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Abstract
The idea of human dignity is an ancient one. It has been the object of reflection with different approaches, during the various periods in the history of philosophical, theological, and ethical thought. This essay focuses on the most relevant approaches to the idea of human dignity in this cultural evolution, proposing a look at the ontological paradigm and its limits, the ethical paradigm and its values, and the theological paradigm and its resources. An anthropological reading concludes this essay, bringing out the relational value of the idea of human dignity. Based on this particular focus, the idea of human dignity assumes a form of critical thinking that makes us sensitive to the real inequalities between human beings and opens the possibility of ethical and political practices of recognition and emancipation.

ABSTRACT
The delivery of accounting higher education in Australia has been heavily dependent on casual academic staff in light of increased enrolments of national and international students. Although research to date has emphasized the demanding aspects of casual teaching and the need for improvements to the working conditions of casual academics, little is known about casual academics lived experiences and the way they develop ethical understanding of their day-to-day working conditions. We provide in-depth empirical evidence about casual accounting academics employment experiences in Australian universities and highlight the factors that support and/or inhibit casual academics' sense of inclusion and dignity in the workplace. Using "workplace dignity" as our theoretical framework, we find that the stage of the casual academics' career and their aspirations for academia impact their views and experiences of dignity and inclusion in the workplace.

AbstractThis article deals with the issue of the dignity and sense of personal dignity of people with disabilities in Poland. According to Statistics Poland, there are over 4.5 million people with disabilities. Although their situation is the subject of analysis conducted by representatives of various scientific disciplines, as well as of social welfare workers, education professionals, health care service workers, and legislators, there are relatively few studies on their understanding and experience of dignity. The presented text includes results of research carried out with a group of 98 people with disabilities. The diagnostic survey method was applied by using a questionnaire. The research tool was the Sense of Self-Dignity Questionnaire (KPWG-3) created by Stanisława Steuden and Paweł Brudek. The obtained empirical material indicates that the surveyed women with disabilities have a higher sense of self-dignity in comparison with the men with disabilities in the scope of the dimension of the disability loss and the total result. However, the studied men with disabilities have a superior self-dignity in the relation (p< 0.001) and experience (p< 0.05) dimensions. Moreover, when taking into account the time of occurrence of the disability, that is to say "congenital disability" vs "acquired disability", there were no statistically significant differences. In addition, the employment activity of the surveyed people with disabilities did not significantly differentiate the statistical result of the sense of self-dignity. However, there were dignificant differences based on level of education in the cognitive (p< 0.05) and experience (p< 0.001) dimensions, and in the general result (p< 0.05).

Abstract
This paper argues that the concept of dignity should be understood as a concept that we use to describe an aggregate of values and qualities of a person or thing that deserves esteem and respect. The primary value that creates the right to have dignity is life. The degree of dignity a life form has depends on its place in the evolutionary scale. Human beings are the highest form of life so they possess the highest degree of dignity.

In recent years, the term "national philosophy" has become very common in scientific circles. One can speak of "national philosophy" in connection with the task of building "sovereignty in the sphere of ideas" in countries that gained independence in the second half of the 20th century and striving to strengthen their national cultural identity, and in countries with a long political history, looking for a way to build a picture of the history of philosophy from the positions of their own country, not only as the history of Western philoso­phy. The article attempts to clarify in what sense one speaks of national philo­sophy? For this reason, the paper distinguishes between the concept of national philosophy in the sense of political science and the concept of national philo­sophy in the sense of anthropology, and also shows the difference between the meanings of the word "philosophy" in the singular and plural forms. It is argued that "national philosophy" is essentially a term of philosophy and poli­tics, and the emphasis is on "nation" rather than "philosophy". In addition increased attention paid to the concept of "national philosophy" is the hall­mark of the intelligentsia of some countries of "catching up" development. The question "Do we have a philosophy?" cannot be reconstructed from with­in philosophy itself; "National philosophy" is a concept both necessary and superfluous.

AbstractThere has been long‐standing debate among Western nations regarding the best approaches for the integration of immigrants into host societies. The core of this debate is between the proponents of assimilation and multiculturalism. Using a large sample of Canadians, we investigated the link between their sense of belonging to their ethno‐racial heritage (ethnic belonging) and to Canada (national belonging) in order to seek answers to the question of whether multiculturalism policies work to strengthen or weaken residents' loyalty to the nation. Our analyses showed that increases in ethnic belonging significantly predicted increases in national belonging, both for ethno‐racial minorities and Whites, after controlling for demographic variables. These findings extend our understanding of acculturation and integration, provide empirical support for multiculturalism, and suggest that active support of immigrant and non‐immigrant individuals in maintaining connections to their ethno‐racial heritage increases individuals' loyalty to the nation.

Under the recent Conservative and current Labour Governments it appears that the NHS is moving in two different directions at once. Some commentators claimed that the national character of the health service was undermined while others argued that the NHS was effectively nationalised. One reason for these apparently contradictory positions is that there are no clear criteria of what a National Health service is. This article presents three main characteristics of a national health system, with illustrations from the NHS. Recent events seem to confirm that the NHS has never been clearly a national or a local service, and existing trends seem to lead to the worst of all worlds: the disadvantages of central control, and local differentiation without any genuine local autonomy. As the NHS is arguably the most national service in the British welfare state, it is possible that the heyday of the national welfare state may be over.

AbstractOlder people with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience numerous transitions in their lives, which include transitions between jobs, places of residence, relationship transitions, and transitions to retirement. Ensuring quality planning for the future is important so that older people with ID can live good lives. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore planning for the future and transitions experienced by older people with ID. The author conducted semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with 17 people with ID aged 40 years and more. The interviews were analyzed using inductive content analysis. The three main themes were types of transitions, planning for future, and barriers to planning for future. The implications for research and practice are discussed, with a focus on enhancing independence and choice‐making.