Health risk assessments on potential pathogens in land-applied biosolids: concepts and analysis considerations

Approximately 3.4 million tons of biosolids, dry weight, are land-applied annually to farms, forests, rangelands, mine lands, and other land use types. Biosolids are defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as ""the primarily organic solid product yielded by municipal wastewater treatment processes that can be beneficially recycled"" as soil amendments. Concerns for potential human health effects from land-applied biosolids can be addressed through the conduct of a risk assessment. This book focuses on the systematic planning step (a ""problem formulation"" defining the major