Open Access BASE2022

The asymmetric impact of war. Resilience, vulnerability and implications for EU policy

Celi, Giuseppe; Guarascio, Dario; Reljic, Jelena; Simonazzi, Annamaria; Zezza, Francesco

Open Access

Abstract

In 2019, over 96% of EU27 oil needs, nearly 90% of natural gas and over 43% of solid fuels were met by net imports, with the largest share coming from Russia (35% of oil, 40% of natural gas and 20% of solid fuels consumed in EU27). The decline in the share of oil since 2016 was more than off-set by the increase in gas and solid fuels.

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