For the last ten years, the research concerning ancient history of Ethiopia focus on relations of the highlands of Tigrai and Eritrea with populations and civilisations of adjoining regions, especially of the Nile Valley. It is seemingly a way to reconsider the Ethiopian history in the 1st millennium BC, which was often called "pre‐Aksumite" (following the suggestion of Fr. Anfray) in order to outline a process of development and to distinguish a kind of a preliminary phase which has to set up the emergence of the Aksumite kingdom. Such an argument claims against the idea of a culturally monolithic "pre‐Aksumite" polity: yet, considering the various endogenous and exogenous elements, from Egypt and the Nile Valley to Southern Arabia, it emphasizes a complexity of different traditions, identities, or even socio‐political systems, which are still difficult to discern. Exogenous elements as well as any evidence for close contact and imprint of any kind may be considered as common, taking into account the geographical position of North Ethiopia and Eritrea as an important crossroads between northeast Africa, the Mediterranean basin, southern Arabia and the Indian Ocean. One of these elements though - the South Arabian one - appears to be more important, so that one could have thought of a process of colonization or maybe the settlement of an independent state - that is, whatever the model, the migration in Ethiopia of South‐Arabian people. In fact, a significant question comes out about a South‐Arabian presence in the 7th century BC or earlier, which seems to set up a kind of, even localised, polity - named "DʿMT" according to the inscriptions from the first half of the 1st millenium BC -, but which would have disappeared before the emergence of Aksum. Even legends, up to now, make the population in the villages assure that the first inhabitants came from Arabia. The inscriptions represent a clear evidence for close contact, since the writing, the language (in spite of a few differences of phonetics, syntax and vocabulary), but also the pantheon - with ʿAstar (ʿstr), Hawbas (Hbs), Almaqah (ʾlmqh) and other South‐Arabian / Sabaean deities -, point in places to a strong cultural imprint. Together with monumental structures (at Yeha, perhaps also at Kaskase) and artworks, especially in religious context, the epigraphic evidence show some kind of influence, or even power, although nothing today reveals any model of socio‐political system nor any expansion neither later fragmentation of the supposed model towards an "africanization" process. Since there is no indication in South Arabian sources of any migration, whatever its form, from this country at that time to Ethiopia, the paper would like to propose to reassess and debate on the nature of contacts between the highlands of Tigrai and southern Arabia in the 1st millennium BC, and furthermore on the chronology of this period.a ; Les recherches menées depuis ces dix dernières années sur l'histoire ancienne de l'Éthiopie focalisent l'attention sur les relations des hauts plateaux du Tigray et d'Érythrée avec les populations et civilisations voisines, notamment celles de la Vallée du Nil. C'est une manière de reconsidérer l'histoire de l'Éthiopie au Ier millénaire avant notre ère, période souvent appelée " pré-aksumite " (suivant la formulation lancée par Fr. Anfray), de manière à mettre en évidence un processus de développement de la civilisation éthiopienne qui distinguerait une phase immédiatement préalable à l'émergence du royaume d'Aksum. Un tel argument contredirait l'idée d'une véritable civilisation " pré-aksumite " au faciès culturel homogène ; néanmoins, à considérer les différents éléments endogènes et exogènes, d'Égypte et de la Vallée du Nil à l'Arabie du Sud, on ne peut que souscrire à la complexité des traditions, des identités, voire des systèmes socio-politiques que la diversité rend difficile à comprendre. La présence d'éléments exogènes comme de tout témoignage de contacts ou d'empreintes de quelque nature que ce soit ne doit pas surprendre, d'autant plus si l'on tient compte de la position géographique de l'Éthiopie du Nord et de l'Érythrée au croisement d'importantes routes commerciales entre la Corne d'Afrique et le bassin méditerranéen d'un côté, l'Arabie du Sud et l'Océan indien de l'autre. L'élément sudarabique néanmoins apparaît à cette période plus important, au point qu'on a pu croire à un processus de colonisation ou à l'installation d'un état indépendant - en d'autres termes à la migration de populations sudarabiques en Éthiopie. L'hypothèse repose sur l'identification d'un système politique appelé " DʿMT " - selon les inscriptions datées de la première moitié du Ier millénaire -, qui se serait développé de manière locale et qui aurait disparu avant l'émergence d'Aksum. Les légendes locales rappellent du reste que les premiers habitants venaient d'Arabie du Sud. Les inscriptions représentent un témoignage évident de contacts étroits avec l'Arabie du Sud : l'écriture, la langue (en dépit de quelques différences phonétiques et syntaxiques, voire de vocabulaire), mais aussi le panthéon - sont nommées ʿAstar (ʿstr), Hawbas (Hbs), Almaqah (ʾlmqh) et d'autres divinités sudarabiques ou sabéennes - sont la manifestation d'une lourde influence. Les structures monumentales (Yeha, peut-être aussi Kaskase) et les sculptures (en particulier de contexte religieux) s'ajoutent aux témoignages épigraphiques pour donner l'image d'une forte influence, voire d'un pouvoir, dont rien toutefois ne permet d'identifier un quelconque système socio-politique ni même une quelconque expansion ou à l'inverse un morcellement résultant d'un processus d'" africanisation ". Dans la mesure où les sources sudarabiques ne donnent aucune indication d'une quelconque migration en Éthiopie, quelle que soit sa forme, la présentation propose de revoir et de débattre de la nature des contacts entre les hauts plateaux du Tigray et l'Arabie du Sud au Ier millénaire avant notre ère - notamment à travers les particularités données par l'épigraphie -, et plus avant sur la chronologie de cette période.
For the last ten years, the research concerning ancient history of Ethiopia focus on relations of the highlands of Tigrai and Eritrea with populations and civilisations of adjoining regions, especially of the Nile Valley. It is seemingly a way to reconsider the Ethiopian history in the 1st millennium BC, which was often called "pre‐Aksumite" (following the suggestion of Fr. Anfray) in order to outline a process of development and to distinguish a kind of a preliminary phase which has to set up the emergence of the Aksumite kingdom. Such an argument claims against the idea of a culturally monolithic "pre‐Aksumite" polity: yet, considering the various endogenous and exogenous elements, from Egypt and the Nile Valley to Southern Arabia, it emphasizes a complexity of different traditions, identities, or even socio‐political systems, which are still difficult to discern. Exogenous elements as well as any evidence for close contact and imprint of any kind may be considered as common, taking into account the geographical position of North Ethiopia and Eritrea as an important crossroads between northeast Africa, the Mediterranean basin, southern Arabia and the Indian Ocean. One of these elements though - the South Arabian one - appears to be more important, so that one could have thought of a process of colonization or maybe the settlement of an independent state - that is, whatever the model, the migration in Ethiopia of South‐Arabian people. In fact, a significant question comes out about a South‐Arabian presence in the 7th century BC or earlier, which seems to set up a kind of, even localised, polity - named "DʿMT" according to the inscriptions from the first half of the 1st millenium BC -, but which would have disappeared before the emergence of Aksum. Even legends, up to now, make the population in the villages assure that the first inhabitants came from Arabia. The inscriptions represent a clear evidence for close contact, since the writing, the language (in spite of a few differences of phonetics, syntax and vocabulary), but also the pantheon - with ʿAstar (ʿstr), Hawbas (Hbs), Almaqah (ʾlmqh) and other South‐Arabian / Sabaean deities -, point in places to a strong cultural imprint. Together with monumental structures (at Yeha, perhaps also at Kaskase) and artworks, especially in religious context, the epigraphic evidence show some kind of influence, or even power, although nothing today reveals any model of socio‐political system nor any expansion neither later fragmentation of the supposed model towards an "africanization" process. Since there is no indication in South Arabian sources of any migration, whatever its form, from this country at that time to Ethiopia, the paper would like to propose to reassess and debate on the nature of contacts between the highlands of Tigrai and southern Arabia in the 1st millennium BC, and furthermore on the chronology of this period.a ; Les recherches menées depuis ces dix dernières années sur l'histoire ancienne de l'Éthiopie focalisent l'attention sur les relations des hauts plateaux du Tigray et d'Érythrée avec les populations et civilisations voisines, notamment celles de la Vallée du Nil. C'est une manière de reconsidérer l'histoire de l'Éthiopie au Ier millénaire avant notre ère, période souvent appelée " pré-aksumite " (suivant la formulation lancée par Fr. Anfray), de manière à mettre en évidence un processus de développement de la civilisation éthiopienne qui distinguerait une phase immédiatement préalable à l'émergence du royaume d'Aksum. Un tel argument contredirait l'idée d'une véritable civilisation " pré-aksumite " au faciès culturel homogène ; néanmoins, à considérer les différents éléments endogènes et exogènes, d'Égypte et de la Vallée du Nil à l'Arabie du Sud, on ne peut que souscrire à la complexité des traditions, des identités, voire des systèmes socio-politiques que la diversité rend difficile à comprendre. La présence d'éléments exogènes comme de tout témoignage de contacts ou d'empreintes de quelque nature que ce soit ne doit pas surprendre, d'autant plus si l'on tient compte de la position géographique de l'Éthiopie du Nord et de l'Érythrée au croisement d'importantes routes commerciales entre la Corne d'Afrique et le bassin méditerranéen d'un côté, l'Arabie du Sud et l'Océan indien de l'autre. L'élément sudarabique néanmoins apparaît à cette période plus important, au point qu'on a pu croire à un processus de colonisation ou à l'installation d'un état indépendant - en d'autres termes à la migration de populations sudarabiques en Éthiopie. L'hypothèse repose sur l'identification d'un système politique appelé " DʿMT " - selon les inscriptions datées de la première moitié du Ier millénaire -, qui se serait développé de manière locale et qui aurait disparu avant l'émergence d'Aksum. Les légendes locales rappellent du reste que les premiers habitants venaient d'Arabie du Sud. Les inscriptions représentent un témoignage évident de contacts étroits avec l'Arabie du Sud : l'écriture, la langue (en dépit de quelques différences phonétiques et syntaxiques, voire de vocabulaire), mais aussi le panthéon - sont nommées ʿAstar (ʿstr), Hawbas (Hbs), Almaqah (ʾlmqh) et d'autres divinités sudarabiques ou sabéennes - sont la manifestation d'une lourde influence. Les structures monumentales (Yeha, peut-être aussi Kaskase) et les sculptures (en particulier de contexte religieux) s'ajoutent aux témoignages épigraphiques pour donner l'image d'une forte influence, voire d'un pouvoir, dont rien toutefois ne permet d'identifier un quelconque système socio-politique ni même une quelconque expansion ou à l'inverse un morcellement résultant d'un processus d'" africanisation ". Dans la mesure où les sources sudarabiques ne donnent aucune indication d'une quelconque migration en Éthiopie, quelle que soit sa forme, la présentation propose de revoir et de débattre de la nature des contacts entre les hauts plateaux du Tigray et l'Arabie du Sud au Ier millénaire avant notre ère - notamment à travers les particularités données par l'épigraphie -, et plus avant sur la chronologie de cette période.
Author's introductionThis review of recent feminist analyses and theorizing of labor markets uses a global lens to reveal the forces shaping gender inequality. The first section introduces the key words of globalization, gender and work organization. Next, I examine gender as embodied labor activity in globalized worksites, and the effects of globalization on gendered patterns of work and life. Putting gender at the center of globalization discourses highlights the historical and cultural variability of gender relations intersecting with class, race and nationality, and highlights the impact of restructuring on workers, organizations and institutions at the local, national and regional as well as transnational levels. Then I turn to look at labor market restructuring through commodification of care, outsourcing of household tasks and informalization of employment to show how these processes shape the complexity of relationships between and the interconnectedness of social inequalities transnationally and in global cities. Place matters when analyzing how service employment alters divisions of labor and how these labor market changes are gendered. Global restructuring not only poses new challenges but also creates new opportunities for mobilization around a more robust notion of equality. The final section explores the development of spaces for collective action and the rise of new women's and feminist movements (e.g., transnational networks, non‐governmental agencies). The study of globalization, gender and employment has broad importance for understanding not only the social causes but also the social consequences of the shift to a post‐industrial society.Author recommendsAcker, Joan 2004. 'Gender, Capitalism and Globalization.'Critical Sociology 30, 1: 17–41.Feminist scholarship both critiques gender‐blind globalization discourses and an older generation of women and development theories. By tracing the lineage of current feminist literature on globalization to women and development research, Joan Acker shows both the continuities and distance traveled from the previous terrain of debate. New feminist scholarship on globalization owes a debt to these important, albeit limited, studies of women at work in Latin America, Africa and Asia, but acknowledges the need to go beyond the category of women to analyze specific forms and cultural expressions of gendered power in relationship to class and other hierarchies. One of the major advances in feminist theory comes under the microscope of Acker's keen analysis when she excavates how gender is both embodied and embedded in the logic and structuring of globalizing capitalism. This extends the case she made in her earlier pioneering research on gender relations being embedded in the organization of major institutions. For the study of globalization, Acker posits that the gendered construction (and cultural coding) of capitalist production separated from human reproduction has resulted in subordination of women in both domains. Acker uncovers the historical legacy of a masculine‐form of dominance associated with production in the money economy that was exported to and embedded in colonialist installation of large‐scale institutions. By the late 20th Century large‐scale institutions promoted images and emotions that expressed economic and political power in terms of new articulations of hegemonic masculinity. As an article outlining debates on the nature of globalization and of gender, it serves as a good introduction to the topic.Chow, Esther Ngan‐Ling 2003. 'Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century.'International Sociology 18, 3: 443–460.Chow's introduction to the special issue on 'Gender, Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century' in International Sociology (2003) reviews the literature on gender and globalization and provides an excellent overview of 'gender matters.' Her definition of globalization captures salient features of the current era. This definition encompasses the economic, political cultural and social dimensions of globalization. Further, she offers a framework for studying the 'dialectics of globalization', as 'results of conflicting interaction between the global and local political economies and socio‐cultural conditions…' A dialectics of globalization is a fruitful approach for studying transformative possibilities. This article could serve as background reading or as part of an introductory section.Arlie Russell Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2003. 'Love and Gold.' Pp. 15–30 in Global Women: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild. Metropolitan Books.Hochschild's chapter in Global Women examines the transfer of traditional women's work to migrant women. Women in rich countries are turning over care work (nannies, maids, elder care) to female migrant workers who can be paid lower wages with few or no benefits and minimal legal protections. This global transfer of services associated with a wife's traditional role extracts a different kind of labor than in prior migrations based on agricultural and industrial production. Emotional, sexual as well as physical labor is extracted in this current phase of globalization; in particular, emotional labor and 'love is the new gold'. Women migrate not only to escape poverty, but also to escape patriarchy in their home countries by earning an independent income and by physical autonomy from patriarchal obligations and expectations. Many female migrants who leave poor countries can earn more money as nannies and maids in the First World than in occupations (nurses, teachers, clerical workers) if they remained in their own country. Thus, migration can be seen as having contradictory effects on women's well‐being and autonomy. This chapter can be used in a section dealing with the specific topic of globalization and care work or in a section introducing the topic of gendered labor activities.McDowell, Linda, Diane Perrons, Colette Fagan, Kath Ray and Kevin Ward. 2005. 'The Contradictions and Intersections of Class and Gender in a Global City: Placing Working Women's Lives on the Research Agenda.'Environment and Planning A 37, 441–461.This group of prominent social geographers from the UK collaborates to great effect in a welcome addition to the literature theorizing the complex articulations of gender and class in global cities. Their detailed research comparing three localities in Greater London is a corrective to the oft‐cited multi‐site study of global cities by Saskia Sassen. They find that Sassen underestimates gains and losses for both men and women in the 'new' economy. Place makes a difference when assessing the impact of women's increased rates of labor market participation on income inequality and patterns of childcare. The article outlines a new research agenda by 'placing' working women's lives at the center of analysis.Parrenas, Rhacel Salazar 2008. The Force of Domesticity: Filipina Migrants and Globalization. New York: New York University Press.Rhacel Salazar Parrenas brings together her influential research on Filipina migrants and extends her path‐breaking ethnographic analysis to include Filipina domestic workers in Rome and Los Angeles and entertainers in Tokyo. David Eng incisively captures the importance of Parrenas's analysis when he states, 'Extracted from home and homeland only to be reinserted into the domestic spaces of the global north, these servants of globalization exemplify an ever‐increasing international gendered division of labor, one compelling us to reexamine the neo‐liberal coupling of freedom and opportunity with mobility and migration'. The book is well suited to illuminate discussions of domesticity and migration, transnational migrant families, the impact of migration laws in 'home' and 'host' countries, and transnational movements among migrant women.Walby, Sylvia. 2009. Globalization and Inequalities: Complexity and Contested Modernities. London: Sage.This book introduces new theoretical concepts and tests alternative hypotheses to explain variation in trajectories of gender relations cross‐nationally. It synthesizes and reviews a vast literature, ranging from the social sciences to the natural sciences to construct a new approach to theorizing the development of gender regimes in comparative perspective. Sylvia Walby seeks to explain the different patterns of inequalities across a large number of countries. The analysis differentiates between neo‐liberal and social democratic varieties of political economy, and makes explicit the gender component of institutions and their consequences. The project builds on Walby's pioneering work on comparative gender regimes, and extends the research by operationalizing empirical indicators for a range of key concepts, and by analyzing links between a wide set of institutions (including economy, polity, education and violence) and how these are gendered in specific ways. As in the past, Walby is not afraid to tackle big questions and to offer new answers. Throughout the book, like in her previous body of research, Walby takes on the question of social inclusion/exclusion and critically interrogates concepts of democracy, political participation, equality and rights. Walby uses a comparative lens to examine the democratic 'deficit' in liberal and social democratic countries, and how migration restructures patterns of inequality and the consequent reconstitution of national and ethnic relations within countries. There is more to the book than abstract theoretical debates. Walby poses and assesses alternative political projects for achieving equality. The book is an original contribution that will likely influence sociology in general and theories of social change in particular.Online resourcesStatus of women in the world: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) http://www.unifem.orgUNIFEM was established at the United Nations in order to foster women's empowerment through innovative programs and strategies. Its mission statement summarizes UNIFEM's goals as follows: 'Placing the advancement of women's human rights at the center of all of its efforts, UNIFEM focuses on reducing feminized poverty, ending violence against women; reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS among women and girls; and achieving gender equality in democratic governance in times of peace as well as war'. The website includes information on global initiatives such as zero tolerance of violence against women, the impact of the economic crisis on women migrant workers, and strategizing for gender proportionate representation in Nigeria. Primary documents relevant to women's advancement appear on the website; these include the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. UNIFEM publishes monographs assessing the progress of women around the world. One notable example is the 2005 publication on Women, Work & Poverty by Martha Chen, Joann Vanek, Francie Lund, James Heintz with Renana Jhabvala and Christine Bonner. http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/PoWW2005_eng.pdf Gender equity index http://www.socialwatch.org/en/avancesyRetrocesos/IEG_2008/tablas/valoresdelIEG2008.htm Social Watch produces an up‐to‐date gender equity index composed of three dimensions and indicators: empowerment (% of women in technical positions, % of women in management and government positions, % of women in parliaments, % of women in ministerial posts); economic activity (income gap, activity rate gap); and education (literacy rate gap, primary school enrollment rate gap, secondary school enrollment gap, and tertiary education enrollment gap). These separate indicators in addition to the gender equity index are arrayed by country. There are 157 countries, representing 94% of the world's population, in the sample. Mapping these indicators across countries presents a comparative picture of the absolute and relative standing of women and gender equity in the world.Focus QuestionsKey words: Globalization1. What is meant by globalization?
a. To what extent is globalization new? Or is globalization another phase of a long historical process? b. Can we differentiate inter‐national (connections between) from the global (inter‐penetrations)?
Feminism and globalization
How do feminist interventions challenge globalization theories (for example the presumed relationship between globalization and homogenization and individualization)? How do different feminisms frame and assess the conditions of globalization around the world?
Gender and globalization
What role do women, and different women, play in the global economy? Are patriarchal arrangements changing as a result of greater economic integration at the world level?
Migration and mobilities
What does Parrenas mean by partial citizenship?
How does it relate to the case of Philippine migrant workers? What is the relationship between 'home' and 'host' nations? How important is a vehicle like the Tinig Filipino in forging 'imagined communities' and new realities?
What is the mix of choice and compulsion in the different migrations mobilities of men and women?
Globalization and politics
Are women subject to the same kinds of legal protections (and regulations) that evolved in earlier periods? Do new flexible production processes and flexible work arrangements undercut such legal protections?
Globalization and collective mobilization
Does globalization open spaces for new women's movements, new solidarities, new subjectivities and new forms of organizing?
Sample syllabusCourse outline and reading assignments Conceptualizing the 'Global' and 'Globalization' Dicken, Peter, Jamie Peck and Adam Tickell. 1997. 'Unpacking the Global.' Pp. 158–166 in Geographies of Economies, edited by Roger Lee and Jane Willis. London: Arnold.Amin, Ash and Nigel Thrift. 1996. 'Holding Down the Global.' Pp. 257–260 in Globalization, Institutions, and Regional Development in Europe, edited by Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Acker, Joan. 2004. 'Feminism, Gender and Globalization.'Critical Sociology 30: 17–42.Background Reading:Gottfried, Heidi. 2006. 'Feminist Theories of Work.' Pp. 121–154 in Social Theory at Work, edited by Marek Korczynski, Randy Hodson, Paul Edwards. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Peterson, V. Spike. 2008. 'Intersectional Analytics in Global Political Economy.' in UberKeruszungen, edited Cornelia Klinger and Gudrun‐Axeli Knapp. Munster: Wesfalisches Dmpfboot.Chow, Esther Ngan‐Ling. 2003. 'Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social change in the 21st Century.'International Sociology 18 (3): 443–460.Walby, Sylvia. 2009. Globalization and Inequalities: Complexity and Contested Modemities. London: Sage. Gender and Globalization Gottfried, Heidi. Forthcoming. 'Gender and Employment: A Global Lens on Feminist Analyses and Theorizing of Labor Markets.'Sociology CompassFernandez‐Kelly, Patricia and Diane Wolf. 2001. 'Dialogue on Globalization.'Signs 26: 1243–1249.Bergeron, Suzanne. 2001. 'Political Economy Discourses of Globalization and Feminist Politics.'Signs 26: 983–1006.Freeman, Carla. 2001. 'Is Local: Global as Feminine: Masculine? Rethinking the Gender of Globalization.'Signs 26:1007–1037. Theorizing Politics and Globalization Sassen, Saskia. 1996. 'Toward a Feminist Analytics of the Global Economy.'Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 4: 7–41.Parrenas, Rhacel Salazer. 2001. 'Transgressing the Nation‐State: The Partial Citizenship and 'Imagined (Global) Community' of Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers.'Signs 26:1129–1154.Bosniak, Linda. 2009. 'Citizenship, Noncitizenship, and the Transnationalization of Domestic Work.' Pp. 127–156 in Migrations and Mobilities: Citizenship, Borders, and Gender, edited by Seyla Benhabib and Judith Resnik. New York: New York University Press.Background Reading:Benhabib, Seyla and Judith Resnik. 2009. 'Introduction: Citizenship and Migration Theory Engendered.' Pp. 1–46 in Migrations and Mobilities: Citizenship, Borders, and Gender, edited by Seyla Benhabib and Judith Resnik. New York: New York University Press. Migrations, Mobilities and Care Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2003. 'Love and Gold.' Pp. 15–30 in Global Women: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild. Metropolitan Books.Hondagneu‐Sotelo, Pierrette. 2001. Domestica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring the Shadows of Affluence. Berkeley: University of California Press.Parrenas, Richard Salazar. 2008. The Force of Domesticity: Filipina Migrants and Globalization. New York: New York University Press.Pyle, Jean 2006. 'Globalizations, Transnational Migration, and Gendered Care Work.'Globalizations 3(3): 283–295.Qayum, Seemin and Raka Ray. 2003. 'Grappling with Modernity: India's Respectable Classes and the Culture of Domestic Servitude.'Ethnography 4: 520–555. Restructuring and Gender Inequality in Global Cities McDowell, Linda, Diane Perrons, Colette Fagan, Kath Ray and Kevin Ward. 2005. 'The Contradictions and Intersections of Class and Gender in a Global City: Placing Working Women's Lives on the Research Agenda.'Environment and Planning A 37: 441–461.McDowell, Linda. 1997. 'A Tale of Two Cities? Embedded Organizations and Embodied Workers in the City of London.' Pp. 118–129 in Geographies of Economies, edited by Roger Lee and Jane Willis. London: Arnold.Bruegel, Irene. 1999. 'Globalization, Feminization and Pay Inequalities in London and the UK.' Pp. 73–93 in Women, Work and Inequality, edited by Jeanne Gregory, Rosemary Sales and Ariane Hegewisch. New York: St. Martin's Press. Embodiment and Restructuring Halford, Susan and Mike Savage. 1997. 'Rethinking Restructuring: Embodiment, Agency and Identity in Organizational Change.' Pp. 108–117 in Geographies of Economies, edited by Roger Lee and Jane Willis. London: Arnold.Gottfried, Heidi. 2003 'Temp(t)ing Bodies: Shaping Bodies at Work in Japan.'Sociology 37: 257–276. Gender in the Global Economy: Post‐Socialist and Emerging Economies Salzinger, Leslie. 2004. 'Trope Chasing: Engendering Global Labor Markets.'Critical Sociology 30: 43–62.Kathryn Ward, Fahmida Rahman, AKM Saiful Islam, Rifat Akhter and Nashid Kama. 2004. 'The Nari Jibon Project: Effects on Global Structuring on University Women's Work and Empowerment In Bangladesh.'Critical Sociology 30: 63–102Otis, Eileen. 2007. 'Virtual Personalism in Beijing: Learning Deference and Femininity at a Global Luxury Hotel. Pp. 101–123 in Working in China: Ethnographies of Labor and Workplace Transformation, edited by Ching Kwan Lee. Routledge.Background Reading:Ferguson and Monique Mironesco (eds.). 2008. Gender and Globalization in Asia and the Pactific: Method, Practice, Theory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Globalization and Policy Developments Lenz, Ilse. 2004. 'Globalization, Gender and Work: Perspectives on Global Regulation.' Pp. 29–52 in Equity in the Workplace: Gendering Workplace Policy Analysis, edited by Heidi Gottfried and Laura Reese. Lexington Press.Woodward, Alison. 2004. 'European Gender Mainstreaming: Promises and Pitfalls of Transformative Policy.' Pp. 77–100 in Equity in the Workplace: Gendering Workplace Policy Analysis, edited by Heidi Gottfried and Laura Reese, Lexington Press.Fraser, Nancy. 2007. 'Reframing Justice in a Globalizing World.' in Global Inequality, edited by David Held and Ayse Kaya. Polity. Gender and the New Economy Walby, Sylvia, Heidi Gottfried, Karin Gottschall and Mari Osawa. 2006. Gendering and the Knowledge Economy: Comparative Perspectives, Palgrave, See chapters by Sylvia Walby, Mari Osawa, and Diane Perrons.Ng, Cecelia. 2004. 'Globalization and Regulation: The New Economy, Gender and Labor Regimes.'Critical Sociology 30: 103–108. Globalization and Transnational Organizing Ferree, Myra Marx. 2006. 'Globalization and Feminism: Opportunities and Obstacles for Activism in the Global Area.' Pp. 3–23 in Global Feminism: Transnational Women's Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights, edited by Myra Marx Ferree and Aili Mari Tripp. New York: New York University Press.Yuval‐Davis, Nira. 2006. 'Human/Women's Rights and Feminist Transversal Politics.' Pp. 275–295 in Global Feminism: Transnational Women's Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights, Myra Marx Ferree and Aili Mari Tripp. New York: New York University Press.Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 2006. "Under Western Eyes" Revisited: Feminist Solidarity Through Anti‐Capitalist Struggles.' Pp. 17–42 in Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity, edited by Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
А content analysis of the notion "information security" as a form of national security aimed at ensuring human rights and freedoms in relation to free information access, creation and implementation of secure information technologies and protection of the property rights of all participants of information activities, includes consideration of possible diversions in this area, especially at the international level. Today there is a situation of incompleteness of formation and fragmentary filling of the information space content of the country and the legislative base in our society. The efficiency of the information weapon itself has increased too quickly due to the rapid information circulation and the spread of information networks. As a result, mass media forms the "mass" person of our time, in turn this fact displaces traditional direct contacts, by dissociating people and replacing them by computers and television. At the same time it gives rise to apathy, uncritical attitude and indifference, it complicates the adequate orientation, causing the social disorientation. The author pays attention to the term "persuasive communication", it's so-called information manipulation in the media, which impedes the dissemination of truthful information and pollutes the country's information space, which is directly related to business and government. The society should take care of the purity of its information environment to prevent the dissemination of unbiased information. In society development in the modern world the main trend is the diversification of information sources and views, which involves increasing the freedom to choose the received information. Diversification of information sources in the modern Ukrainian world can be considered as a single process, which leads to the complexity and security of the structure of the media and information sphere. The information war that the Russian aggressor has deployed against Ukraine needs an active response. Unfortunately, our society has not been prepared for this before. In this context, first of all, it should be analyzed the variety of information sources, their orientation and influence on the consciousness and people's behavior.Key concepts: person, culture, information, safety, manipulation of consciousness. ; Аналіз змісту поняття «інформаційної безпеки» як виду національної безпеки спрямованої на забезпечення прав і свобод людини щодо вільного доступу до інформації, створення і впровадження безпечних інформаційних технологій та захист прав власності всіх учасників інформаційної діяльності, включає в себе розгляд можливих диверсій у цю сферу, особливо на міжнародному рівні. Сьогодні у нашому суспільстві спостерігається ситуація незавершеності формування та фрагментарного наповнення самого контенту інформаційного простору країни та законодавчої бази. Занадто швидко збільшилась ефективність саме інформаційної зброї у зв'язку з стрімким інформаційним обігом та поширенням інформаційних мереж. Внаслідок цього засобами масової інформації формується «масова» людина нашого часу, що в свою чергу витісняє традиційні безпосередні контакти, роз'єднуючи людей і замінюючи їх комп'ютерами та телебаченням. Одночасно це породжує апатію, некритичність і байдужість, ускладнює адекватну орієнтацію, викликаю соціальну дезорієнтацію. Автор приділяє увагу терміну «переконуючої комунікації», так званого маніпулювання інформацією у засобах масової інформації, які перешкоджають поширенню правдивої інформації та забруднюють інформаційний простір країни, які безпосередньо пов'язані з бізнесом та владою. Суспільство має дбати про чистоту свого інформаційного довкілля перешкоджати поширенню неупередженої інформації, а основною тенденцією розвитку суспільства сучасного світу є диверсифікація джерел інформації та поглядів, що передбачає збільшення свободи вибору одержуваної інформації. Диверсифікацію джерел інформації у сучасному українському світі можна розглядати як єдиний процес, що веде до ускладнення та безпеки структури засобів масової інформації та інформаційної сфери. Інформаційна війна, яку нині розгорнув російський агресор проти України, потребує активної протидії. На жаль, наше суспільство до цього виявилось непідготовленим. У цьому контексті, слід, насамперед, проаналізувати різновид джерел інформації, їх спрямованість та вплив на свідомість і поведінку людей.Ключові поняття: людина, культура, інформація, безпека, маніпуляція свідомістю. Анализ содержания понятия «информационной безопасности» как вида национальной безопасности направленной на обеспечение прав и свобод человека относительно свободного доступа к информации, создание и внедрение безопасных информационных технологий и защита прав собственности всех участников информационной деятельности, включает в себя рассмотрение возможных диверсий в эту сферу, особенно на международном уровне. Сегодня в нашем обществе наблюдается ситуация незавершенности формирования и фрагментарного наполнения самого контента информационного пространства страны и законодательной базы. Слишком быстро увеличилась эффективность именно информационного оружия в связи со стремительным информационным оборотом и распространением информационных сетей. В результате средствами массовой информации формируется «массовая» человек нашего времени, что в свою очередь вытесняет традиционные непосредственные контакты, разъединяя людей и заменяя их компьютерами и телевидением. Одновременно это порождает апатию, некритичность и равнодушие, затрудняет адекватную ориентацию, вызываю социальную дезориентацию. Автор уделяет внимание термина «убеждающей коммуникации», так называемого манипулирования информацией в средствах массовой информации, которые препятствуют распространению правдивой информации и загрязняют информационное пространство страны, которые непосредственно связаны с бизнесом и властью. Общество должно заботиться о чистоте своего информационного окружающей среды препятствовать распространению объективной информации, а основной тенденцией развития общества современного мира является диверсификация источников информации и взглядов, предусматривающий увеличение свободы выбора получаемой информации. Диверсификацию источников информации в современном украинском мире можно рассматривать как единый процесс, ведет к усложнению и безопасности структуры средств массовой информации и информационной сферы. Информационная война, которую сейчас развернул российский агрессор против Украины, требует активного противодействия. К сожалению, наше общество к этому оказалось неподготовленным. В этом контексте, следует, прежде всего, проанализировать разновидность источников информации, их направленность и влияние на сознание, и поведение людей.Ключевые понятия: человек, культура, информация, безопасность, манипуляция сознанием. А content analysis of the notion "information security" as a form of national security aimed at ensuring human rights and freedoms in relation to free information access, creation and implementation of secure information technologies and protection of the property rights of all participants of information activities, includes consideration of possible diversions in this area, especially at the international level. Today there is a situation of incompleteness of formation and fragmentary filling of the information space content of the country and the legislative base in our society. The efficiency of the information weapon itself has increased too quickly due to the rapid information circulation and the spread of information networks. As a result, mass media forms the "mass" person of our time, in turn this fact displaces traditional direct contacts, by dissociating people and replacing them by computers and television. At the same time it gives rise to apathy, uncritical attitude and indifference, it complicates the adequate orientation, causing the social disorientation. The author pays attention to the term "persuasive communication", it's so-called information manipulation in the media, which impedes the dissemination of truthful information and pollutes the country's information space, which is directly related to business and government. The society should take care of the purity of its information environment to prevent the dissemination of unbiased information. In society development in the modern world the main trend is the diversification of information sources and views, which involves increasing the freedom to choose the received information. Diversification of information sources in the modern Ukrainian world can be considered as a single process, which leads to the complexity and security of the structure of the media and information sphere. The information war that the Russian aggressor has deployed against Ukraine needs an active response. Unfortunately, our society has not been prepared for this before. In this context, first of all, it should be analyzed the variety of information sources, their orientation and influence on the consciousness and people's behavior.Key concepts: person, culture, information, safety, manipulation of consciousness.
The scientific community has been debating climate change (CC) for over two decades. In the light of certain arguments put forward by the aforesaid community, the EU has recommended a set of innovative reforms to science teaching, such as incorporating environmental issues into the scientific curriculum, thereby helping to make schools a place of civic education. However, despite these European recommendations, relatively little emphasis is still given to climate change within science curricula. The main goal of the research project described in this thesis is to study if, how and why the scientific contents related to CC could be reconstructed so as to integrate the many dimensions involved in the issue. Specifically, the project set out to create and test innovative materials and activities for secondary school students, designed to foster: i) effective and meaningful understanding of the concepts involved in CC (disciplinary dimension); ii) a growing personal involvement in environmental issues supported also by the maturation of rational arguments for moving consciously through the political, economical, social and ethical dimensions (societal dimension); iii) epistemological reflections aimed at problematizing the traditional and outdated image of science which is still widespread among citizens (epistemological dimension). In the design and analysis of the materials, we start from the conjecture that behind many conceptual difficulties and psychological barriers lie particular epistemological obstacles related to a naïve and stereotypical view of science. In order to reach the main goal, the work has been organized according to four research questions (RQs): RQ_1: What operational criteria can be identified for reconstructing physics so as to integrate the many dimensions considered in the main goal? RQ_2: (a) Which models of greenhouse effect and GW are effective for implementing the criteria identified? (b) What experimental activities can be designed in order to promote an inquiry-based approach to the study of environmental issues, and to help students understand the models and their multi-dimensionality? RQ_3: How do secondary school students react to the proposed materials? Are the materials effective in achieving the main goal of the research? RQ_4: Which analytic methods can be used to investigate the multiple dimensions of a teaching/learning classroom experience? In Chapter 1, the analysis of a selection of research papers and international reports is presented. The selected papers and reports concern: the conceptual difficulties that students usually encounter in dealing with physics concepts related to CC; the sociological and behavioural reactions of citizens facing CC; the crucial points regarding the scientific debate on CC; the status of the research on modelling in science education. The match among the main results in so many different research fields led us to point out some design principles which guided the process of instructional design of a multidimensional proposal on climate change intended for upper secondary school students (grade 11th, 12th and 13th). The design principles, the teaching materials and the developed conceptual path are described in chapter 2. The multidimensional conceptual path was implemented in four different teaching experiences and many data were collected in order to keep tuned the many dimensions involved in the study. The contexts of implementation, the role of each one and the data sources properly designed are described in chapter 3. The materials and the data tools were initially validated in a pilot-study which aimed to test and revise both the teaching materials and the data sources (chapter 4). On the basis of the results of this pilot-study, the materials have been reviewed in order to emphasize the epistemological dimension. Specifically, the results led us to make the epistemological fil rouge on the models and modelling stronger and more evident; to revise (in form and content) the lesson on complexity; and to insert specific tools of investigations aimed at indepth investigation of the epistemological dimension. The data collection and data analysis focused initially on the single dimensions (conceptual, behavioural, epistemological) and later on the correlations among them. This strategy implied the development of new and original analytic tools able to bootstrap from the data results related to each dimension, but also analytic techniques that could render the results of each dimension comparable to each other (chapters 5-6-7). As a global result, the analyses highlighted a positive overall trend both on the three dimensions considered individually and with respect to the identification of positive influences and impacts among the different dimensions. Nevertheless, some critical elements emerged from the analyses. As far as the disciplinary dimension is concerned (chapter 5), the conceptual path revealed to be effective in providing a chance i) to resolve the problem of confusing climate change with different environmental phenomena, like the ozone layer depletion and general pollution, and ii) to relate the greenhouse effect to the properties of absorbance, reflectance and transmittance. The analysis, however, revealed the permanence in the students of conceptual difficulties which are well-documented in the research literature, such as i) the difficulty in managing the concept of emission and ii) the confusion between heat and radiation. These two problems are those in which there is the greatest discrepancy between common sense and scientific thinking and, as our other studies on thermodynamics show, they must be addressed indepth from the moment that the basic physics concepts of thermodynamics and electromagnetism are introduced. However, the type of analysis we were able to carry out did not allow us to thoroughly investigate the nature of these unresolved problems. As far as the societal dimension is concerned, the data analyses showed positive behavioural responses in all the teaching experiments. The analysis of the mutual interaction between knowledge and behavioural response (chapter 6) strengthens this result. Moreover, the evolution of a certain type of knowledge and, mainly, the introduction of the epistemological perspective of complexity appeared potentially able to provide students with the cultural tools necessary to rationally navigate through the jungle of ideological/media wars about environmental issues. The epistemological dimension constituted the particularly original feature of this research work (chapter 7). As we said above, this study originated from the conjecture that climate change represents not only a societal and disciplinary but also an epistemological challenge. Scientific debates imply sophisticated epistemological argumentations which refer, more or less implicitly, to a refined way of looking at modelling in climate science. In the light of the results of our analysis, we can assert that, under certain conditions, specific epistemological know-how can positively impact not only productive disciplinary engagement, but also a more personal and authentic involvement in climate change. The decision to keep together the societal and conceptual dimensions, thanks to the epistemological dimension, proved to be a successful choice. It offered the students the opportunity to understand the increasing importance of the role of models and modelling in coping with scientific issues that have direct impact on the social aspects of people's lives (e.g. climate change, earthquakes, nuclear physics, modern physics applied to medical studies). Besides the epistemological dimension, the other element of originality of the research work is the construction of new analytic methodologies constructed to exploit the data and correlations between the different dimensions. These new methods can make, in our opinion, a positive contribution to the current debate on methodology in science education research.
The purpose of this thesis is to define and identify the effects of price discrimination policies on the use and organization of urban public transports. Price discrimination is the possibility to price a service with different level of tariff. At first, we will define the issues around public transport fares, whose complexity is now mitigated by existing smart cards and other payment tools. Then, the spatial dimension of the fare will be given special attention through the study of the relationships between fee structure and spatial morphology of 10 cities around the world. The relationships between urban morphology and pricing will be confirmed. Knowing that usage of public transport are diverse, it is essential to have a good knowledge of users habits. Smard Card data reconstruction provides geographical and statistical information that can be re used for urban planning and for pricing policy. How ?Grand Paris orbital line 15, will be launched in 2020. It is an example of introducing a new metro line inducing significant time savings for commuters. Passengers will be given a real alternative between their usual route and the new one. The new route can offer several advantages: gain of time spent during the trip, gain in terms of number of transfers, comfort gain, security gain, price advantages. This could be an opportunity for an agency to review its fare policy. Our model is based on existing travel flows derived from the itinerary reconstruction from Navigo Smart Card pass. It establishes the principles of a fare grid based on travelers' preferences and current travel patterns. For this research, we used data from public transport pass users in the Paris' Metropolitan area, for one month. Finally, we show that price discrimination is related to "mobility" and not to "public transport". If we consider the mobility needs of the user, pricing is no longer that of "transportation" but a package of services enabling access to different forms of mobility. Therefore it is transport governance that can be a problem. How to federate all mobility stakeholders in France? This dimension is essential for public transport authorities. It is a key success factor for achieving ambitious and sustainable urban planning policies. ; L'objet de cette thèse est de définir et d'identifier les effets des politiques de différenciation tarifaire sur l'usage et l'organisation d'un réseau de transport de voyageur urbain ou interurbain. Par différenciation tarifaire, on entend la capacité à faire payer à l'utilisateur un service à des prix différents, en tenant compte de plusieurs critères que nous définirons : l'usage, la distance parcourue…. La tarification différenciée est également appelée discrimination tarifaire de deuxième niveau dans les pays anglo-saxons. La politique tarifaire d'un réseau de transport public répond à trois objectifs qui sont souvent contradictoires. Le premier est la collecte de la recette et la couverture des coûts, le second est l'orientation des usages sans détériorer la fréquentation. Enfin le troisième présente la politique tarifaire comme un instrument possible de politique urbaine. Quels sont les éléments d'une politique tarifaire qui peuvent avoir une influence sur le comportement des utilisateurs en termes de déplacement sur un territoire ? Est-ce qu'un tarif multimodal va générer plus de déplacements combinés, un meilleur taux de fréquentation ? Peut-on observer des changements de comportements suite à l'introduction de tarifications spécifiques comme les tarifs heures de pointe/heure creuses ? Les moyens de paiement comme les facilités d'accès au service font également partie de la stratégie tarifaire : les cartes prépayées, le post paiement, les cartes à valeur permettant de débiter le prix des trajets en fonction des pratiques sont autant de supports permettant l'accès à des bouquets de services. Des tarifications parfois extrêmement sophistiquées ne sont pas perçues comme telles par les utilisateurs. La première partie a pour objectif de définir les enjeux autour de l'élaboration du tarif et de la différenciation tarifaire. Les mécanismes et les composantes de la différenciation tarifaire seront définis et les travaux déjà réalisés sur les relations entre tarification et usage d'un service seront passés en revue de manière à dégager un état des lieux des pratiques tarifaires existantes et hiérarchiser celles pouvant avoir un impact direct sur l'usage spatial du réseau. Dans une deuxième partie, l'étude portera sur la dimension spatiale du tarif à travers l'étude des relations entre les différentes tarifications à la distance et la morphologie spatiale des territoires considérés. L'efficacité des pratiques tarifaires eu égard aux politiques de planification urbaine sera évaluée à partir d'exemples de villes ayant des formes urbaines de type mono-centrique, polycentrique ou composite. La relation entre tarification et morphologie urbaine sera confirmée. L'objet de la troisième partie est de simuler le comportement des utilisateurs lors de modifications tarifaires à partir des données de fréquentation disponibles grâce aux validations billettiques. Dans un premier temps à partir des données de validations des réseaux urbains et interurbains de Belfort ainsi que du département de l'Oise et de la Drôme, nous montrerons qu'il est possible de faire des analyses ciblées. Puis, à partir des données réelles collectées sur le réseau d'Ile de France, et en se projetant à l'introduction d'une ligne structurante nouvelle comme la ligne 15 du Grand Paris, nous chercherons à simuler l'impact d'une tarification différenciée sur la fréquentation globale des deux réseaux. En utilisant un algorithme de répartition des flux selon un modèle de répartition entre deux itinéraires concurrents, Il s'agira d'explorer une méthode de construction d'une grille tarifaire qui fixerait des niveaux de recette globale tout en orientant les usages sur des objectifs définis : niveau d'utilisation de la nouvelle ligne, tranche horaire, courts et long trajets. Enfin, la quatrième partie s'attache à définir les effets des politiques de mise en œuvre de différenciation tarifaire sous l'angle de la gouvernance tarifaire et de la gouvernance des projets billettiques. Cette dimension est essentielle car méconnue du public et pourtant un facteur clef de succès pour la réalisation de politiques urbaines ambitieuses en matière de report modal et d'aménagement.
The purpose of this thesis is to define and identify the effects of price discrimination policies on the use and organization of urban public transports. Price discrimination is the possibility to price a service with different level of tariff. At first, we will define the issues around public transport fares, whose complexity is now mitigated by existing smart cards and other payment tools. Then, the spatial dimension of the fare will be given special attention through the study of the relationships between fee structure and spatial morphology of 10 cities around the world. The relationships between urban morphology and pricing will be confirmed. Knowing that usage of public transport are diverse, it is essential to have a good knowledge of users habits. Smard Card data reconstruction provides geographical and statistical information that can be re used for urban planning and for pricing policy. How ?Grand Paris orbital line 15, will be launched in 2020. It is an example of introducing a new metro line inducing significant time savings for commuters. Passengers will be given a real alternative between their usual route and the new one. The new route can offer several advantages: gain of time spent during the trip, gain in terms of number of transfers, comfort gain, security gain, price advantages. This could be an opportunity for an agency to review its fare policy. Our model is based on existing travel flows derived from the itinerary reconstruction from Navigo Smart Card pass. It establishes the principles of a fare grid based on travelers' preferences and current travel patterns. For this research, we used data from public transport pass users in the Paris' Metropolitan area, for one month. Finally, we show that price discrimination is related to "mobility" and not to "public transport". If we consider the mobility needs of the user, pricing is no longer that of "transportation" but a package of services enabling access to different forms of mobility. Therefore it is transport governance that can be a problem. How to federate all mobility stakeholders in France? This dimension is essential for public transport authorities. It is a key success factor for achieving ambitious and sustainable urban planning policies. ; L'objet de cette thèse est de définir et d'identifier les effets des politiques de différenciation tarifaire sur l'usage et l'organisation d'un réseau de transport de voyageur urbain ou interurbain. Par différenciation tarifaire, on entend la capacité à faire payer à l'utilisateur un service à des prix différents, en tenant compte de plusieurs critères que nous définirons : l'usage, la distance parcourue…. La tarification différenciée est également appelée discrimination tarifaire de deuxième niveau dans les pays anglo-saxons. La politique tarifaire d'un réseau de transport public répond à trois objectifs qui sont souvent contradictoires. Le premier est la collecte de la recette et la couverture des coûts, le second est l'orientation des usages sans détériorer la fréquentation. Enfin le troisième présente la politique tarifaire comme un instrument possible de politique urbaine. Quels sont les éléments d'une politique tarifaire qui peuvent avoir une influence sur le comportement des utilisateurs en termes de déplacement sur un territoire ? Est-ce qu'un tarif multimodal va générer plus de déplacements combinés, un meilleur taux de fréquentation ? Peut-on observer des changements de comportements suite à l'introduction de tarifications spécifiques comme les tarifs heures de pointe/heure creuses ? Les moyens de paiement comme les facilités d'accès au service font également partie de la stratégie tarifaire : les cartes prépayées, le post paiement, les cartes à valeur permettant de débiter le prix des trajets en fonction des pratiques sont autant de supports permettant l'accès à des bouquets de services. Des tarifications parfois extrêmement sophistiquées ne sont pas perçues comme telles par les utilisateurs. La première partie a pour objectif de définir les enjeux autour de l'élaboration du tarif et de la différenciation tarifaire. Les mécanismes et les composantes de la différenciation tarifaire seront définis et les travaux déjà réalisés sur les relations entre tarification et usage d'un service seront passés en revue de manière à dégager un état des lieux des pratiques tarifaires existantes et hiérarchiser celles pouvant avoir un impact direct sur l'usage spatial du réseau. Dans une deuxième partie, l'étude portera sur la dimension spatiale du tarif à travers l'étude des relations entre les différentes tarifications à la distance et la morphologie spatiale des territoires considérés. L'efficacité des pratiques tarifaires eu égard aux politiques de planification urbaine sera évaluée à partir d'exemples de villes ayant des formes urbaines de type mono-centrique, polycentrique ou composite. La relation entre tarification et morphologie urbaine sera confirmée. L'objet de la troisième partie est de simuler le comportement des utilisateurs lors de modifications tarifaires à partir des données de fréquentation disponibles grâce aux validations billettiques. Dans un premier temps à partir des données de validations des réseaux urbains et interurbains de Belfort ainsi que du département de l'Oise et de la Drôme, nous montrerons qu'il est possible de faire des analyses ciblées. Puis, à partir des données réelles collectées sur le réseau d'Ile de France, et en se projetant à l'introduction d'une ligne structurante nouvelle comme la ligne 15 du Grand Paris, nous chercherons à simuler l'impact d'une tarification différenciée sur la fréquentation globale des deux réseaux. En utilisant un algorithme de répartition des flux selon un modèle de répartition entre deux itinéraires concurrents, Il s'agira d'explorer une méthode de construction d'une grille tarifaire qui fixerait des niveaux de recette globale tout en orientant les usages sur des objectifs définis : niveau d'utilisation de la nouvelle ligne, tranche horaire, courts et long trajets. Enfin, la quatrième partie s'attache à définir les effets des politiques de mise en œuvre de différenciation tarifaire sous l'angle de la gouvernance tarifaire et de la gouvernance des projets billettiques. Cette dimension est essentielle car méconnue du public et pourtant un facteur clef de succès pour la réalisation de politiques urbaines ambitieuses en matière de report modal et d'aménagement.
Die Folgen des Klimawandels, sowie damit einhergehende Verluste und Schäden nehmen weltweit zu. Der damit verbundene globale Anstieg von Treibhausgasemissionen, zunehmende Verstädterung sowie ausufernder Konsum machen die Suche nach Anpassungsstrategien zur Vermeidung schädlicher Auswirkungen gegenwärtig wie zukünftig zu einer erheblichen Herausforderung. Diese erfordert ein tiefgehendes Verständnis der Komplexität vom Klimawandelfolgen für landwirtschaftsbasierte Existenzgrundlagen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es zu einem solchen Verständnis beizutragen. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit fragt daher danach, wie etwaige Umstellungsprozesse die Anpassungsfähigkeit sowie Resilienz der Bewohner_innen von Bagri, einem kleinen Dorf im Norden Ghanas, erweitern. Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertationsschrift basieren auf empirischen Erhebungen, die zwischen Februar und Juli 2017 in Lawra District in Nordghana unter Heranziehung qualitativer Fallstudieninstrumente durchgeführt wurden. Zum Einsatz kamen semi-strukturierte Interviews, Fokusgruppendiskussionen, Umfragen sowie ethnographische teilnehmende Beobachtungen. Die so gewonnenen Daten wurden kodiert und mit SPSS (Version 20) kreuztabellarisch sowie anhand verschiedener Variablen ausgewertet. Außerdem wurden Häufigkeiten interpretiert und die Ergebnisse schließlich in Tabellen, Graphen und Prozentsätzen verarbeitet. Des Weiteren wurden inhaltlichen Analysen der qualitativen Daten vorgenommen, die es erlaubten, Muster und Themen aus den Interviews und Diskussionen weiter zu verfolgen. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Bewohner_innen in der untersuchten Gemeinde über die letzten drei Jahrzehnte eine Reihe klimatischer Veränderungen mit negativen Folgen für die Landwirtschaft erfahren haben. Um sich beispielsweise an die klimawandelbedingte kürzere Dauer der Regenzeit sowie niedrige Niederschlagsmengen anzupassen, greifen Kleinbauern auf schrittweise Anpassungsstrategien wie verbessertes Saatgut und weitere unterstützende Maßnahmen zurück. Paradoxerweise, untergraben Klimawandelextreme derlei Strategien auf mehreren Ebenen und reduzieren Erträge um ein Vielfaches ihres Potenzials, was wiederum finanzieller Verschuldung Vorschub leistet. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen daher, dass die Überwindung nicht-klimatischer Barrieren landwirtschaftlicher Anpassungsstrategien eine notwendige wenn auch nicht ausreichende Bedingung für eine erfolgreiche Umstellung darstellt. Immer neu aufkommende Schwierigkeiten machen Anpassung zu einem langfristigen Prozess. Eine zweite Erkenntnis dieser Arbeit ist, dass die sich wandelnden klimatischen Verhältnisse zu einer Diversifizierung der Lebensgrundlagen weg von landwirtschaftlicher Produktion hin zu Aktivitäten jenseits der Höfe in Bagri geführt haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Prozess der Diversifizierung abhängig ist von der Einbindung der Haushalte in Gruppenaktivitäten sowie in formelle und informelle Netzwerke. Zusammenfassend gilt, dass Haushalte, die engmaschig in soziale Netze eingebettet sind eine höhere Resilienz gegenüber wahrgenommenen klimatischen Veränderungen aufweisen. Dies liegt darin begründet, dass sie zumeist über einen besseren Zugang zu kritischen – materiellen wie immateriellen – Ressourcen verfügen, welche Diversifizierung maßgeblich ermöglichen. Zudem deuten die Befunde an, wie Gruppenaktivitäten und soziale Netzwerke Marginalisierung und widersprüchlichen Ressourcenumgang befeuern können, die zugleich die Gefahr bergen, soziale und ökologische Resilienz im Dorf zu verringern. Darüber hinaus zeigt diese Arbeit die Mechanismen kollaborativer Anpassungssteuerung auf, indem sie den Fragen nachgeht, warum und wie diese Steuerungsformen Anpassungsfähigkeit befördern. Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf die Beziehungsdynamiken zwischen den relevanten Akteuren sowie Nutzen und Misserfolge und die Herausforderungen nachhaltiger kollaborativer Anpassungsstrategien in Nordghana. Ergänzend, stellt diese Studie heraus, wie machtvolle Akteure Agenden setzen, Problematisierungen generieren sowie Regeln und Anreize schaffen, die im Widerspruch zu den normativen Grundsätzen der kollaborativen Anpassungstheorie stehen können. Ausgehend von der Fallstudie in Nordghana stellt diese Arbeit auch Überlegungen dazu an, wie kollaborative Anpassungssteuerung erfolgreichen Umgang mit klimawandelbedingten Veränderungen weltweit befördern kann. Zusammenfassend, leistet diese Arbeit einen Beitrag zur Schließung theoretischer wie empirischer Wissenslücken im wachsenden Bereich der Forschung zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Sie illustriert darüber hinaus den unschätzbaren Wert qualitativer Fallstudien und zeigt auf, wie diese einen Beitrag leisten können zu oftmals abstrakten und schwer fassbaren Themen in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion und damit ein Fundament für informierte politische Entscheidungen sowohl auf lokaler als auch globaler Ebene legen. ; Climate change impacts, related losses and damages are increasing globally. When these consequences are coupled with increasing global greenhouse gas emission, urban expansion and unsustainable consumption, the pursuit of adaptation to avoid adverse outcomes is a present necessity and a significant future challenge. The overarching aim of this doctoral dissertation is to gain a better understanding of the complexity of climate change impacts on agricultural livelihoods and how adaptation processes enhance adaptive capacity and resilience in Bagri, a small village in northern Ghana. The results presented in this doctoral thesis are based on empirical data obtained between February and July, 2017 in the Lawra District of northern Ghana using qualitative case study research methods: semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, survey and ethnographic participant observation. Data from the survey were coded and inputted into Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20 and cross tabulation and analysis of different variables and interpretation of frequencies were done and processed into tables, graphs and percentages. Content analyses of qualitative data were done which allowed patterns and themes in interviews and discussions to be derived and interpreted. The findings show that, people in the studied community have experienced a range of climatic changes with negative impacts on agriculture in the last three decades. In order to adapt to the short duration of the rainy season and low rainfall amounts associated with climate change, smallholder farmers use incremental adaptation strategies such as improved crop varieties and other support strategies. Paradoxically, however, climate change extremes (CCEs) undermined these strategies in several instances, causing crop yields to fall short of their actual potential leading to financial indebtedness. The results therefore, showcase that surmounting non-climatic barriers to the uptake of agricultural adaptation strategies is a necessary but not sufficient condition to achieving successful outcomes, as new barriers in the adaptation process beyond uptake are constantly emerging with CCEs being one example. Secondly, the findings show that climatic changes have necessitated livelihood diversification away from crop production and into off-farm and non-farm activities in Bagri. The results highlight how the process of diversification is dependent on household participation in various group activities and formal and informal social networks. Generally, households in dense social networks were found to be more resilient to perceived climate changes because they had access to the critical resources (material and non-material) essential for diversification. Importantly, the findings shed light on how group activities and social networks can create marginalization and conflicting resource use with the potential of undermining social and ecological resilience in the village. Moreover, this dissertation explores the mechanics of collaborative adaptation governance (CAG) addressing questions of why and how this mode of governance facilitates adaptive capacity. The findings illuminate stakeholder relational dynamics, benefits and failures, and the sustainability challenge of collaborative adaptation governance (CAG) in northern Ghana. More importantly, this study unveils how powerful actors set the agenda, frame problems, and implement rules and incentives contrary to the normative tenets of collaborative governance theory. Ultimately, the results highlights the failures, successes and sustainability challenges of CAG in northern Ghana, while also providing insight into the extent to which CAG approaches can facilitate adaptation to climate change globally. In conclusion, this doctoral dissertation responds to both theoretical and emperical knowledge gaps in the burgeoning climate change adaptation research, and illustrates how invaluable, qualitative case studies can contribute to illuminate some of the elusive themes in the literature and provide evidence for policy making at both local and global levels.
En los procesos de desarrollo territorial sustentable se requiere no sólo del compromiso y trabajo conjunto entre el poder público y el sector productivo, sino también del involucramiento de la comunidad residente. Sin embargo, cuando estos procesos de desarrollo se inscriben en el campo turístico, el rol de esta comunidad adquiere una relevancia mayor dada la complejidad que posee el fenómeno del turismo. En este sentido, se entiende que el compromiso de la población local en el proceso de desarrollo turístico debe ir más allá de la concientización sobre la importancia del turismo, debiéndose considerar también su capacidad relativa para incidir en la toma de decisiones y la construcción de políticas públicas vinculadas al turismo. Desde esta perspectiva, se llevó a cabo el proyecto de investigación "Comunidad residente y turismo local: hacia la evaluación integral de la gobernanza turística en Mar del Plata", el cual planteaba, como uno de sus objetivos particulares, analizar las percepciones que los actores organizacionales públicos y privados, y la comunidad residente tienen en relación a la participación, la equidad de los procesos consultivos, la rendición de cuentas y capacidad de respuesta, en lo que al turismo local se refiere. En línea con este estudio, la presente ponencia busca analizar la información, las opiniones y las actitudes que estos actores organizacionales públicos y privados tienen respecto del papel de la comunidad residente en relación al turismo y a la gobernanza turística local. Para ello, se emplea una estrategia metodológica basada en un estudio de tipo descriptivo e interpretativo, desde un enfoque cualitativo. Así, se procura analizar los puntos de vista que los actores organizacionales públicos y privados vinculados al turismo local tienen acerca de la comunidad residente, a través de la consideración, descripción y análisis de sus palabras. Este abordaje permite la indagación de su subjetividad expresada en conocimientos, opiniones y actitudes en torno a: la comunidad residente y ésta en relación al turismo; su papel en la solución de problemas; la vinculación que se establece entre ésta y los actores organizacionales; su participación; su consideración en la equidad de los procesos consultivos y en la capacidad de respuesta. Se emplean como fuentes secundarias las entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicadas a una muestra intencional de actores organizacionales, realizadas en el marco de los proyectos de investigación "Capital social y desarrollo local. Diagnóstico sobre el sector turístico marplatense para la implementación de estrategias de reconversión" (2009-2010) y "Gobernanza Turística y Desarrollo Local: Mar del Plata frente a estrategias de reconversión incluyente" (2011-2012), llevados a cabo también por el Grupo Turismo y Sociedad. Entre los principales resultados se destaca una visión sobre la comunidad residente de Mar del Plata orientada fundamentalmente a su contacto con el turista, priorizándose su rol de anfitriona y prestadora de servicios. Estas percepciones de los actores organizacionales públicos y privados evidencian la visión de una comunidad local con escaso nivel de involucramiento en los procesos de toma de decisión vinculados al turismo. ; The process of sustainable territorial development it requires not only the commitment and partnership between public power and productive, but also the involvement of the resident community sector. However, when these development processes are inscribed in the tourism field, the role of the community becomes more relevant given the complexity of the phenomenon. In this sense, it is understood that the commitment of local people in the process of tourism development must go beyond awareness of the importance of tourism, having to also to consider their relative ability to influence in the decision-making process and the building of policies linked to tourism. From this perspective the project "Comunidad residente y turismo local: hacia la evaluación integral de la gobernanza turística en Mar del Plata" was held. It intended to analyze the perceptions that the public and private organizational actors, and the community had concerning participation, equity in consultative processes and the capacity of response of the local government. Considering the purpose of the research project, this paper seeks to analyze the information, opinions and attitudes that these organizational actors have about the role of the resident community in relation to tourism and the local tourism governance. To do this, a methodology based in a descriptive and interpretative study from a qualitative approach was designed. Considering this, in this case it is intended to analyze the views that public and private organizational actors involved in local tourism have about the resident community, through the consideration, description and analysis of thier speech. This approach allows the investigation of subjectivity expressed in knowledge, opinions and attitudes around: the resident community and its relation with tourism; its role in solving problems; the link that exists between it and the organizational actors; their participation; equity in the consultative processes and capacity of response. Semi-structured interviews applied to a sample of organizational actors, conducted within the framework of the research projects "Capital social y desarrollo local. Diagnóstico sobre el sector turístico marplatense para la implementación de estrategias de reconversión" (2009-2010) and "Gobernanza Turística y Desarrollo Local: Mar del Plata frente a estrategias de reconversión incluyente" (2011-2012) are used as secondary sources. Among the major findings it is possible to highlight a vision of the resident community of Mar del Plata oriented to contact with tourists, prioritizing their role as hostess and service provider. These perceptions of public and private organizational actors demonstrate the vision of a local community with low level of involvement in the decision making process related to tourism. ; Fil: Castellucci, Daniela I. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina. ; Fil: Corbo, Yanina A. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina. ; Fil: Cruz, Gonzalo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina.
Städte sehen sich in der Entwicklung ihres Einzelhandelsangebots zunehmend Konkurrenzsituationen zwischen traditionellen Innenstadt- und neu entstehenden Stadtrandlagen ausgesetzt, die einerseits die gestiegenen Flächen- und Produktivitätsansprüche der Unternehmen eher erfüllen, während andererseits Bürger, Politik und etablierter Handel ein Aussterben der Innenstädte befürchten. Die Konsequenzen planerischer Entscheidungen in dieser Hinsicht abzuschätzen, wird zunehmend komplexer. Dafür sind ebenso eine stärkere Individualisierung des Konsumverhaltens verantwortlich, wie eine gestiegene Sensibilität gegenüber Verkehrs- und Emissionsbelastungen. Modellierungen und Simulationen können einen Beitrag zu fundierter Entscheidungsfindung leisten, indem sie durch Prognosen von Szenarien mit unterschiedlichen Rahmenbedingungen solche Auswirkungen aufzeigen. In der Vergangenheit wurden Kaufkraftströme durch Modelle abgebildet, die auf aggregierten Ausgangsdaten und Analogieschlüssen zu Naturgesetzen oder nutzentheoretischen Annahmen beruhten. In dieser Arbeit wird dafür erstmals ein agentenbasierter Ansatz angewendet, da sich so individuelle Ausdifferenzierungen des Konsumentenhandelns wesentlich leichter integrieren und Ergebnisse anschaulicher präsentieren lassen. Dieses Konzept kann in den Sozialwissenschaften als Modellierungsparadigma genutzt werden, insofern als dass sie der Idee der Selbstorganisation von Gesellschaften recht nahe kommt. Insbesondere zeichnen sich Multiagentensysteme durch eine dezentrale Kontrolle und Datenvorhaltung aus, die es darüber hinaus ermöglichen, auch komplexe Systeme von Entscheidungsprozessen mit wenigen Spezifikationen darzustellen. Damit begegnet der Agentenansatz vielen Einwänden gegen Analogie- und Entscheidungsmodelle. Durch die konsequente Einnahme einer individuenbezogenen Sichtweise ist die individuelle Ausdifferenzierung von Entscheidungsprozessen viel eher abbildbar. Für das Forschungsprojekt konnten für einen Untersuchungsraum in Nordschweden (Funktionalregion Umea) individuenbezogene Einwohnerdaten verfügbar gemacht werden. Diese enthielten u.a. Lagekoordinaten des Wohn- und Arbeitsorts, Alter, Geschlecht, verfügbares Einkommen und Angaben zur Haushaltsstruktur. Verbunden mit Erkenntnissen aus empirischen Untersuchungen (Konsumentenbefragung, Geschäftskartierung) stellten sie die Eingabegrößen für ein agentenbasiertes Modell der Einkaufsstättenwahl bei der Lebensmittelversorgung dar. Die Konsumentenbefragung stellte regressionsanalytische Abhängigkeiten zwischen sozioökonomischen Daten und Konsumpräferenzen bezüglich einzelner Geschäftsattribute (Preisniveau, Produktqualität, Sortimentsbreite, Service etc.) her, die gleichen Attribute wurden für die Geschäfte erhoben. Somit können Kaufkraftströme zwischen Einzelelementen der Nachfrage (individuelle Konsumenten) und des Angebots (einzelne Geschäftsstandorte) als individuell variierende Bewertung der Geschäfte durch die Agenten dargestellt werden. Da auf der Angebotsseite die Umsätze der Geschäfte ebenso bekannt sind, können die Summen der von den Agenten dort allozierten Kaufkraftbeträge mit denselbigen verglichen werden. Dies erlaubt die Quantifizierung einer Schätzgüte für die Geschäftsumsätze mittels eines Gütemaßes. Für die Geschäfte der gesamten Region konnten Gütemaßwerte bis 0,7 erreicht werden, für einzelne Betriebsformate auch über 0,9. Dies zeigt, dass auch bei der Verwendung individuenbezogener Modelle, die mit einer deutlich höheren Anzahl Freiheitsgraden behaftet sind als ihre aggregierten Gegenstücke, hohe Prognosequalitäten für Umsatzschätzungen von Standorten erreicht werden können. Gleichzeitig bietet der Agentenansatz die Möglichkeit, einzelne Simulationsobjekte bei ihrer Entscheidungsfindung und ihren Aktivitäten zu verfolgen. Dabei konnten ebenfalls plausible Einkaufsmuster abgebildet werden. Da die Distanz vom Wohn- bzw. Arbeitsort zum Geschäft Bestandteil des Modells ist, können auch die von den Einwohnern zum Zweck der Grundversorgung zu leistenden Distanzaufwände in verschiedenen Angebotssituationen analysiert werden. An agentenbasierte Simulationen werden in den Sozialwissenschaften große Erwartungen geknüpft, da sie erstmals ermöglichen, gesellschaftliche Phänomene auf der Ebene ihres Zustandekommens, dem Individuum, zu erfassen, sowie komplexe mentale Vorgänge des Handelns, Lernens und Kommunizierens auf einfache Weise in ein Modell zu integrieren. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde im Bereich der Konsumentenforschung erstmals ein solcher Ansatz auf regionaler Ebene angewendet, um zu planungsrelevanten Aussagen zu gelangen. In Kombination mit anderen Anwendungen im Bereich der Bevölkerungsprognose, des Verkehrs und der innerstädtischen Migration haben Agentensimulationen alle Voraussetzungen zu einem zukunftsweisenden Paradigma für die Raum- und Fachplanung. ; Concerning the development of their retail location structures, urban areas are increasingly faced with situations of competition between traditional inner-city and spontaneously emerging suburban forms of outlets, which can on one hand rather satisfy augmented demands on sales areas and productivity of retailers, while on the other hand citizens, politicians and established retailers fear the "death of the centre". To evaluate the consequences of planning decisions in that respect is gaining in complexity; this can be ascribed to a strong individualisation of consumption habits as well as an enhanced sensitivity towards exposure to emissions from traffic and land consumption. Social simulations can contribute to such decisions as they are able to demonstrate the implications thereof by undertaking prognoses in different planning frameworks and scenarios. In the past, estimations of buying power flows between elements of demand and supply have been modelled from aggregate input data utilising approaches characterized by analogies to laws from physical sciences or utility maximizing assumptions. This contribution is the first to use an agent-based approach, since it is capable of integrating individually differentiated variations of consumer behaviour and results can be depicted more effectively. This concept can be used as a modelling paradigm in the social sciences in so far as it reflects the idea of self-organization of human societies. Multi agent simulations are characterized by a distributed control and organisation of data enabling the representation of complex decision processes with a small number of specifications. With these features, agent-based approaches address many of the objections against analogy and choice models. The strictly individual viewpoint allows for a much better representation of individually variations of decision processes. For this research project, individual population data for a study area in Northern Sweden (functional region of Umea) were obtained. They included figures on age, sex, disposable income, coordinates of dwelling and workplace, and household structure for every individual in the region. Combined with empirical results from consumer and store surveys they constituted the data base for an agent-based model of store choice in grocery retailing. The consumer survey contributed regression analyses for individual preferences for store attributes such as price, size of assortment, quality of products, service, etc., dependant on socio-demographic characteristics of the sample. The same attributes were observed for the stores. Hence, the buying power flows between single elements of the demand side (individual consumers) and single elements of the supply side (individual stores) can be specified as individually varying evaluations of choice alternatives, by which the agents will distribute their buying power among the stores. By comparing the sums of buying power collected at the stores with their turnovers, a measure for the quality of the turnover estimation can be given. For all shops in the region, values of 0.7 for R(2) were achieved, for some store formats even up to 0.9. This demonstrates how individual decision based models of buying power allocation despite their fairly large number of degrees of freedom are suitable for turnover estimation and forecasts of individual stores. Simultaneously, the simulation objects, i.e. the individual agents can be observed on performing their shopping trips to ensure plausible results on the micro level as well. Since the distance between the places of dwelling and work and the location of the shop is part of the model, changes in transportation demand in different spatial structures of retail outlets can be analysed. Agent-based simulations are raising high expectations in the social sciences, as they are the first to allow to capture social phenomena on the level of their emergence, the individual, as well as to integrate complex cognitive processes such as motivations, learning and com-munication into such models. This study is the first to apply an agent-based approach in con-sumption research on a regional level in order to support planning decisions in a regional and urban context. Combined with further applications in the areas of population prognosis, transportation and intra-regional migration, social simulations are a promising tool for future challenges in regional and urban planning.
Children, and space : multidisciplinary approaches to identity childhood / Margarita Sánchez Romero, Eva Alarcón García and Gonzalo Aranda Jiménez -- Steps to children's living spaces / Grete Lillehammer -- Complexity,CooperationandChildhood : An Evolutionary Perspective / Juan Manuel Jiménez-Arenas -- Children as potters : apprenticeship patterns from Bell Beaker pottery of Copper Age Inner Iberia (Spain) (c. 2500-2000 cal BC) / Rafael Garrido-Pena and Ana Mercedes Herrero-Corral -- Social Relations between adulthood and childhood in the Early Bronze Age site of Peñalosa (Baños de la Encina, Jaen, Spain) / Eva Alarcón García -- Gender and childhood in the II Iron Age : the pottery centreof Las Cogotas (Ávila, Spain) / Juan Jesús Padilla Fernández and Linda Chapon -- "Playing with mud" : an ethnoarchaeological approach to childhood learning of pottery making in northeast Ghana / Manuel Calvo, Jaume García Rosselló, David Javaloyas and Daniel Albero Contents -- Infantile Individuals: the Great Forgotten of Ancient Mining and Metallurgical Production / Luis Arboledas Martínez and Eva Alarcón García -- Learning to be adults : games and childhood on the outskirts of the big city (San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina) / Daniel Schavelzon -- Disabled Children and Domestic Living Spaces in Britain, 1800-1900 / Mary Clare Martin -- La evolución de los espacios de aprendizaje de la infancia a través de los modelos pedagógicos / Victoria Carmona Buendía and Elisa Valero Ramos -- Montessori y el ambiente preparado: un espacio de aprendizaje para los niños / Fátima Ortega Castillo -- Didactics of childhood : the case study of prehistory / Antonia García Luque -- Once upon a time : Childhood and archeology from the perspective of Spanish museums / Isabel Izquierdo Peraile, Clara López Ruiz and Lourdes Prados Torreira -- Home to Mother : the Long Journey to not Lose one's own Identity / Angela Anna Iuliucci -- Use of Molecular Genetic Procedures for Sex determination in Guanches' Children's Remains / Matilde Arnay, Alejandra Calderón Ordóñez, Rosa Fregel, Guacimara Ramos, Emilio González and José Pestano -- Salud y crecimiento en la Edad del Cobre : Un estudio preliminar de los individuos subadultos de Camino del Molino (Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia, España) : Un sepulcro colectivo del III Milenio cal. BC/ Susana Mendiela, Carme Rissech, María Haber and Daniel Turbón -- Infant Burials during the Copper and Bronze Ages in the Iberian Jarama River Valley : a preliminary study about childhood in the funerary context during III-II millennium BC / Raquel Aliaga Almela, Corina Liesau, Concepción Blasco, Patricia Ríos and Lorenzo Galindo -- Premature Death in the Vaccean Aristocracy at Pintia (Padilla de Duero/Peñafiel, Valladolid) : Comparative Study of the Funerary Rituals of two Little "princesses" / Carlos Sanz Minguez -- Dying young in Archaic Gela (Sicily) : from the Analysis of the Cemeteries to the Reconstruction of early colonial Identity / Claudia Lambrugo -- Maternidad e inhumaciones perinatales en el vicus romanorrepublicano de el Camp de les Lloses (tona, Barcelona) : lecturas y significados / Montserrat Duran i Caixal, Imma Mestres i Santacreu and M. Dolors Molas Font -- Children and funerary space : Ritual behaviours in the Greek colonies of Magna Graecia and Sicily / Diego Elia and Valeria Meirano -- Children and their burial practices in the early medieval cemeteries of Castel trosino and Nocera Umbra (Italy) / Valentina de Pasca -- La cultura lúdica en los rituales funerarios infantiles : los juegos de velorio / Jaume Bantulà Janot and Andrés Payà Rico -- Compartir la experiencia de la muerte : El niño muerto y el niño enfrentado a la muerte / Virginia de la Cruz Lichet
The significance of crisis and risk communication / Robert L. Heath and H. Dan O'Hair -- Historical trends of risk and crisis communication / Michael J. Palenchar -- Cultural theory and risk / James Tansey and Steve Rayner -- Risk communication: insights and requirements for designing successful communication programs on health and environmental hazards / Ortwin Renn -- Conceptualizing crisis communication / W. Timothy Coombs -- The precautionary principle and risk communication / Steve Maguire and Jaye Ellis -- Strategies for overcoming challenges to effective risk communication / Vincent T. Covello -- Risk communication education for local emergency managers: using the CAUSE model for research, education, and outreach / Katherine E. Rowan [and others] -- Risk and social dramaturgy / Ingar Palmlund -- Myths and maxims of risk and crisis communication / Peter A. Andersen and Brian H. Spitzberg -- The ecological perspective and other ways to (re)consider cultural factors in risk communication / Linda Aldoory -- Science literacy and risk analysis: relationship to the postmodernist critique, conservative Christian activists, and professional obfuscators / Michael Ryan -- Influence theories: rhetorical, persuasion, and informational / Jeffrey K. Springston, Elizabeth Johnson Avery, and Lynne M. Sallot -- Raising the alarm and calming fears: perceived threat and efficacy during risk and crisis / Anthony J. Roberto, Catherine E. Goodall, and Kim Witte -- Post-crisis communication and renewal: understanding the potential for positive outcomes in crisis communication / Robert R. Ulmer, Timothy L. Sellnow, and Matthew W. Seeger -- Risk communication by organizations: the back story / Caron Chess and Branden Johnson -- Ethical responsibility and guidelines for managing issues of risk and risk communication / Shannon A. Bowen -- Linking public participation and decision making through risk communication / Katherine A. McComas, Joseph Arvai, and John C. Besley -- Warming warnings: global challenges of risk and crisis communication / David McKie and Christopher Galloway -- Risk, crisis, and mediated communication / Kurt Neuwirth -- Crises and risk in cyberspace / Kirk Hallahan -- Virtual risk: the role of new media in violent and nonviolent ideological groups / Matthew T. Allen [and others] -- Community building through risk communication infrastructures / Robert L. Heath, Michael J. Palenchar, and H. Dan O'Hair -- Crisis and emergency risk communication in health contexts: applying the CDC model to pandemic influenza / Matthew W. Seeger, Barbara Reynolds, and Timothy L. Sellnow -- How people think about cancer: a mental models approach / Julie S. Downs [and others] -- Killing and other campus violence: restorative enrichment of risk and crisis communication / Cindi Atkinson, Courtney Vaughn, and Jami VanCamp -- Denial, differentiation, and apology: on the use of apologia in crisis management / Keith Michael Hearit and Kasie Mitchell Roberson -- Risk communication and biotechnology: a discourse perspective / Shirley Leitch and Judy Motion / Precautionary principle and biotechnology: regulators are from Mars and activists are from Venus / Stephanie Proutheau and Robert L. Heath -- Environmental risk communication: responding to challenges of complexity and uncertainty / Tarla Rai Peterson and Jessica Leigh Thompson -- Knowing terror: on the epistemology and rhetoric of risk / Kevin J. Ayotte, Daniel Rex Bernard, and H. Dan O'Hair -- Magnifying risk and crisis: the influence of communication technology on contemporary global terrorism / Michael D. Bruce and H. Dan O'Hair -- Opportunity knocks: putting communication research into the travel and tourism risk and crisis literature / Lynne M. Sallot, Elizabeth Johnson Avery, and Jeffrey K. Springston
Aim of work. Consideration the participation of the Cherkasy region natives in the national liberation fight of 1917–1921 is perceived as a part of the integral phenomenon of building an independent state. The aim is to investigate through the biographies and participation in the battles of Generals Bazylskyi, Vovk, Zahrodskyi and Tiutiunyk, led by them military units in the context of integral state-building process.The biographical aspect revealed the qualities of leaders, formed by various factors: domestic, social, educational, high-school factor, official, interpersonal, and so on.The activity aspect is realized through the choice of the hypostasis of a soldier, the achievement and realization of which everyone has done in their own way. Methodology. A Research of the personal and military destinies of soldiers is carried out through the use of general scientific, historical and interdisciplinary methods. They are based on the such principles: historical authenticity, objectivity, system, complexity, scientific character, comprehensiveness and multifactoriality. Scientific newness. For the first time it was studied through the biographical-activity aspect of the Cherkasy region natives formation as soldiers, common and different in education, education as a necessary prerequisite for the conscious choice of further path. The important stage of life is perceive their beginning of service in an army, she convinced youths of rightness choice. At the same time, it was possible to obtain the first officer rank in another way and start service in a new capacity. World War I completed training. It is stated that the socio-political situation as a consequence of the war, understanding of its purpose and goals contributed to the transition to the Ukraine service. It is marked that their commanders service contributed to the successful fight against enemies… Conclusion. The participation of Generals Bazylskyi, Vovk, Zahrodskyi, and Tiutiunnyk in the national liberation fight is the result of the positive interaction of a number of factors considered through the biographical-activity aspect. It was they who formed the qualities of highly professional soldiers. The generals led significant military units of the Ukrainian People's Republic Army, achieved victories, but it is important to notice that Ukrainian Army always had enough enemies and a lack of allies. Apparently, for these and other reasons, the army was in internment camps in Poland and Romania. Keywords: Bazylskyi, Vovk, Zahrodskyi, Tiutiunnyk, fight, the Ukrainian People's Republic Army, honor, Ukraine. ; У статті розглянуто участь уродженців Черкащини у національно-визвольній боротьбі 1917–1921 рр. як частину цілісного явища будівництва незалежної держави. За мету поставлено дослідити через біографії й участь у боях генералів Базильського, Вовка, Загродського та Тютюнника, очолюваних ними військових з'єднань у контексті цілісного державотворчого процесу. Біографічний аспект виявив якості очільників, сформовані різними чинниками: родинними, суспільними, освітніми, вишкільними, службовими, міжособистісними тощо. Діяльнісний аспект реалізовано через вибір іпостасі вояка, досягнення й реалізацію якої кожен здійснив своїм шляхом. Участь генералів Базильського, Вовка, Загродського і Тютюнника у національно-визвольній боротьбі стала результатом позитивної взаємодії суми факторів, розглянутих через біографо-діяльнісний аспект. Саме вони сформували якості високопрофесійних вояків. Генерали очолювали значні військові з'єднання Армії УНР, досягали перемог, але варто зауважити, що ворогів українській армії завжди вистачало, бракувало союзників. Очевидно, з цих та інших причин армія зазнала перебування в таборах інтернованих у Польщі, Румунії. Ключові слова: Базильський, Вовк, Загродський, Тютюнник, боротьба, Армія УНР, честь, Україна
The paper analyzes the trends of entrepreneurship in Ukraine during 2010-2020. Qualitative indicators are given to calculate the level of entrepreneurship development, in particular the value of gross domestic product, dynamics of change and indices of physical volume of gross domestic product, value of gross domestic product per capita, dynamics of change and indices of physical volume of gross domestic product per capita people. It is concluded that the current state and trends of entrepreneurship in Ukraine do not meet the potential of the state, do not ensure the proper level of well-being of society as a whole and each member of society. One of the reasons for this situation is the constant falling of domestic entrepreneurs into the so-called institutional traps. It is concluded that the institutional transformations that took place in Ukraine during all the years of independence failed to take into account the complexity of Ukraine's transition to a market path of development and therefore led to a large number of institutional traps that hinder entrepreneurship. In particular, such institutional traps as the dependence of Ukraine's economic development on the country's previous development trajectory have been identified and carefully analyzed; imperfection of the created legal system; the absence in many cases of an "effective" owner who could competently conduct economic activities, bring the state significant income in terms of taxes, etc .; the presence in Ukraine of a huge transactional sector of the economy; the country's legislature and executive ignored much of the advice of institutionalists, who believed that economic reforms could not weaken social role of the state, it is impossible to carry out incompatible measures at the same time, and it is possible to copy foreign experience of carrying out reforms only when these countries are at approximately the same level of development with our country. It is concluded that in order to prevent domestic entrepreneurship from falling into institutional traps, the state needs to plan from the very beginning the gradual dismantling of an outdated institution (system of rules of conduct or so-called "game" rules) and its replacement with a new one that would meet new, market business conditions. ; В роботі проаналізовано тенденції розвитку підприємництва в Україні протягом 2010-2020 років. Наведено та розраховано якісні показники, якими можна оцінити рівень розвитку підприємництва, зокрема величину валового внутрішнього продукту, динаміку зміни та індекси фізичного обсягу валового внутрішнього продукту, величину валового внутрішнього продукту на душу населення, динаміку зміни та індекси фізичного обсягу валового внутрішнього продукту в розрахунку на душу населення. Зроблено висновок, що сучасний стан та тенденції розвитку підприємництва в Україні не відповідають потенційним можливостям держави, не забезпечують на належному рівні добробут як суспільства загалом, так і кожного члена цього суспільства. Однією із причин такого становища є постійне потрапляння вітчизняного підприємництва у так звані інституційні пастки. Зроблено висновок, що інституційні перетворення, які проводилися в Україні протягом всіх років незалежності, не змогли врахувати всю складність переведення України на ринковий шлях розвитку і тому спричинили появу великої кількості інституційних пасток, які гальмують розвиток підприємництва. Дано характеристику основних інституційних пасток, в які потрапило вітчизняне підприємництво. Зроблено висновок, що для запобігання потрапляння підприємців в інституційні пастки, потрібно із самого початку планувати поступовий демонтаж застарілого інституту (системи правил поведінки людей) і його заміну на новий, який би відповідав новим умовам господарювання.
Aim of work. Consideration the participation of the Cherkasy region natives in the national liberation fight of 1917–1921 is perceived as a part of the integral phenomenon of building an independent state. The aim is to investigate through the biographies and participation in the battles of Generals Bazylskyi, Vovk, Zahrodskyi and Tiutiunyk, led by them military units in the context of integral state-building process.The biographical aspect revealed the qualities of leaders, formed by various factors: domestic, social, educational, high-school factor, official, interpersonal, and so on.The activity aspect is realized through the choice of the hypostasis of a soldier, the achievement and realization of which everyone has done in their own way. Methodology. A Research of the personal and military destinies of soldiers is carried out through the use of general scientific, historical and interdisciplinary methods. They are based on the such principles: historical authenticity, objectivity, system, complexity, scientific character, comprehensiveness and multifactoriality. Scientific newness. For the first time it was studied through the biographical-activity aspect of the Cherkasy region natives formation as soldiers, common and different in education, education as a necessary prerequisite for the conscious choice of further path. The important stage of life is perceive their beginning of service in an army, she convinced youths of rightness choice. At the same time, it was possible to obtain the first officer rank in another way and start service in a new capacity. World War I completed training. It is stated that the socio-political situation as a consequence of the war, understanding of its purpose and goals contributed to the transition to the Ukraine service. It is marked that their commanders service contributed to the successful fight against enemies… Conclusion. The participation of Generals Bazylskyi, Vovk, Zahrodskyi, and Tiutiunnyk in the national liberation fight is the result of the positive interaction of a number of factors considered through the biographical-activity aspect. It was they who formed the qualities of highly professional soldiers. The generals led significant military units of the Ukrainian People's Republic Army, achieved victories, but it is important to notice that Ukrainian Army always had enough enemies and a lack of allies. Apparently, for these and other reasons, the army was in internment camps in Poland and Romania. Keywords: Bazylskyi, Vovk, Zahrodskyi, Tiutiunnyk, fight, the Ukrainian People's Republic Army, honor, Ukraine. ; У статті розглянуто участь уродженців Черкащини у національно-визвольній боротьбі 1917–1921 рр. як частину цілісного явища будівництва незалежної держави. За мету поставлено дослідити через біографії й участь у боях генералів Базильського, Вовка, Загродського та Тютюнника, очолюваних ними військових з'єднань у контексті цілісного державотворчого процесу. Біографічний аспект виявив якості очільників, сформовані різними чинниками: родинними, суспільними, освітніми, вишкільними, службовими, міжособистісними тощо. Діяльнісний аспект реалізовано через вибір іпостасі вояка, досягнення й реалізацію якої кожен здійснив своїм шляхом. Участь генералів Базильського, Вовка, Загродського і Тютюнника у національно-визвольній боротьбі стала результатом позитивної взаємодії суми факторів, розглянутих через біографо-діяльнісний аспект. Саме вони сформували якості високопрофесійних вояків. Генерали очолювали значні військові з'єднання Армії УНР, досягали перемог, але варто зауважити, що ворогів українській армії завжди вистачало, бракувало союзників. Очевидно, з цих та інших причин армія зазнала перебування в таборах інтернованих у Польщі, Румунії. Ключові слова: Базильський, Вовк, Загродський, Тютюнник, боротьба, Армія УНР, честь, Україна
