Suchergebnisse

Life Cycle Assessment(LCA), objective of which is to elucidate the impact of biodiesel on energy supply and natural environment and its economic value while giving an assessment on commercialization application of biodiesel, is performed in this study. Based on LCA methodology, production cost and CO2 emission estimation of rapeseed biodiesel industry were conducted. Results of the assessment indicate that the total amount of absorbed CO2 during the whole life cycle of rapeseed biodiesel is much larger than that has been emitted and rapeseed biodiesel is really an environment-friendly energy source. With the contribution of biodiesel derived from rapeseed oil made during the process of its full life cycle, green house emissions could be enormously reduced. However, in terms of production cost, the phenomenon that considerable portion of the total cost is occupied by the cost of raw material is observed in rapeseed biodiesel. Specifically, the portion of raw material cost is larger than 89% while the portion of crew oil is larger than 87%. The improvement of economical efficiency in the commercialization application of rapeseed biodiesel depends on the reduction of raw material cost. If we want to develop rapeseed biodiesel in China, government's encouraging policies, such as tax exceptions and financial subsidies, are necessary.

Development assistance for health (DAH) promotes health development in low and middle income countries. China and India, as emerging donors, have scaled-up their DAH programs during the recent years. Nepal, as a neighboring country to China and India, has witnessed the history and development of China's and India's DAH. This research uses a literature review and in-depth individual interviewing to compare the history and forms of DAH given from China and India to Nepal. During 60-years of DAH to Nepal, China and India have gradually increased the scale and forms of DAH, and both focus on dispatching medical teams or faculty, building health facilities and gifting medicines and equipment. However, the inclusiveness of Nepalese culture, diplomatic interests, and Nepal's cultural, linguistic and geographical closeness to India make the DAH of India different from that of China. India's DAH also includes support to grass roots NGOs and public health interventions. China's and India's insistence on a recipient-driven mechanism keeps the aid programs aligned with Nepal's health development plan and respects Nepal's "ownership". China can learn from India to start the development assistance for health related NGOs and public health intervention.

As a main rural initiative, village land shareholding cooperatives spearhead non-agricultural development in the interest of rural communities, and thus participate in urbanisation. Nanhai, Guangdong, is a case in illustration. The institution of land shareholding cooperatives gives rise to unique compartmentalised industrialisation and fragmented urbanisation in the context of high population density and small-area autonomous villages. Village cooperatives are mutated from economic corporations to welfare organisations, prompted by the collapse of village enterprises. Being averse to investment for long-term productivity, village cooperatives indulge in extracting short-term land rents solely. Extracting land economic rents created by urbanisation, village cooperatives generate environmental and social equality problems. High-density low-income countries, especially in Asia, are facing a great challenge as fierce competition for limited urban land resources without effective governance often results in an unfavourable form of urbanisation. Sustainable compact urbanisation needs to strike a balance between local autonomy and urban integrity.

Rapid urbanisation in China has been a significant phenomenon with profound social, economic and environmental impacts. The most profound and intriguing changes occur in the interface between the central city and the suburbs—namely, peri-urban areas. Being one of the dynamic urbanising regions, the Pearl River Delta has seen great transitions in its demography and built environment in the context of institutional change. Rapid urbanisation in peri-urban Nanhai has been chiefly driven by the numerous autonomous small-area rural collectives, which has created a fragmented urbanising landscape. The fragmentation and excessive conversion of farmland for industrial uses are brought about by the new institutions of village-based land shareholding co-operatives and their informal leasing of collective land. As a result, extremely scarce land resources are not utilised optimally and the ecological environment is deteriorating. Urbanisation in high-density peri-urban Nanhai is made unsustainable for the long-term future.