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Political regimes influence contents of education and criteria used to select and evaluate students. We study the impact of a socialist education on the likelihood of obtaining a college degree and on several labor market outcomes by exploiting the reorganization of the school system in East Germany after reunification. Our identification strategy utilizes cutoff birth dates for school enrollment that lead to variation in the length of exposure to the socialist education system within the same birth cohort. An additional year of socialist education decreases the probability of obtaining a college degree and affects longer-term male labor market outcomes.

In many states of the United States, candidates must meet certain requirements in order to be listed on the ballot. Such requirements include filing fees & minimum number of collected signatures. Incumbents have incentives to use these requirements to protect themselves from competition by reducing entry of potential challengers. To date, there is very little evidence regarding whether such requirements have negative consequences for candidate competition in elections & challenger entry into electoral races. This paper examines the impact of filing fees & signature requirements on the number of candidates in US state races in state Lower House elections in 1998 & 2000. The findings show that higher filing fees reduce both the number of major-party & minor-party candidates. However, filing fees are more effective in deterring minor-party candidates from contesting political office than major-party candidates. More stringent signature requirements reduce the number of major-party candidates. 3 Tables, 36 References. [Copyright 2005 Elsevier B.V.]

This paper analyses rural migrant children's access to public schools in urban China, focusing on the implications of the recent introduction of points systems for apportioning school places. This approach, first piloted by Zhongshan city in Guangdong province from 2009, has steadily been extended nationwide. Here, we analyse the reasons for its spread and for divergence in its implementation in various urban districts. Notwithstanding rhetorical claims that points systems promote "fairness" or "equality" in the treatment of migrants, our analysis suggests that they maintain or even exacerbate the stratification of urban society, lending new legitimation to the hierarchical differentiation of entitlements. This is consistent with the aim of the 2014 "New national urbanization plan" to divert urban growth from megacities towards smaller cities. However, we argue that the use of points systems should also be seen in the context of an evolving bureaucratic-ideological project aimed at more rigorously monitoring and assessing China's entire population, invoking the logic of meritocracy for the purpose of control. (China Q / GIGA)

AbstractThis paper analyses rural migrant children's access to public schools in urban China, focusing on the implications of the recent introduction of points systems for apportioning school places. This approach, first piloted by Zhongshan city in Guangdong province from 2009, has steadily been extended nationwide. Here, we analyse the reasons for its spread and for divergence in its implementation in various urban districts. Notwithstanding rhetorical claims that points systems promote "fairness" or "equality" in the treatment of migrants, our analysis suggests that they maintain or even exacerbate the stratification of urban society, lending new legitimation to the hierarchical differentiation of entitlements. This is consistent with the aim of the 2014 "New national urbanization plan" to divert urban growth from megacities towards smaller cities. However, we argue that the use of points systems should also be seen in the context of an evolving bureaucratic-ideological project aimed at more rigorously monitoring and assessing China's entire population, invoking the logic of meritocracy for the purpose of control.

Research on country‐specific import quotas (CSQs), whereby an aggregate quota quantity is allocated to specific exporting nations, has been overlooked despite the fact that they are empirically relevant. This article demonstrates that the economic effects of CSQs may differ markedly from those of voluntary export restraints (VERs) and aggregate import quotas (AQs). For example, CSQs may result in higher domestic prices and lower import quantities than AQs. Moreover, profits of foreign exporters under CSQs may actually increase relative to free trade. Recognition of these differences by policy makers is of particular importance in the light of the fact that these particular quantitative restrictions are viewed as policy substitutes.

'Der Aufsatz stellt Umgangsweisen bei Migrationsfolgegenerationen in den Vordergrund, die deutlich machen, daß Menschen im faktischen und imaginären Spannungsfeld mehrerer 'nationaler Kulturen' produktiv und kreativ mit ihrer Lebenssituation umgehen. Doppelte national-kulturelle Heraussetzung und Mehrfachzugehörigkeit können zu einem kultivierenden Bezug auf sich selbst führen. Dies wird an einer Art Einzelfallanalyse exemplifiziert, welche abschließend mit Blick auf methodologische Argumente und Dilemmata einer 'subjektorientierten' Migrationsforschung kommentiert wird.' (Autorenreferat)

This research explores how internet access restrictions lead to press freedom violations and how national and international law view restrictions on internet access in the status quo. This research is a normative juridical study analyzed using descriptive-analytical methods, then conveyed using a descriptive-analytical approach to make it easier to conclude. These research findings show that refers to both international law and positive Indonesian law, the government's efforts to prevent the spread of fake news and incitement are correct. Still, the government's policies to restrict internet access in Papua and West Papua are wrong because they have recorded procedures and are against the law. This research concludes that the hate speech that occurred in Surabaya against Papuan students has resulted in riots in Papua and West Papua. In dealing with the spread of fake news and incitement related to this incident, the government has committed violations of press freedom because the Indonesian government's efforts are procedural and contrary to national or international law.