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Abstract
This essay suggests an alternative strategy for thinking about changes in Chinese society in recent decades, using not economic data or theories of development, but the metaphor of temperature. It argues that the cultural imperative in China has, in recent decades, switched from that of keeping warm to that of keeping cool. This change is made tangible through two key objects: the kang (炕), the northern Chinese heated bed, and the kongtiao (空调), the air conditioner. The antiquity of the kang is explored as an object that is key to the development of Chinese civilization in the inhospitable northern climes. Moving between physical and metaphorical ideas of heat, the essay argues that throughout much of the twentieth-century, heating remained the main focus. Twentieth-century revolutions and mass campaigns under Mao Zedong were undeniably 'hot,' aiming to stoke the fire of revolution and radical social change. Under the reforms following Mao's death, however, politics 'cooled off:' the political system crystalized and the frenzy of mass campaigns cooled down. This was accompanied by social changes, including what can be called the rise of individual cool, defined by ironic detachment, hedonism and narcissism. The new cool society and cool persona find their architectural accompaniment in the kongtiao, the air conditioner, which has become a must for urban living, even in north China. The kongtiao is presented as an ultimately unsocial device, a machine with intensive energy requirements that dumps heat into communal spaces in the effort to preserve individual comfort.

AbstractIn 1976 an exhibition of Chinese peasant paintings toured Britain. Made by amateur peasant painters from Huxian (户县), the works were widely celebrated in the British art world for their optimistic portrayal of the new socialist countryside. Analysis of the exhibition's reviews in newspapers and art journals demonstrate, however, that what appealed to the British critics was less the art itself and more the art system in China in which amateurs were encouraged to paint. This was contrasted to a British and Western art world that many left-wing artists and critics deemed to be elitist, overly conceptual and out of touch with the wider public. The success of the Huxian exhibition then needs to be seen in the context of the debates and criticisms of the British art world that took place throughout the 1970s. It also needs to be contextualized within the broader interest in China, Chinese communism and the Cultural Revolution that developed in the late 1960s and 1970s. This essay therefore explores the broader British interest in China in the 1970s and argues that the success of the Huxian peasant painting exhibition was the result of a unique convergence of events in late 1970s Britain.

Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Figures -- Preface -- 1. Reasons for Preserving the Past -- The Importance of the Past -- Remains (Objects and Sites) -- Narrative -- Heritage and the Past -- Valuing the Past -- Devaluing the Past -- Authenticity -- Preservation Mechanisms: Legislation, Preservation in Situ, and Collection -- Legislation -- Preservation in Situ -- Collection -- Biases in Collections and Displays -- Notes -- 2. The History of Conservation -- Conservation's Prehistory -- The 'Three-Legged Stool' -- Conservation Emerges: 1888-1950 -- Conservation Evolves: 1950-Present -- The Emergence of Formal Conservation Training -- Notes -- 3. Conservation Aims and Ethics -- Conservation: A Definition -- Charters, Ethical Codes, and Guidelines for Practice -- Shared Themes and Evolving Concepts -- Controversial and Enduring Concepts -- True Nature -- Reversibility and Retreatability -- Minimum Intervention -- Implementing Ethics -- Revelation, Investigation, Preservation (RIP) -- The Conservation Process -- Factors Influencing Conservation -- The Initial Desired Outcome -- Durham Cathedral Doors -- The Envelope(s) of Possibility -- Context -- Notes -- 4. Objects: Their Investigation and Recording -- Objects and Society -- The Structure and Decay of Objects -- Investigation -- Visual Examination -- Non-Visual Physical Properties -- Analysis -- Sampling -- Reporting Analytical Results -- Purpose and Nature of Documentation -- The Conservation Record -- Notes -- 5. Cleaning -- Cleaning -- Soiling -- Removing Soiling -- Original Surface: A Concern When Cleaning -- Overpaint -- Varnishes, Lacquers, and Painting Cleaning -- Cleaning Processes -- Risk/Benefit Analysis -- The Goldilocks Principle -- Cleaning: Concluding Thoughts -- Notes -- 6. Restoration -- Restoration -- The Development of Restoration.

Disclosing a mental illness can be difficult, especially for those affected by eating disorders. Individuals impacted by eating disorders often worry that disclosing their situation may lead to fear, judgment, and stigmatization. Online eating disorder communities have become increasingly popular, hosting thousands of users worldwide, and may be safe places for individuals with eating disorders to communicate and connect. In this postmodern study, we utilized situational analysis to examine online accounts on publically accessible websites where individuals discussed disclosing eating disorders. Situational Analysis utilizes illustrative mapping techniques to demonstrate the complexity of the situation of inquiry, allowing researchers to highlight heterogeneities. Our findings demonstrated (a) the fight that frequently occurs after an eating disorder disclosure, (b) the notion that eating disorders are a monstrous issue, and (c) stigmatization one experiences after disclosing and when considering to disclose. This study has potential to inform educational recommendations given to the public about disclosures and stigma in regard to eating disorders, as well as earlier identification and treatment outcomes for individuals with eating disorders.