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This article, first, proposes critical grounded theory (CGT) as a way to develop systematically an array of methods and theoretical propositions into a coherent critical methodology for organization studies (and beyond). Second, it demonstrates CGT's usefulness through a case study of competing recovery projects from the Icelandic financial crisis. CGT is developed in engagement with the emerging paradigm of cultural political economy (CPE) and its preferred method of critical discourse analysis (CDA). CPE analyses the evolution of 'economic imaginaries' in both their structural/material and semiotic/discursive dimensions. This requires a critical realist, multi-dimensional research strategy which emphasizes ethnographic methods and substantial theoretical and historical work. The proposed methodology of CGT enables a retroductive research process that combines deductive theoretical deskwork with inductive fieldwork enabled by grounded theory tools to analyse organizational process, stability and change.

The critical realist position moves away from merely identifying correlations and attempts to seek out the causal mechanisms which underpin disadvantage. By drawing on an empirical study on placing disabled children for adoption, the article seeks to demonstrate the practical application of critical realist by combining its Retroductive framework with Grounded Theory methods. Bhaskar's 'Retroduction' provides an analytical framework from which the researcher examines data within three distinct levels (observable; actual; real). The Observable and Actual levels are processes which identify significant incidences and connections between variables. The 'Real', attempts to extend conceptual analysis by hypothesising about the causal mechanisms which account for a situation. This article argues that the multidimensional framework offered through Retroduction is necessary if we are to fully grasp the disadvantage disabled children experience in adoption processes. This entails examining the extent to which socially constructed notions of childhood and disability implicitly affect the practice decisions of social workers. The findings presented through these levels of analysis reveal a nuanced and multilayered understanding of adoption outcomes.

Introduction -- Inclusive education -- Empowerment, social contexts and power relations -- Critical realism and the notion of empowerment -- Methodological choices in educational research -- Karma, delta, zita and omega case studies -- Empowering and disempowering contexts -- Post-conflict retroductions : teacher empowerments.

As microeconomic calculus & macroeconomic estimation superseded earlier approaches to political economy, broad questions about how things are (ontology), how things might be known (epistemology), & how science should proceed (methodology) were neglected. As a corrective, Critical Realism (CR) has been proposed as an alternative to the orthodox deductive-nomological (ODN) tradition: i.e., to mathematical deduction & statistical induction. In their place, retroduction -- the use of analogy, metaphor, intuition, & ordinary language -- is supposed to illuminate root causes by identifying the deep mechanisms that govern events. CR offers guidelines for social science that are of a most general kind: from initial "premises," retroduction proceeds to hypotheses about deep structures & mechanisms. The initial premises are determined by a desire to understand events that surprise us. However, nothing is thereby excluded, including ODN. & since historical processes are revealed neither by assumption nor by the net effects of whatever initial conditions hold, it might be apposite to drop the search for (deep) socio-economic laws & instead use whatever evidence is at hand to see whether, & the extent to which, ideal types apply to any given historical sequence. References. Adapted from the source document.

1. Marx's critique of political economy as a problem-posing framework -- 2. Conceptualization and critique in Marx and today -- 3. The meaning and significance of Marx's critique of the method of political economy -- 4. Making analytical and practical sense of Marx's critical/dialectical procedure -- 5. Ontological underpinnings of the critical/dialectical procedure -- 6. Retroduction and empiricism in Marx's practice and theory of understanding -- 7. Labour as the objective basis of materialist dialectics.

Preface -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of boxes -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Research design -- Chapter 3 Banking and finance -- Chapter 4 Environmental issues and sustainability -- Chapter 5 Banking and sustainability: an analytical framework -- Chapter 6 Sustainability and financing risks -- Chapter 7 Sustainability and product development -- Chapter 8 Internal sustainability care -- Chapter 9 Communication and organization on sustainability -- Chapter 10 Retroduction -- Chapter 11 Conclusions -- Appendix I Geographic scope of the book

1. Introduction / Petter Nµss and Leigh Price -- 2. Ideology and economics / Tony Lawson -- 3. The economics of research : the contribution of critical realism / David Tyfield -- 4. Inaccurate and biased : cost-benefit analyses of transport infrastructure projects / Petter Nµss -- 5. Arguments for and against economic growth / Jin Xue -- 6. The symptomatology of crises : some critical realist reflections / Bob Jessop -- 7. Using retroduction to address wicked problems / Leigh Price -- 8. Housing standards, environmental sustainability and social welfare / Petter Nµss and Jin Xue -- 9. Systemic issues within the crisis of global capitalism : the case of land and food / Robert Biel -- 10. The illusion of green capitalism / Petter Nµss -- 11. China at the crossroad : ecological modernization or ecosocialism? / Jin Xue -- 12. Making the critique of capitalism fit for the present crisis / Arne Johan Vetlesen.