sunflower 326(78) 72(17) Amla 9(2) 388(93) Redgram - 398(95) Cashew - - Bengal gram 398(95) - Jackfruit - - Cotton 347(83) 50(12) Jamun - 398(95) Chilli - 378(91) Custard apple 396(95) 1(<1) Tomato - 327(79) Tamarind - 398(95) Drumstick - 398(95) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 398(95) Guava - 1(<1) Chrysanthemum - 398(95) Brinjal 42(10) 355(85) Bhendi 50(12) 347(83) Onion 42(10) 77(19)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Ghanapur-1 is located at North latitude 160 46' 46.668" and 160 44' 29.281" and East longitude 770 19' 10.73" and 770 18' 2.17" covering an area of about 416.09 ha coming under Ganapura, Kandhakura and Gopalapura Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Ghanapur-1 micro watersheds of Gopalapur subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 20 were marginal, (58.82 %) were small 6 (17.65%), 5 (14.71 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (54.43%) men and 72 (45.57 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (43.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.34 per cent illiterates, 54.43 percent pre university education and 2.53 per cent attained graduation.  About, 29.41 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 34.18 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 21.52 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 55.88 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20.59 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent possess TV, 44.12 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 35.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 47.06 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent possess tractor, 11.76 per cent possess bullock cart and 17.65 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 14.71 per cent possess local cow and 26.47 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.44 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.38.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 2.53 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 2800.00 kms for about 6.00 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.20 per cent (42.20 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.80 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 2.00 live bore wells and 2.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 1.00 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum Green gram and Cotton and cropping intensity was recorded as 98.09 per cent.  Out of the sample households 94.12 percent possessed bank account and 23.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 97.06 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 17.65 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 2.94 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (93.75%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 0.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 0.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Maize, Paddy, Sorghum, Green gram and Cotton was Rs.26613.11 , 92463.62, 265712.31, 40810.55, 43180.21 and 37818.89 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.8 , 1:1.4 , 1:1.7 , 1:1.0 , 1:1.9 and 1:1.4 respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.76 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 85030.15 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 53704.41 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 10 horticulture trees and 93 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8970.59 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned 38.24 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 108.82 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 0.00 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (79.41%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.12 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 91.18 per cent of the households and 20.59 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 44.12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.06 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 73.53 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100 per cent of the households possessed BPL card,  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.06%), pulses (97.06%) and oilseeds (38.24%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (76.47%) wild animal menace on farm field (76.47%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (55.88%), high rate of interest on credit (76.47%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (73.53%), inadequate extension services (55.88%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (58.82%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mavanahalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 371 ha in Mavanahalli-3 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 61 per cent is covered by soils, 37 per cent by mining/industrial area and 2 per cent by others (water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 5 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire 61 per cent land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 13 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100cm), 48 per cent soils are deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  Entire cultivated area of 61 percent has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire cultivated area of 61 per cent is non-gravelly.  About 48 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity and 13 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m).  Entire cultivated area of 61 per cent in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Small area of 9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 61 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 16 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 41 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated areas of the microwatershed.  Entire cultivated area of 61 per cent in the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Mavanahalli-3 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 226(61) Sapota - - Maize - - Guava - - Red gram - 226(61) Pomegranate - 226(61) Bajra - 226(61) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 180(48) Sunflower - 226(61) Musambi - 226(61) Cotton - 226(61) Lime - 226(61) Bengalgram - 226(61) Cashew - - Chilli - 226(61) Custard apple - 226(61) Tomato - - Amla - 226(61) Drumstick - 226(61) Tamarind - 180(48) Mulberry - - Marigold - 226(61) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 226(61) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that help in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mavanahalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 31' 9.526" and 160 29' 31.144" and East longitude 770 19' 24.684'' and 770 18' 24.341" covering an area of about 374.73 ha coming under Mavinahalli and Kadechoora villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mavanahalli-3 micro watersheds of Kadechur subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Mavanahalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (23.53%) were marginal, 8 (23.53%) were small, 11 (32.35 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.88 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 92 (57.14%) men and 68 (42.24 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.6, marginal farmers were 3.1, small farmers were 4.1, semi medium farmers were 6.8 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (46.58%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 60.87 per cent of illiterates, 5.59 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.18 per cent middle school education, and 11.18 per cent high school education, 1.86 per cent of them had PUC education, 6.83 per cent attained graduation and 1.24 them had other education.  About, 58.82 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 29.41 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 31.06 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.06 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.24 per cent possess TV, 35.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 14.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 11.76 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 35.29 per cent possess plough and 2.94 per cent possess Power Tiller, 14.71 per cent possess Weeder, 5.88 per cent possess tractor, 2.94 per cent possess Sprinkler and 2.94 per cent possess Harvester.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.88 per cent possess local cow and 2.94 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.79, women available in the micro watershed was 1.71, hired labour (men) available was 8.47 and hired labour (women) available was 8.15. 2  Further, 11.76 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 63.84 per cent (45.82 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 36.16 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 13.00 live bore wells and 13.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 38.24 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Grountnut, Sorghum and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 101.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 85.29 percent possessed bank account and 52.94 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 67.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 47.83 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 8.70 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  Per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Grountnut, Sorghum and Paddy was Rs.26344.09, 28097.99, 55665.67, 30126.66, and 56739.94 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.80, 1: 1.50, 1: 0.70, 1: 1.40 and 1:1.60 respectively.  Further, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.82 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 100411.76 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 67470.59 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 3 horticulture trees and 56 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 676.47 for land development and Rs. 3529.41 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 29.41 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 38.24 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 50.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.24 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (85.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 44.12 per cent of the households and 55.88 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 50.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.12 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.88 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (61.76%), pulses (61.76%) and oilseeds (55.88%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.29%) wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.88%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.29%), high rate of interest on credit (85.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (23.53%), inadequate extension services (64.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (79.41%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Malaltia de Chagas; Dones embarassades llatinoamericanes; Salut maternoinfantil ; Enfermedad de Chagas; Mujeres embarazadas latinoamericanas; Salud maternoinfantil ; Chagas disease; Latin american pregnant women; Maternal and child health ; La malaltia de Chagas (MCH) continua sent un problema important de salut pública. L'OMS estima que en el món hi ha 8 milions de persones infectades per Trypanosoma cruzi, la majoria a l'Amèrica Llatina. En països no endèmics, com és el cas del nostre entorn, l'MCH s'observa en persones infectades que provenen de països endèmics o en infants nascuts en països no endèmics, però la mare dels quals ha estat infectada (transmissió congènita). A Catalunya, per tal de fer el control i la vigilància de l'MCH, l'any 2010 es va posar en marxa el Programa de prevenció i control de la malaltia de Chagas congènita a Catalunya, coordinat pel Departament de Salut i que inclou el diagnòstic, el control, el seguiment i el tractament de l'MCH congènita dirigits a les dones embarassades i als seus fills. En el marc del Programa, es va elaborar el Protocol de cribratge i diagnòstic de malaltia de Chagas en dones embarassades llatinoamericanes i en els seus fills, que es va editar el 2010. Aquest document va ser fruit de l'esforç conjunt de professionals sanitaris experts en la malaltia, de diferents societats científiques i de professionals del Departament de Salut de la Generalitat de Catalunya, amb el suport del Grup de Treball de Països No Endèmics i del Departament de Control de Malalties Tropicals Oblidades de l'OMS. El Protocol que es presenta, a més d'incloure les mateixes línies que la primera edició, disposa d'actualitzacions de diferents aspectes clínics, de diagnòstic i de vigilància epidemiològica basats en l'experiència i l'evidència observades durant aquests vuit anys del Programa de prevenció i control de la malaltia de Chagas congènita a Catalunya. Durant aquests darrers anys, s'ha reforçat la perspectiva de salut pública en el Programa, en el qual han participat un gran nombre de professionals de la xarxa assistencial i agents comunitaris de salut amb l'objectiu de reduir l'efecte de la transmissió vertical de l'MCH a Catalunya. La primera part del document recull les característiques clíniques de l'MCH que, encara que és d'aparició relativament recent en el nostre entorn, gràcies a la informació facilitada tant en l'àmbit sanitari com en l'àmbit comunitari durant els últims anys, ha deixat de ser una malaltia oblidada i desconeguda a Catalunya. En els darrers anys, els avenços i l'experiència en el nostre entorn en el diagnòstic de l'MCH ens han fet arribar a un consens sobre la utilització de mètodes directes moleculars, tal com es descriu en aquest Protocol. Així mateix, la concreció de dades epidemiològiques sobre prevalença d'infecció i incidència de casos de la malaltia ha millorat molt gràcies a la vigilància i notificació de dades recollides en el marc del Programa de prevenció i control de la malaltia de Chagas congènita a Catalunya pels professionals que formen part del Grup de Treball de la Malaltia de Chagas Congènita. En aquest aspecte i per tal de millorar-ne el control s'han incorporat els metges de família i salut comunitària, ja que són uns dels professionals clau que es troben més propers als pacients. Un aspecte fonamental que es desprèn d'aquest document i del funcionament del Programa és la multidisciplinarietat. El repte del sistema de salut i de la vigilància de la salut pública és la coordinació i el treball dels professionals de diferents àmbits sanitaris, com poden ser els ginecòlegs, els microbiòlegs, els llevadors, els pediatres d'atenció primària i hospitalària, els metges de família i salut comunitària, el personal d'infermeria, els infectòlegs, els epidemiòlegs i els agents de salut comunitària que treballen de manera conjunta per a l'assoliment de l'objectiu plantejat. El present Protocol constitueix un document eminentment pràctic, mitjançant el qual els professionals sanitaris disposen dels elements essencials per a la realització del cribratge en la dona embarassada. A partir d'aquest Protocol s'espera també aconseguir la detecció i el tractament precoç dels casos d'MCH en la població pediàtrica, nadons i altres fills a Catalunya, amb l'objectiu últim de millorar la salut maternoinfantil a Catalunya. ; La enfermedad de Chagas (ECH) sigue siendo un problema importante de salud pública. La OMS estima que en el mundo hay 8 millones de personas infectadas por Trypanosoma cruzi, la mayoría en América Latina. En países no endémicos, como es el caso de nuestro entorno, la ECH se observa en personas infectadas que provienen de países endémicos o en niños nacidos en países no endémicos, pero cuya madre ha sido infectada (transmisión congénita). En Cataluña, para hacer el control y la vigilancia de la ECH, en 2010 se puso en marcha el Programa de prevención y control de la enfermedad de Chagas congénita en Cataluña, coordinado por el Departamento de Salud y que incluye el diagnóstico, el control, el seguimiento y el tratamiento de la ECH congénita dirigidos a las mujeres embarazadas y a sus hijos. En el marco del Programa, se elaboró el Protocolo de cribado y diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas en mujeres embarazadas latinoamericanas y en sus hijos, que se editó en 2010. Este documento fue fruto del esfuerzo conjunto de profesionales sanitarios expertos en la enfermedad, de diferentes sociedades científicas y de profesionales del Departamento de Salud de la Generalidad de Cataluña, con el apoyo del Grupo de Trabajo de Países No Endémicos y del Departamento de Control de Enfermedades Tropicales Olvidadas de la OMS. El Protocolo que se presenta, además de incluir las mismas líneas que la primera edición, dispone de actualizaciones de diferentes aspectos clínicos, de diagnóstico y de vigilancia epidemiológica basados en la experiencia y la evidencia observadas durante estos ocho años del Programa de prevención y control de la enfermedad de Chagas congénita en Cataluña. Durante estos últimos años, se ha reforzado la perspectiva de salud pública en el Programa, en el que han participado un gran número de profesionales de la red asistencial y agentes comunitarios de salud con el objetivo de reducir el efecto de la transmisión vertical del ECH en Cataluña. La primera parte del documento recoge las características clínicas de la ECH que, aunque es de aparición relativamente reciente en nuestro entorno, gracias a la información facilitada tanto en el ámbito sanitario como en el ámbito comunitario durante los últimos años, ha dejado de ser una enfermedad olvidada y desconocida en Cataluña. En los últimos años, los avances y la experiencia en nuestro entorno en el diagnóstico de la ECH nos han hecho llegar a un consenso sobre la utilización de métodos directos moleculares, tal como se describe en el presente Protocolo. Asimismo, la concreción de datos epidemiológicos sobre prevalencia de infección e incidencia de casos de la enfermedad ha mejorado mucho gracias a la vigilancia y notificación de datos recogidos en el marco del Programa de prevención y control de la enfermedad de Chagas congénita en Cataluña por los profesionales que forman parte del Grupo de Trabajo de la Enfermedad de Chagas Congénita. En este aspecto y para mejorar su control se han incorporado los médicos de familia y salud comunitaria, ya que son unos de los profesionales clave que se encuentran más cercanos a los pacientes. Un aspecto fundamental que se desprende de este documento y del funcionamiento del Programa es la multidisciplinariedad. El reto del sistema de salud y de la vigilancia de la salud pública es la coordinación y el trabajo de los profesionales de diferentes ámbitos sanitarios, como pueden ser ginecólogos, microbiólogos, comadrones, pediatras de atención primaria y hospitalaria, médicos de familia y salud comunitaria, personal de enfermería, infectólogos, epidemiólogos y agentes de salud comunitaria que trabajan de manera conjunta para el logro del objetivo planteado. El presente Protocolo constituye un documento eminentemente práctico, mediante el cual los profesionales sanitarios disponen de los elementos esenciales para la realización del cribado en la mujer embarazada. A partir de este Protocolo se espera también conseguir la detección y el tratamiento precoz de los casos de ECH en la población pediátrica, bebés y otros hijos en Cataluña, con el objetivo último de mejorar la salud maternoinfantil en Cataluña. ; Chagas disease (CHD) continues to be a major public health problem. The WHO estimates that there are 8 million people in the world infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, the majority in Latin America. In non-endemic countries, as is the case in our environment, CHD is seen in infected people who come from endemic countries or children born in non-endemic countries, but whose mother has been infected (congenital transmission). In Catalonia, in order to control and monitor the CHD, in 2010 the Program for the Prevention and Control of Congenital Chagas' Disease in Catalonia was launched, coordinated by the Department of Health and includes diagnosis, control, follow-up and treatment of congenital CHD directed at pregnant women and their children. Within the framework of the Program, the Protocol for the Screening and Diagnosis of Chagas' Disease in Latin American pregnant women and their children was prepared, which was published in 2010. This document was the result of the joint effort of health professionals who are experts in the disease, of different scientific societies and professionals of the Department of Health of the Government of Catalonia, with the support of the Working Group of Non-endemic Countries and the Department of Control of Forgotten Tropical Diseases of WHO. The Protocol that is presented, in addition to including the same lines as the first edition, has updates on different clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological surveillance aspects based on the experience and evidence observed during these eight years of the Prevention and Control Program. Congenital Chagas disease in Catalonia. During these last years, the perspective of public health in the Program has been reinforced, in which a large number of professionals of the health care network and community health agents have participated with the aim of reducing the effect of the vertical transmission of CHD in Catalonia. The first part of the document includes the clinical characteristics of the CHD that, although it is relatively recent in our environment, thanks to the information provided both in the health field and in the community in recent years, has ceased to be a disease forgotten and unknown in Catalonia. In recent years, the advances and experience in our environment in the diagnosis of CHD have led us to reach a consensus on the use of direct molecular methods, as described in this Protocol. Likewise, the specification of epidemiological data on prevalence of infection and incidence of cases of the disease has improved greatly thanks to the monitoring and reporting of data collected within the framework of the Program for the Prevention and Control of Congenital Chagas' Disease in Catalonia by professionals. that are part of the Working Group on Congenital Chagas Disease. In this aspect and to improve their control, family doctors and community health have been incorporated, since they are one of the key professionals who are closest to patients. A fundamental aspect that emerges from this document and the operation of the Program is multidisciplinarity. The challenge of the health system and public health surveillance is the coordination and work of professionals from different health areas, such as gynecologists, microbiologists, midwives, pediatricians of primary and hospital care, family physicians and community health , nurses, infectious disease specialists, epidemiologists and community health workers who work together to achieve the stated objective. This Protocol is an eminently practical document, through which health professionals have the essential elements for carrying out screening in pregnant women. Based on this Protocol, it is also expected to achieve the detection and early treatment of cases of CHD in the pediatric population, babies and other children in Catalonia, with the ultimate goal of improving maternal and child health in Catalonia.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nilahalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 611 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 590 ha (97%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 21 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 51 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 45 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 51 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 43 per cent clayey soils and 3 per cent are sandy at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 21 per cent are nearly level (0-1 %) and 76 per cent area are very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 21 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded, 73 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 3 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 16 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 30 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 13 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 6 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About12 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 16 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 7 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in an area of 83 per cent.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 40(7) 343(57) Sapota - 43(7) Maize 40(7) 69(12) Pomegranate - 313(51) Bajra 40(7) 343(56) Musambi - 313(51) Groundnut - 90(15) Lime - 313(51) Sunflower - 314(51) Amla 40(7) 342(56) Redgram - 314(51) Cashew - - Bengal gram 40 (7) 340(56) Jackfruit - 43(7) Cotton - 381(62) Jamun - 185(30) Chilli - 383(63) Custard apple 40(7) 342(57) Tomato 40(7) 72(12) Tamarind - 185(30) Drumstick - 314(51) Mulberry - 43(7) Mango - - Marigold - 383(63) Guava - 43(7) Chrysanthemum - 383(63)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nilahalli-2 is located at North latitude 160 38' 8.364" and 160 36' 13.15" and East longitude 770 17' 43.492'' and 770 16' 4.204" covering an area of about 611.58 ha coming under Neelahalli, Kanikal and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nilahalli-2 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 32 farmers were sampled in Nilahalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (28.13%) were marginal, 10 (31.25%) were small, 5 (15.63 %) were semi medium, 3 (9.38 %) were medium and 1 (3.13 %) were large farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 90 (52.02%) men and 83 (47.98 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.8, small farmers were 5.5, semi medium farmers were 6, medium farmers were 3.3 and large farmers were 10.  Majority of the respondents (41.04%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 43.93 per cent of illiterates, 27.75 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.73 per cent middle school education, and 15.03 per cent high school education, 4.05 per cent of them had PUC education and 6.94 per cent attained graduation.  About, 53.13 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 43.75 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 33.53 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 68.75 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 6.25 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 43.75 per cent possess TV, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 18.75 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 50.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 12.50 per cent possess tractor, 25.00 per cent possess bullock cart and 46.88 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 15.63 per cent possess local cow and 15.63 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.52, women available in the micro watershed was 1.56, hired labour (men) available was 8.11 and hired labour (women) available was 14.29. 2  In the study area, about 2.31 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 175.00 kms for about 12.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 72.37 per cent (49.50 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 27.63 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 21.88 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 96.88 percent possessed bank account and 43.75 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 56.25 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 81.82 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Paddy and Jowar was Rs.22360.83, 37436.51, 37856.35, 149498.39 and 18450.25 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.40, 1: 1.20, 1: 0.70 and 1:0.90 , respectively.  Further, 43.75 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 124154.38 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 63075.00 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 2 horticulture trees and 57 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 6.25 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1156.25 for land development and Rs. 12031.25 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 18.18 per cent depends on own funds.  Regarding marketing channels, 93.75 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 87.50 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (34.38%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 78.13 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 65.63 per cent of the households and 40.63 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 87.50 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 46.88 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (78.13%), pulses (71.88%) and oilseeds (43.75%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (87.50%) wild animal menace on farm field (81.25%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (81.25%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40.63%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (87.50%), high rate of interest on credit (81.25%), low price for the agricultural commodities (84.38%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (84.38%), inadequate extension services (75.00%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (81.25%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chyamanahalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 486 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 425 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, a area about 12 ha in the microwatershed is covered by rock outcrops and about 49 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 425 ha (87%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 67 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 20 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm).  About 12 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 75 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 85 per cent area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 33 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 87 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) land.  An area of about 72 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and 15 percent soils are slightly eroded (e1).  An area of about 40 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 48 per cent soil are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 38 percent soils are medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and 49 percent soils are high (>57kg/ha)in available phosphorus.  About 51 percent of the soils are medium (145-337kg/ha) in available potassium and 36 percent area high(>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 247(51) 178(36) Sapota - 62(13) Maize 9(2) 415(85) Pomegranate - 327(67) Bajra 9(2) 415(85) Musambi 242(50) 85 (17) Groundnut - 75(16) Lime 242(50) 85 (17) Sunflower 221(45) 106(22) Amla 9(2) 415(85) Redgram - 320(66) Cashew - 9(2) Bengal gram 265(54) 159(33) Jackfruit - 62(13) Cotton 221(45) 204(42) Jamun - 265(54) Chilli - 424(87) Custard apple 321(66) 104(21) Tomato 9(2) 325(67) Tamarind - 265(54) Drumstick - 327(67) Mulberry - 62(13) Mango - 109(22) Marigold - 424(87) Guava - 62(13) Chrysanthemum - 424(87) Brinjal 134(27) 290(60) Bhendi 162(33) 262(54) Onion 100(20) 185(38)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chyamanahalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 48' 37.299" and 160 46' 29.854" and East longitude 770 9' 6.087'' and 770 7' 26.747" covering an area of about 486.12 ha coming unde Yadhagiri. B, Dastharabadha, Bandhalli and Yadhagiri. K villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chyamanahalli-1 micro watersheds of Yadgir subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Chyamanahalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 9 (25.71%) were marginal, 14 (40.00%) were small, 3 (8.57 %) were semi medium and 4 (11.43 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 101 (56.42%) men and 78 (43.58 %) were women. The average population of landless was 2.4, marginal farmers were 6.2, small farmers were 5.3, semi medium farmers were 5.7 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (38.55%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.31 per cent illiterates, 44.69 per cent pre university education and 4.47 per cent attained graduation.  About, 74.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 45.25 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 28.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25.71 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 31.43 per cent possess mixer grinder, 74.29 per cent possess mobile phones and 34.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 17.14 per cent possess bullock cart and 8.57 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow and 5.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.06, women available in the micro watershed was 1.50, hired labour (men) available was 7.46 and hired labour (women) available was 10.86.  Further, 40.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 54.14 per cent (38.09 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 45.86 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 13.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 42.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Green gram, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 123.19 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.00 percent possessed bank account and 60.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 57.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 10.71 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 66.67 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Green gram, Cotton, Jowar and Groundnut was Rs.25178.85, 32130.92, 63568.73, 51453.66 and 66625.57 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.60, 1: 2.20, 1: 2.40, 1: 1.00 and 1:1.60 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 145071.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 100071.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 24 horticulture trees and 56 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2428.57 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 11.43 per cent depends on own funds and 5.71 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 85.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 11.43 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 71.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (51.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 88.57 per cent of the households and 25.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 25.71 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.29 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 5.71 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (94.29%) and oilseeds (37.14%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (77.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (54.29%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40.00%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (74.29%), high rate of interest on credit (48.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.00%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (48.57%), inadequate extension services (25.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%), Less rainfall (8.57%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (17.14%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Basavanthapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 725 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 93 per cent in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 7 ha by railway, rock outcrop and others (Habitation and waterbodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed.  About 3 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  About 1 per cent are sandy, 58 per cent soils are loamy and 34 per cent are clayey soils at the surface.  About 89 per cent is non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) soils.  An area of about 84 per cent area is moderately (e2) and 10 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) soils in the microwatershed.  About an area of 4 per cent in the microwatershed is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 45 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 36 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 8 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content.  An area of 5 percent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire area is low (4.5 ppm) in 68 per cent and 25 per cent is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 222 (31) 83 (11) Guava - 107 (15) Maize 107 (15) 198 (27) Sapota - 107 (15) Bajra 107 (15) 198 (27) Pomegranate - 222 (31) Groundnut - 120 (17) Musambi 115 (16) 107 (15) Sunflower 115 (16) 107 (15) Lime 115 (16) 107 (15) Redgram - 292 (40) Amla 107 (15) 128 (18) Bengal gram 115 (16) - Cashew - 56 (8) Cotton 115 (16) 107 (15) Jackfruit - 107 (15) Chilli 107 (15) 128 (18) Jamun - 115 (16) Tomato 107 (15) 13 (2) Custard apple 170 (24) 64 (9) Brinjal 107 (15) 13 (2) Tamarind - 115 (16) Onion 107 (15) 13 (2) Mulberry - 107 (15) Bhendi 107 (15) 128 (18) Marigold 107 (15) 128 (18) Drumstick - 222 (31) Chrysanthemum 107 (15) 128 (18) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified 7 LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Basavanthapur is located at North latitude 160 50' 36.18" and 160 48' 58.005" and East longitude 770 4' 34.164'' and 770 2' 0.183" covering an area of about 723.95 ha coming under Balajinagara, Kyasavanahalli, Kanahalli and Hedagimadra villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Basavanthapur micro watersheds of Thanagunda sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 farmers were sampled in Basavanthapur micro-watershed among households surveyed 8 (23.53%) were marginal, 17 (50.00%) were small, 5 (14.71 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers. 3 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 96 (56.47%) men and 73 (42.94 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.3, marginal farmers were 5.1, small farmers were 5.3, semi medium farmers were 5 and medium farmers were 1.  Majority of the respondents (44.12%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 57.06 per cent illiterates, 38.23 per cent pre university education and 7.65 per cent attained graduation.  About, 100.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 69.41 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 58.82 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 76.47 per cent possess TV, 100.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 38.24 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 14.71 per cent of the households possess Bullock Cart, 44.12 per cent possess plough and 2.94 per cent possess Sprayer, 79.41 per cent possess Weeder, 11.76 per cent possess Harvester and 32.35 per cent possess Thresher.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 0.00 per cent possess local cow and 14.71 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.47, women available in the micro watershed was 1.24, hired labour (men) available was 11.35 and hired labour (women) available was 9.26.  Further, 11.76 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 1.76 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 733.33 kms for about 9.33 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 73.26 per cent (41.85 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 23.81 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 20.59 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sorghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent.  Out of the sample households 82.35 percent possessed bank account and 0.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 82.35 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 50.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 21.43 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (92.86%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 57.14 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut and Sorghum was Rs.32645.44, 35533.97, 64938.73 and 37645.94 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 1.10, 1: 0.60, 1: 0.70, and 1:0.00 respectively.  Further, 32.35 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 17.65 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 52823.53 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 30411.76 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 17 horticulture trees and 91 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12352.94 for land development and Rs. 794.12 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 97.06 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 11.76 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 20.59 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 88.24 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (94.12%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 88.24 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.06 per cent of the households and 5.88 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 100.00 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (100.00%) and oilseeds (2.94%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (102.94 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (97.06%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (41.18%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.24%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (73.53%), high rate of interest on credit (97.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (97.06 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.18%), inadequate extension services (88.24 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (91.18%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mailapur Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 174 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 122 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 35 ha by rock outcrops and about 16 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 61 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  About 19 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 2 per cent sandy soils and 50 per cent clayey soils.  About 66 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 39 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 12 per cent area very low (0.75).  About 3 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About an area of 6 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) is low and 65 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in the whole area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34(20) 69(39) Guava - 52(30) Maize - 103(59) Sapota - 52(30) Bajra - 123(71) Pomegranate - 86(50) Groundnut - 83(47) Musambi - 86(50) Sunflower 1(<1) 86(50) Lime - 86(50) Redgram - 52(30) Amla 86(50) 37(21) Bengal gram 34(20) 69(39) Cashew - 52(30) Cotton 34(20) 69(39) Jackfruit - 52(30) Chilli - 103(59) Jamun - 34(20) Tomato - 69(39) Custard apple 86(50) 37(21) Brinjal 86(50) 37(21) Tamarind - 34(20) Onion 52(30) 37(21) Mulberry - 72(41) Bhendi 86(50) 37(21) Marigold - 103(59) Drumstick - 106(61) Chrysanthemum - 103(59) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mailapur is located at North latitude 160 45' 2.399" and 160 44' 7.414" and East longitude 770 14' 58.725'' and 770 13' 44.826" covering an area of about 484.18 ha coming under Mylapura and Hakagera villages of Yadgiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mailapur micro watersheds of Haligeri sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 8 (22.22 %) were marginal, 16 (44.44%) were small and 7 (19.44 %) were Semi medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 132 (62.56%) men and 79 (37.44 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (52.61%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 60.19 per cent illiterates, 8.53 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.48 per cent middle school education, 10.90 per cent high school education, 5.21 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.84 per cent attained graduation  About, 25.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 58.33 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 26.54 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 69.44 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 19.44 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 38.89 per cent possess TV, 11.11 per cent possess mixer grinder, 77.78 per cent possess mobile phones and 5.56 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 13.89 per cent possess bullock cart and 19.44 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 22.22 per cent possess local cow and 16.67 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 8.47 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 2.08.  Further, 27.78 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  In the study area, about 5.21 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 1204.00 kms for about 10.60 months. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 73.35 per cent (36.95 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 26.65 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 27.78 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Sorghum, Red gram, Cotton, Green gram and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 97.77 per cent.  Out of the sample households 80.56 percent possessed bank account and 38.89 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 38.89 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 35.71 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 14.29 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (92.31%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 61.54 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 30.46 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Sorghum, Red gram, Cotton, Green gram and Paddy was Rs.35389.85, 23614.96, 54124.28, 29600.52 and 40141.37 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.90, 1: 2.20, 1: 2.40, 1: 2.20 and 1:1.90 respectively.  Further, 16.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 127463.89 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 77919.44 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 1 horticulture trees and 45 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 888.89 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 11.11 per cent depends on own funds for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 66.67 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 19.44 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 61.11 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (69.44%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.56 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 83.33 per cent of the households and 8.33 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 86.11 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.22 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (91.67%), pulses (88.89%) and oilseeds (36.11%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (83.33%) wild animal menace on farm field (66.67%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (80.56%), inadequacy of irrigation water (61.11%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (77.78%), high rate of interest on credit (44.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.78%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (58.33%), inadequate extension services (22.22%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (66.67%), Less rainfall (2.78%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Turk Madhawar-3Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 411 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 392 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 19 ha area is covered by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 392 ha area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 28 per cent of area is shallow (25-50 cm), 22 per cent of area is moderately shallow (50-75 cm), 28 per cent of area is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 8 per cent of area is deep (100 - 150 cm) and 9 per cent of area is very deep (>150 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 72 per cent loamy soils and 19 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 28 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 4 per cent of area is low (51-100 mm/m) and 46 per cent of area is very low (0.75%), 47 per cent area is medium (0.5-0.75%) and 37 per cent area is low (1 ppm) in an area of 1 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in an area of 53 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in an area of 42 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 114 (28) 86 (21) Guava - 114 (28) Maize 114 (28) 86 (21) Sapota - 114 (28) Bajra 114 (28) 86 (21) Pomegranate - 114 (28) Groundnut - 114 (28) Musambi - 114 (28) Sunflower - 114 (28) Lime - 114 (28) Redgram - 183 (45) Amla - 114 (28) Bengal gram - 34 (8) Cashew - - Cotton - 131 (32) Jackfruit - 114 (28) Chilli 114 (28) 17 (4) Jamun - - Tomato 114 (28) 17 (4) Custard apple - 131 (32) Brinjal 114 (28) 17 (4) Tamarind - - Onion 114 (28) 17 (4) Mulberry - 114 (28) Bhendi 114 (28) 17 (4) Marigold 114 (28) 17 (4) Drumstick - 114 (28) Chrysanthemum 114 (28) 17 (4) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Turk Madhawar-3 is located at North latitude 160 40' 45.259" and 160 39' 18.32" and East longitude 770 20' 39.786'' and 770 19' 24.974" covering an area of about 420.22 ha coming unde Madhwara, Yalasatti and Thotalura villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Turk Madhawar-3 micro watersheds of Turk Madhawar sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Turk Madhawar-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 11 (31.43%) were marginal, 15 (42.86%) were small, 4 (11.43 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 2 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 110 (55.84%) men and 87 (44.16 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3, marginal farmers were 5.4, small farmers were 6.7, semi medium farmers were 4.3 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (49.75%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 62.94 per cent illiterates, 2.03 percent were functional literates, 37.06 per cent pre university education and 1.02 per cent attained graduation.  About, 100.00 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 75.13 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 80.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 25.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 11.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, and 22.86 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.71 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.03, women available in the micro watershed was 1.80, hired labour (men) available was 6.57 and hired labour (women) available was 6.57.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  In the study area, about 0.51 per cent of the respondents migrated from the micro watershed in search of jobs with an average distance of 800.00 kms for about 4.00 months.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 91.34 per cent (52.84 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 8.66 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 4.00 live bore wells and 4.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sugarcane and Jowar and cropping intensity was recorded as 94.68 per cent.  Out of the sample households 100.00 percent possessed bank account and 100.00 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 25.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 50.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 137.50 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut, Sugarcane and Jowar was Rs.26712.06, 34854.65, 51940.42, 83049.00 and 36461.10 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.40, 1: 1.20, 1: 2.60, 1: 3.10 and 1:0.80 respectively.  Further, 48.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 77585.71 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 60842.86 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 3 horticulture trees and 112 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 8.57 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10257.14 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 94.29 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 88.57 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (97.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 94.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  About, 57.14 per cent of farmers practicing summer ploughing as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 5.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 51.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (94.29%), pulses (77.14%) and oilseeds (60.00%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (88.57%) wild animal menace on farm field (77.14%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (91.43%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (80.00%), inadequate extension services (57.14%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.43%), Less rainfall (80.00%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (40.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mundal-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 633 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 586 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 5 ha by railway line, 5 ha by rock outcrops and 37 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 93 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 25 per cent area in loamy and 64 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 82 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 3 per cent area medium (101-150 mm/m), 15 per cent area low (51- 100 mm/m) and 11 per cent area very low (9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75), 82 per cent are medium (0.5-0.75%) and less than 1 per cent low (57 kg/ha) in 27 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 75 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 42 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 37 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 180(28) 302(48) Guava - 102(16) Maize 102(16) 380(60) Sapota - 102(16) Bajra 102(16) 380(60) Pomegranate - 180(28) Groundnut <1(<1) 114(18) Musambi 78(12) 102(16) Sunflower 78(12) 106(16) Lime 78(12) 102(16) Redgram - 470(74) Amla 102(16) 90(14) Bengal gram 78(12) 110(17) Cashew - 81(13) Cotton 78(12) 102(16) Jackfruit - 102(16) Chilli 102(16) 90(14) Jamun - 78(12) Tomato 102(16) 12(2) Custard apple 160(25) 33(5) Brinjal 102(16) 12(2) Tamarind - 78(12) Onion 102(16) 12(2) Mulberry - 102(16) Bhendi 102(16) 90(14) Marigold 102(16) 90(14) Drumstick - 180(28) Chrysanthemum 102(16) 90(14) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Mundal-2 is located at North latitude 160 47' 38.47" and 160 45' 0.508" and East longitude 770 7' 50.52'' and 770 5' 59.846" covering an area of about 632.43 ha coming under Mudhanala, Bheemanagara and Yadhagiri B Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Mundal-2 micro watersheds of Yadgir sub-watershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 34 total respondents, 12 (35.29 %) were marginal, 9 (26.47%)were small, 6 (17.65 %) were Semi medium and 1 (2.94 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 107 (55.15%) men and 87 (44.85 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (35.57%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 55.15 per cent illiterates, 11.86 per cent of them had primary school education, 12.89 per cent middle school education, and 10.31 per cent high school education, 3.61 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.52 per cent of them had Diploma, 3.09 per cent attained graduation.  About, 8.82 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 73.53 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 3.61 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 58.82 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 26.47 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 73.53 per cent possess TV, 58.82 per cent possess mixer grinder, 91.18 per cent possess mobile phones and 50.00 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 20.59 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.88 per cent possess tractor, 11.76 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.88 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.88 per cent possess local cow and 8.82 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 6.38 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was1.61.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 61.47 per cent (32.68 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 34.82 per cent area is irrigated land. 2  There were 7.00 live bore wells and 8.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 20.59 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Redgram, Cotton, Groundut, Green gram and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 99.94 per cent.  Out of the sample households 79.41 percent possessed bank account and 17.65 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 17.65 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 90.91 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 18.18 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 50.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations, while, only 50.00 per cent respondents opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfil their requirement.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Redgram, Cotton, Groundut, green gram and Paddy was Rs.57461.85, 29614.81, 30531.65, 46693.23, 35397.22 and 30444.71 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.70, 1: 1.90, 1: 1.60, 1: 1.50, 1:1.6 and 1:1.30 respectively.  Further, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 80176.47 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 45411.76 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 77 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5464.71 for land development and Rs. 3735.29 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 29.41 per cent depends on own funds and 23.53 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 76.47 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.94 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 76.47 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (67.65%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 76.47 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. 3  About, 100.00 per cent of farmers practicing Field Bunding as soil and water conservation practice.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 67.65 per cent of the households and 32.35 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 58.82 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 44.12 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.06 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.88 per cent of the household's possessed APL.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (91.18%), pulses (94.12%) and oilseeds (11.76%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.35%) wild animal menace on farm field (67.65%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.35%), inadequacy of irrigation water (67.65%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (76.47%), high rate of interest on credit (70.59%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (41.18%), inadequate extension services (11.76%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (26.47%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir Nala-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 461 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 382 ha (83%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 68 ha (15%) by rock outcrops and 11 ha (2%) by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 4 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 57 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very deep (>150 cm), 13 per cent soils are deep (100 to 150 cm), 10 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and 3 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm).  About 52 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 31 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 74 per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 43 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 40 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 43 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 40 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded in the microwatershed.  An area of about 39 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) and 44 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 65 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 18 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 4 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in available sulphur.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 38 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of 45 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient in an area of 52 per cent and sufficient in 31 per cent of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 322(70) 45(10) Guava - - Maize - 368(80) Sapota - - Bajra - 368(80) Pomegranate - 322(70) Groundnut - 45(10) Musambi 288(62) 35(8) Sunflower 288(62) 35(8) Lime 288(62) 35(8) Redgram - 323(70) Amla - 367(80) Bengal gram 322(70) 45(10) Cashew - - Cotton 288(62) 80(18) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 368(80) Jamun - 322(70) Tomato - 272(59) Custard apple 322(70) 45(10) Brinjal 35(8) 333(72) Tamarind - 322(70) Onion 35(8) 45(10) Mulberry - - Bhendi 262(57) 106(23) Marigold - 368(80) Drumstick - 323(70) Chrysanthemum - 368(80) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Yadgir Nala-1 is located at North latitude 160 52' 25.18" and 160 51' 10.235" and East longitude 770 9' 47.358" and 770 8' 6.025" covering an area of about 461.31 ha coming under Hatthakuni and Horunacha villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Yadgir Nala-1 micro watersheds of Hattikuni subwatershed, Yadagiri taluk, Yadagiri District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 11 were marginal, (31.43 %) were small 10 (28.57%), 6 (17.14 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 100 (57.47%) men and 74 (42.53 %) were women.  Majority of the respondents (38.51%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 52.30 per cent illiterates, 5.75 per cent pre university education and 4.02 per cent attained graduation.  About, 91.43 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 45.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 18.39 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 40.00 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 51.43 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 91.43 per cent possess TV, 45.71 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 62.86 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent possess tractor, 2.86 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.71 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 7.74 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.43.  Further, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 38.24 per cent (30.00 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 61.76 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 11.00 live bore wells and 11.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Redgram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy, Papaya and Green gram and cropping intensity was recorded as 94.87 per cent.  Out of the sample households 77.14 percent possessed bank account and 77.14 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 77.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 3.70 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 3.7 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Redgram, Groundnut, Cotton, Paddy, Green gram and papaya was Rs. 41288.68, 63392.27, 39091.61, 47918.04 and 64184.02 with benefit cost ratio of 1:2.1, 1:1.5, 1:3.9, 1: 2.4, 1:1.6 and 1:5 respectively.  Further, 31.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 208760.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 153331.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 67 horticulture trees and 122 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 13022.86 for land development and Rs. 2857.14 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.86 per cent depends on own funds and 22.86 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 40.00 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 45.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (80.0 %) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 80.00 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households. 3  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 31.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (71.43%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (45.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.86%) wild animal menace on farm field (80.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (28.57%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.86%), inadequate extension services (20.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), Less rainfall (31.43%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (42.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project